Reduced Turning Radius

Reduced turning radius car parking & lifting mechanism
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
KEC, Shelve-Pandharpur Page 1

1.1 HISTORY
Automobiles have become a basic necessity in present world of
industrialization and fast growing population. An automobile is a self propelled
vehicle, which is used for road transportation of passengers and goods. The self
propelled vehicle is that contains its own source of power for the propulsion, e.g., car,
jeep, bus, truck etc. World’s first automobile was produced in 1892. General Motors
India Ltd. Started their factory in Mumbai in 1928 for assembling cars and trucks. In
1930, Ford Motor Corporation of India Limited started assembly shop in Madras and
in 1931 at Mumbai and Calcutta [1]. The first Indian owned motor vehicle plant
started working in 1947 when Premier Automobiles Ltd. under the management of
Aero Auto brought out Dodge, De Soto and Forgo trucks and buses. Soon thereafter,
Hindustan Motors Ltd. managed by Birla’s started assembly of CKD parts of
Studebaker trucks and buses. Maruti Udyog Limited (MUL) was incorporated as a
public sector company in 1981. Agreement with Suzuki Motor Corporation of Japan
was signed in 1982 to make it a joint venture of Govt. of India and Suzuki and
produced many new models of cars [2].
1.2 PROBLEM DEFINATION

Automobile giants in India like Tata, Maruti, Hyundai, Honda, Ford,
Mahindra and Mahindra etc. are manufacturing more than 3 million vehicles per year.
These companies are designing and producing varieties of models to fulfill the market
competition and consumer satisfaction. The companies are emphasizing more about
the ergonomics, aesthetic features, fuel economy, space available and many other
features. It includes broadly power window, centre lock, power brake system, power
steering, tubeless tires, etc. In development of new cars, the major or minor
improvements were made in every car’s feature. Furthermore, manufacturing and
servicing automobiles has become one of the biggest businesses. The
designersendeavor to produce a vehicle, which will function at all times under all
conditions and will be more comfortable to ride and easy to operate. Increased life of
tires, independent front wheel suspension, four-wheel hydraulic brakes, high
compression ratio, high power, use of new materials, hundreds of other changes have
been made. In power steering, front wheel steering is made easier by means of
hydraulic, electrical or pneumatic system. Power steering reduces efforts required for

steering but can’t reduce the turning circle radius of vehicle or the minimum space
required for the turning of the car. Now-a-days peoples are preferring the bigger cars
that are powerful, have better aesthetic and ergonomic features and easy to drive like
Ford Icon, Maruti SX4, Tata Indigo, Honda City, Mercedes Benz, Volks Wagon,
Nissan etc. Till recently all vehicles were steered by turning the front wheels in the
desired direction, with the rear wheels following. Conventionally the front axle is the
dead axle. However, these days this is true for heavy vehicles only. In four wheel
drive vehicles and most of the cars, front axle is a live axle. Due to increasing demand
and supply of cars, roads are over flowed by vehicles. There is severe problem of
parking at home, parking at public places and multiplexes, traffic jam etc.
Fig. 1.1 Shows the problem at parking and traffic jam.

CHAPTER 2
THEORITICAL BACKGROUND

2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY

Traffic Planning and Engineering (Second Edition) Pergamum International
Library of Science, Technology, Engineering and Social Studies1979, Pages 173–209
Chapter 4 – Parking By, F.D. HOBBS parking.
Terminal facilities are integral part of any transportation system & road transportation
is no exception. Traffic is not usually generated for the sake of movement. It travels
towards a destination & having arrived there, the vehicle must be parked whilst some
business, whether private, public, recreational, or servicing, is transacted. Failure to
supply suitable terminal facilities for the expected & allowable demands results in
congestion & frustration. This eventually leads to the decline in importance & value
of those areas at present considered most desirable for the day to day business of a
city & its inhabitants, unless alternative & adequate travel facilities are provided.
Generally, increases in vehicle ownership result in increased parking demand. In other
developed countries the increasing demand is posing a major problem, for which
ready solutions are not available. Without a knowledge of the demands, solutions
cannot be proposed.
2.2 NEED
This project aims for development of a system to reduce the turning radius of a
car. The indigenously developed system consists of screw jack, gears and mechanism
with arrangement of the various kinematics links. The developed system was electric
motor driven. In this system at first car is lifted and then turned in the required
direction. The mechanism will be sufficiently capable in turning the car in any
direction without steering and has turning radius equal to the half of the length of car
itself. The car can be turned back in 40 second. This system can be useful in better
parking, traffic jam, back turning on narrow roads, changing of punctured wheels etc.

Fig: 2.1 Another parking problem
2.3 SCOPE OF PRESENT WORK

1. Design and development of a scaled automobile four wheel model was 750
mm long, 450 mm wide and 300 mm height.
2. Geared motors with integrated worm gear box will be used to reduce the
system weight and make it compact. The jack system will be designed to be
retractable or foldable as we are integrating it with the vehicle this may cause
problems with ground clearance of the vehicle.
3. The jack system set up will be developed with an auto-positioning circuit
The function of the auto positioning circuit will be two fold:
Limit switch 1 will limit the travel of the vehicle in upward direction: enough to clear
the vehicle wheels of the ground when limit switch -1 is operated it stops motor-1 so
also it triggers the start of motor -2 thereby ensuring that the turning action does not
take place unless the car has jacked to required height.
Limit switch is used in the circuit to limit the turning angle when limit switch 2
operates it stops the motor -2.
4. The model will also be added with steering operated tilting headlight
mechanism this also will be motorized .This is feature adds to the safety feature of the

vehicle such that when the vehicle turns only the wheels turn in the said direction
initially not the chassis hence the lamps remain focused in a different direction other
than desired turn this makes driver blind momentarily for the road conditions in the
direction of turn this may lead to accident incorporating the above said facility will
reduce the chances of accident.
2.4 OBJECTIVES
1. This project aims for development of a system to reduce the turning radius
of a car, so it can be parked at any available space.
2. The automatic lifting system of the car is very helpful in changing the
punctured wheel of car on road.
3. In hilly areas, where roads are very narrow and reversing of the vehicle is
very dangerous, so it can be turned back using the developed system.

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

3.1 LIFTING AND TURNING MECHANISM

In order to develop the new system for car, a model of small electric car is
used. The selected model was 750 mm long, 450 mm wide and 300 mm height. Some
modifications are done in the existing car by incorporating the screw jack, spur gears,
electric motor, capacitor etc. The power screws [3] are used to convert rotary motion
into translatory motion. For lifting and turning of car, two methods were proposed, the
mechanical system and the hydraulic system. In this model, mechanical system was
developed. A screw jack (Fig. 4.1) was used to develop the rising mechanism for car.
At one end of the screw jack, a gear-1, which acts as the nut of the screw jack and
which is free to rotate over the body of screw jack, was placed and meshed with
another gear-2, which was placed on the shaft of reversible motor-2. Another end of
the screw jack was attached with frame of the car by foot step bearing.
For the turning mechanism, gear-3 was fixed on the body of screw jack at another end
i.e., opposite to that of gear-1. A gear-4, which mounted on the shaft of reversible
motor-2, was meshed with the gear-3. The motor-2 is fixed with frame of the car. To
drive the mechanism and the car, two electric motors were used.

Fig. 3.1 Actual construction of lifting mechanism
3.2 BALANCING MECHANISM

During the lifting and turning, balancing of the car is required. There are two
methods for the balancing of the car. In first method base plate (Fig. 4.1) is made
sufficient larger for the balancing and in another method two balancing wheels are
provided which are attached with the levers, operated by power of the car and balance
the car. In the present work, former was used.
3.3 WORKING OF THE DEVELOPED SYSTEM

In the developed system, as shown in Fig. 4.2, when the motor-1 rotated the
gear-2, meshed with gear-1, then the screw comes out and the car was lifted by 18 cm
in 10seconds. For turning, when the motor-2 was operated, then the gear-4, meshed
with gear-3 rotated on its axis and around the gear-3; hence the whole car body was
rotated at the required angle. Again the motor-1 was operated in reverse direction and
whole car was lowered in 10 seconds.

Fig. 3.2 Actual working model

Fig. 3.3 Schematic diagram of model

CHAPTER 4
MANUFACTURING PROCESS

4.1 DESIGN
Design consists of application of scientific principles, technical information
and imagination for development of new or improvised machine or mechanism to
perform a specific function with maximum economy & efficiency.
Hence a careful design approach has to be adopted. The total design work has been
split up into two parts;
 System design
 Mechanical Design.
System design mainly concerns the various physical constraints and ergonomics,
space requirements, arrangement of various components on main frame at system,
man + machine interactions, No. of controls, position of controls, working
environment of machine, chances of failure, safety measures to be provided, servicing
aids, ease of maintenance, scope of improvement, weight of machine from ground
level, total weight of machine and a lot more.
In mechanical design the components are listed down and stored on the basis of their
procurement, design in two categories namely,
 Designed Parts
 Parts to be purchased
For designed parts detailed design is done & distinctions thus obtained are compared
to next highest dimensions which are readily available in market. This amplifies the
assembly as well as postproduction servicing work. The various tolerances on the
works are specified. The process charts are prepared and passed on to the
manufacturing stage.
The parts which are to be purchased directly are selected from various catalogues &
specified so that anybody can purchase the same from the retail shop with given
specifications.

4.2 SYSTEM DESIGN

In system design we mainly concentrated on the following parameters: -
I. System Selection Based on Physical Constraints

While selecting any machine it must be checked whether it is going to be used
in a large-scale industry or a small-scale industry. In our case it is to be used by a
small-scale industry. So space is a major constrain. The system is to be very compact
so that it can be adjusted to corner of a room.
The mechanical design has direct norms with the system design. Hence the foremost
job is to control the physical parameters, so that the distinctions obtained after
mechanical design can be well fitted into that.
II. Arrangement of Various Components

Keeping into view the space restrictions the components should be laid such
that their easy removal or servicing is possible. More over every component should
be easily seen none should be hidden. Every possible space is utilized in component
arrangements.
III. Components of System

As already stated the system should be compact enough so that it can be
accommodated at a corner of a room. All the moving parts should be well closed &
compact. A compact system design gives a high weighted structure which is desired.
IV. Man Machine Interaction

The friendliness of a machine with the operator that is operating is an important
criterion of design. It is the application of anatomical & psychological principles to
solve problems arising from Man – Machine relationship. Following are some of the
topics included in this section.
 Design of foot lever
 Energy expenditure in foot & hand operation
 Lighting condition of machine.

V. Chances of Failure
The losses incurred by owner in case of any failure areimportant criteria of
design. Factor safety while doing mechanical design is kept high so that there are less
chances of failure. Moreover periodic maintenance is required to keep unit healthy.
VI. Servicing Facility

The layout of components should be such that easy servicing is possible.
Especially those components which require frequents servicing can be easily
disassembled.
VII. Scope of Future Improvement

Arrangement should be provided to expand the scope of work in future. Such
as to convert the machine motor operated; the system can be easily configured to
required one. The die & punch can be changed if required for other shapes of notches
etc.
VIII. Height of Machine from Ground

For ease and comfort of operator the height of machine should be properly
decided so that he may not get tired during operation. The machine should be slightly
higher than the waist level, also enough clearance should be provided from the ground
for cleaning purpose.
IX. Weight of Machine

The total weight depends upon the selection of material components as well as
the dimension of components. A higher weighted machine is difficult in
transportation & in case of major breakdown; it is difficult to take it to workshop
because of more weight.

4.3 MECHANICAL DESIGN

Mechanical design phase is very important from the view of designer .as
whole success of the project depends on the correct deign analysis of the problem.
Many preliminary alternatives are eliminated during this phase. Designer should have
adequate knowledge above physical properties of material, loads stresses,
deformation, and failure. Theories and wear analysis, He should identify the external
and internal forces acting on the machine parts.
These forces may be classified as;
 Dead weight forces
 Friction forces
 Inertia forces
 Centrifugal forces
 Forces generated during power transmission etc
Designer should estimate these forces very accurately by using design equations .If he
does not have sufficient information to estimate them he should make certain practical
assumptions based on similar conditions which will almost satisfy the functional
needs. Assumptions must always be on the safer side.
Selection of factors of safety to find working or design stress is another important step
in design of working dimensions of machine elements. The correction in the
theoretical stress values are to be made according in the kind of loads, shape of parts
& service requirements.
Selection of material should be made according to the condition of loading shapes of
products environment conditions & desirable properties of material.
Provision should be made to minimize nearly adopting proper lubrications methods.
In, mechanical design the components are listed down & stored on the basis of their
procurement in two categories
 Design parts
 Parts to be purchased
For design parts a detailed design is done & designation thus obtain are compared to
the next highest dimension which is ready available in market.
This simplification the assembly as well as post production service work. The various
tolerances on the work are specified. The processes charts are prepared & passed on
to the work are specified.

The parts to be purchased directly are selected from various catalogues &
specification so that anybody can purchase the same from the retail shop with the
given specifications.
I. Motor selection
Selection of motor is done from standard motors available in geared motors
form:
The Geared motors are basically DC motors 12 Volt DC coupled to planetary
gear set to amplify the torque available at the shaft end.
Motor selected for above application is:
Motor: 12 Volt DC motor, 18 rpm, 20watt---1:55 RATIO GEARED
Fig. 4.1 Geared motor
II. DESIGN OF WORM AND WORM WHEEL (WORM GEAR BOX)
The pair of worm and worm wheel used in the machine is designated as
1/55/10/1
The worm is made of case hardened steel 14C6 where as the worm wheel is made of
Cast iron.

Z1 = 1
Z2 = 55
q= 10
m=1
I = Z2/Z1 =55
N = 800 rpm
N2 = 800/55 =14.5 rpm
D2 = m x Z2 =1 x55 =55
TanU=Z1/q = 5.71 0
F = 2m sq.rt (q+ 1) = 9.94
Da1 = m(q+2) =12
C= 0.2mcosU = 0.3
Lr = { Da1+2c} sin-1[ F/(Da1+2c)]
Lr = 632
For case hardened steel Sb =28.2
For BRASS, Sb=6.2
Xb1 = 0.25
Xb2 =0.48
Mt1 = 17.65 Xb1 Sb1m lr d2 CosU
= 4.694 x 106N-mm
Mt2 = 17.65 Xb2 Sb2m lr d2 CosU
= 1.98 x 106 N-mm
The lower value of torque is on the wheel = 1.98 x 106 N-mm

KW = 2Π n2 Mt/60 x 106
KW =7.46 KW
As the drive is capable of transmitting 7.46 KW and we intend to transmit 0.08KW

the drive is safe.
III. DESIGN OF GEAR FOR SCREW
Power = 20 watt
Speed = 55rpm
b = 10 m
No. of teeth on pinion = 12
No. of teeth on Gear = 44
Reduction ratio (i) = 3
Gear speed = 44/12 =3.7
Material of pinion and gear is High grade steel, EN24
Tensile strength =640 N/mm2
POWER = 2  NT
60
T = 60 x P
2 x x N
= 60 X 20
2 X X 55
T= 3.47 N-m
Sutpinion =Sut gear = 240 N/mm2
Service factor (Cs) = 1.5

dg = 88
Now; T =Pt x dg
Pt = 77.27 N.
Pt x Cs = 1413 x 1.5
Peff.=
Cv Cv
AS speed is very low, neglecting effect ofCv
Peff = 116 N --------(A)
Lewis Strength equation
Wt = Sbym
Where ;
Y= 0.484 – 2.86
yp = 0.484 - 2.86 = 0.245
12
Syp = 157.2
Pinion and gear both are of same material and with same number of teeth hence
Syp= Syg= 157.2

WT = (Syp) x b x m
=157.2 x 10m x m
WT= 1572 m2----------(B)
Equation (A) & (B)
1568 m2 = 77.27
m=0.22
Selecting standard module =2 mm
GEAR DATA
No. of teeth on pinion =12
Module = 2 mm
No. of teeth on gear =44
IV. DESIGN OF GEAR SHAFT
Table No.4.1 Material selection for design of gear shaft
DESIGNATION ULTIMATE TENSILE YEILD STRENGTH

STRENGTH N/mm2
EN 24 800 2 680
N/mm
ASME CODE FOR DESIGN OF SHAFT.
Since the loads on most shafts in connected machinery are not constant , it is
necessary to make proper allowance for the harmful effects of load fluctuations
According to ASME code permissible values of shear stress may be calculated

from various relation.

fsmax = 0.18 fut
= 0.18 x 800
= 144 N/mm2
OR
fsmax = 0.3 fyt
=0.3 x 680
=204 N/mm2
Considering minimum of the above values
fsmax = 144 N/mm2
Shaft is provided with key way; this will reduce its strength. Hence reducing above
value of allowable stress by 25%
fsmax = 108 N/mm2
This is the allowable valve of shear stress that can be induced in the shaft material for
safe operation.
Assuming 100 % efficiency of transmission
 T design = 31.8 Nm
CHECK FOR TORSIONAL SHEAR FAILURE OF SHAFT.
Assuming minimum section diameter on input shaft = 21 mm ---GEAR BORE IS

ATANDARD 21MM
 d = 21 mm
Td = /16 x fsact x d3
fsact = 16 x Td
x d 3

= 16 x 3.47 X10 3
x 21 3
fs act = 1.98 N/mm2
As fs act <fs all
 Pinion shaft is safe under torsional load.
V. DESIGN OF SCREW
Power screw is mechanical device meant for converting rotary motion into
translation motion and for transmitting power.
The main application of power screw is;
 To raise load, e.g. Screw jack.

 To clamp a work piece e.g. Vice, etc.
Power screws are simple to design, easy to manufacture and give smooth &
noiseless service.
They provide large mechanical advantage and highly accurate motion.
Square thread profile is favorably used in applications like vices; clamps etc due to its
property of maximum efficiency and minimum radial or bursting pressure on nut.
We shall design a screw jack having a single start, square threads screw with
no collar friction.
Data:-
ASSUMING 30 % OVERLOAD ON SYSTEM
Tdesign = 4.7 N-m
Torque at screw = 4.7 x 44/12 =16.84 N-m
Therefore,
(Mt) = 16.84 N-m---------(A)

 W X T = 16.84 N-m
Where; T = (dm/2) tan (+ )
Initially assuming dimensions of screw, which we shall check under the given
system of forces.
Table No. 4.2 Selecting material combination for screw and nut
Material Coefficient of Coefficient of

Combination friction(starting) friction(running)
Soft steel-Bronze 0.10 0.08
Table No. 4.3 Basic dimensions for square threads
Nominal Major Major Minor Pitch Area of
Dia Dia(bolt) Dia(nut) Dia Core(mm2)
24 24 24.5 18 6 254
Design Check
d = Nominal /outer diameter (mm) = 24mm
dc = core / inner diameter (mm) = 18mm
dm = mean diameter (mm) = 21mm
Mt = W x (dm/2) tan (+)
Where, W= Axial load
Ø = friction angle
 = Helix angle

Helix angle:-
Tan α =
For the single start sq. thread lead is same as pitch=6
Tan α =
Π
 = 5.190
Friction Angle: Ref: -R.S.Khurmi (Table17.5)
Table No. 4.4 Coefficient of friction under different conditions
Condition Average coefficient of friction
Starting Running
0.18 0.13
Average quality of material & workmanship &
average running conditions
0.18 0.13
 = tan Ø
0.18 = tan Ø
Ø = 10.2
Mt = WX 21/2 x tan (10.2 + 5.19)
Mt = 2.89 X W N-mm --------(B)
Equating (A) & (B)
W =5826.9N
W = 582.6 kg

This is lifting capacity of screw using the motor specifications
Table No. 4.5 Material selection For screw
Designation Tinsel Strength N/mm2 Yield Strength
N/mm2
EN9 600 380
Direct Tensile or Compressive stress due to an axial load:-
fcact = Π
5826
fcact =
2
(/4 ) x 21
fcact = 16.82 N/mm2
As fcact< fcall; Screw is safe in compression.
Torsional shear stress:-
T = Mt =/16 x fsact x dc3
16.84 x 10 3 = / 16 fsactx(21)3
fsact = 9.26 N/mm2
As fsact<fsall ; the screw is safe in torsion.

Bearing Pressure:-
Pb = W
(/4) (do2-dc2) n
Pb= Bearing press.
N = No of threads in contact.
Limiting values of bearing pressure:-
Table 4.6 V B Bhandari. Limiting values of bearing pressure
Application of Material Safe bearing Rubbing speed

screw pressure
Screw Nut (N/mm2)
Screw jack Steel Bronze 11-17 Low speed
5826
Pb= =
(/4) (242-212) n
5826
n=
(/4) (242-212) 11
n = 4.99
n=5

Shear stress due to axial load :-
W
fsact = n dc t
t = width thread = p/2
t= 3 mm
5826
fsact = x5x21x3
fsact = 5.88 N/mm2
As ;fs act<fs all , the screw threads are safe in shear.
VI. DESIGN OF NUT
In design of nut the major dimension is the height or length of the nut. It is
decided by considering the bearing criterion. Nut is also required to be safe under
shearing . The failure of nut in shearing takes place at its core diameter and the area of
core diameter of screw resisting shear is less than the area at the core diameter of nut.
Secondly the materials for nut & screw are different to avoid greater friction at
contacts.
Table No. 4.7 Material Selection
Material Allowable tensile stress N/mm2 Allowable shear stress
Phosphor bronze 400 N/mm2

210
Design the nut
fbearing = W
/4 (d2 – dc2)x n

= 5826
/4 (242-182) x 11
n=5
AS ; n = no of the threads in contact.
ln = length of nut.
P = Pitch.
n= Ln
p
 Ln = n x p
=5x6
ln = 30
Normally it is recommended that ratio of length or height of nut (n) to core diameter
(dc) should be between 1.2 to 2.5 for solid nuts.
ln = 1.2x 30
=36 mm
Considering length of nut = 36 mm
VII. SELECTION OF BEARING 6004ZZ
Shaft bearing will be subjected to purely medium radial and axial loads; hence we
shall use ball bearings for our application.
Selecting ; Single Row deep groove ball bearing as follows.
Table- 4.8 Selection Of Bearing
ISI No Bearing of d D1 D D2 B Basic capacity

basic design No
20AC04 6004
(SKF) 20 23 42 36 12 4500 7350

P = X Fr+ Y F a
For our application Fa =Dead weight load =100 N
P = X Fr+ Y F a
As; F a/ Fr< e  X =1,Y=1
In this case the radial load is negligible hence;
P = Fa = 100 N
 P= 100 N
Calculation dynamic load capacity of bearing
( )
L10 = where p= 3 for ball bearings
For m/c used for intermittent operation hence,
LH = 2000 hr.
But L10=
L=1.2 mrev
( )
Now;1.2 =
C= 106.26 N.
As the required dynamic capacity of bearing is less than the rated dynamic capacity
of bearing.

VIII. BILL OF MATERIALS

Table No. 4.9 Bill of Materials
SR. DESCRIPTION QUANTITY MATERIAL

NO.
28 STEERING 01 STD
27 SLIDE KEY 01 MS
26 FRAME 01 MS
25 BRG 608ZZ 02 STD
24 BRG 6002ZZ 02 STD
23 BRG 6005ZZ 02 STD
22 HOLDER BKT. 01 STD
21 RW-DRIVER LINK 02 EN 9
20 RW- DRIVEN LINK 02 EN 9
19 HEADLAMP 02 STD
18 HEADLAMP GEAR 02 STD
17 RACK 02 NYLON
16 STEERING PLATE 01 EN 9
15 STEERING MOTOR 01 STD
14 FW- SHAFT 02 EN 9
13 FRONT STEERING 01 MS
12 CHASSIS 01 MS
11 BASE 01 EN 9
10 SCREW 01 EN 24
9 NUT 01 MS
8 BRG. HOUSING 02 EN 9
7 BRG. LH HOUSING 01 EN 9
6 WHEELS 04 STD
5 REAR WHEEL SHAFT 01 EN 9
4 TURN GEAR 01 EN 9
3 TURN MOTOR 01 STD
2 LEFT GEAR 01 EN 9
1 LEFT MOTOR 01 STD

4.4 EXPENDITURE
Table No. 4.10 Cost of purchased products
SR QTY. COST
NO.1. MOTOR 02 3650
DESCRIPTION (No.) (INR.)
2. WORM 02 350
3. WORM WHEEL 02 1150
4. 2POLE2WAY SWITCH 01 260
5. BEARINGS 06 480
6. GM BUSH 02 110
SUB TOTAL = 6000/-
Table- 4.11 Expenditure Of Project (APPROXIMATE)
SR.NO. DESCRIPTION COST (INR)

1 Raw material cost 3400
2 Machining cost 3300
3 Fabrication cost 1800
4 Cost of standard parts 6000
5 Miscellaneous cost 400
6 TOTAL 14900

CHAPTER 5
RESULTS

5.1 RESULTS
The developed model of car was tested in various conditions for different
applications. It was lifted by 18 cm in 10 seconds, turned back in 20 seconds and
lowered in 10 seconds. So in all, it required 40 seconds in lifting, turning back and
lowering. The developed system is most suitable in parking at home and multiplexes.
Car can be easily removed from the tight parking of the vehicles, on the crowded
roadside and in the traffic jams (Figs. 5.1 and 5.2).
Fig. 5.1Parking Problem at home
Fig. 5.2 Nearest parking region

5.2 ADVANTAGES & LIMITATIONS

I. Advantages
There are five main advantages which arise from the design of the mechanism
These are:
1. The drive is compact and takes minimal space.
2. The lifting mechanism is retractable hence it offers the same ground clearance as
regular vehicle.
3. The mechanism helps to parking in difficult conditions.
4. Mechanism helps to jack car with power from car battery to change flat tyres.
5. Mechanism helps to jack car on slopes safely as there is no danger of roll on.
II. Limitations
1. Heavy loads cannot be lifted up.
2. Requires space as of its turning radius.
3. It requires electricity for its operation.
5.3 APPLICATIONS
1. Light electric vehicles (LEVs)
2. Automobiles (Cars/Buses)
3. Earth moving equipment
4. Agricultural equipment

6.5 PHOTOGRAPH OF SETUP

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION

6.1 CONCLUSION
Automobile industry is very fast growing industry and day-by-days developing the
new technologies/systems that are mainly related to safety, ergonomics and efficient
drive. The developed model was tested in various conditions and effectively reduced
the turning radius to its minimum in thedeveloped model. The reduced turning circle
diameter (nearly about zero) has lots of advantages in daily life, such as-
 Better parking at home in narrow space and at multiplexes.
 Easy removal of vehicle from the traffic jams.
 Easy changing the punctured tyre.
 Turning back at narrow roads.
 Use in service and maintenance etc.
The system can be developed using the hydraulic system. This can give fast response
and less space is required. The developed model is recommended for inclusion in the
cars.
6.2 FUTURE SCOPE
I. Adaptable headlight system
The model will also be added with steering operated tilting headlight mechanism this
also will be motorized .This is feature adds to the safety feature of the vehicle such
that when the vehicle turns only the wheels turn in the said direction initially not the
chassis hence the lamps remain focused in a different direction other than desired turn
this makes driver blind momentarily for the road conditions in the direction of turn
this may lead to accident incorporating the above said facility will reduce the chances
of accident.

Fig: 6.1 Adaptable headlight control mechanism

REFERENCES
1. Gupta, R. B., (2007). Automobile Engineering, SatyaPrakashan, New Delhi, pp 3-8
and 571-579.
2.Singh, K., (2008). Automobile Engineering Vol. 1, Standard Publishers
Distributors, New Delhi, pp 448-453, 463-471.
3.Khurmi, R. S. and Gupta, J. K., (2005). A text book of Machine Design. Eurasia
Publishing house (PVT.) Ltd, First multi colour edition, pp 576-586 658-679, 1037-
1040.
4. www.parkingsolutions.co.uk/case18.jpg (accessed on 7-7-16).
6. (Ref:Pg. No. 170,Design of Machine elements ,V B Bhandari
Textbooks & links

1.Design of Machine Elements”; V.B .Bhandari:, Tata Mc-graw Hill Private ltd; Third
edition.
2. “Mechanisms Linkages and Mechanical Drives” – I A Chironis
3. “Modern transmission systems” -A W Judge
4. http://auto.howstuffworks.com/jeep-hurricane2.htm (accessed on 23.3.2017).
Standard papers
1. ISSN: 2277-3754 International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology
(IJEIT) Volume 1, Issue 3, March 2012, byB. L. Salvi J. K. MaherchandaniDr.
B.P. Nandwana.

Reduced Turning Radius

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Reduced turning radius car parking & lifting mechanism

KEC, Shelve-Pandharpur Page 1

1.2 PROBLEM DEFINATION

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Fig. 1.1 Shows the problem at parking and traffic jam.

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2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY

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Fig: 2.1 Another parking problem

2.3 SCOPE OF PRESENT WORK

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3.1 LIFTING AND TURNING MECHANISM

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Fig. 3.1 Actual construction of lifting mechanism

3.2 BALANCING MECHANISM

3.3 WORKING OF THE DEVELOPED SYSTEM

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Fig. 3.2 Actual working model

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Fig. 3.3 Schematic diagram of model

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4.2 SYSTEM DESIGN

I. System Selection Based on Physical Constraints

II. Arrangement of Various Components

III. Components of System

IV. Man Machine Interaction

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VI. Servicing Facility

VII. Scope of Future Improvement

VIII. Height of Machine from Ground

IX. Weight of Machine

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4.3 MECHANICAL DESIGN

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Fig. 4.1 Geared motor

II. DESIGN OF WORM AND WORM WHEEL (WORM GEAR BOX)

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N2 = 800/55 =14.5 rpm

F = 2m sq.rt (q+ 1) = 9.94

Da1 = m(q+2) =12

Lr = { Da1+2c} sin-1[ F/(Da1+2c)]

For case hardened steel Sb =28.2

For BRASS, Sb=6.2

Mt1 = 17.65 Xb1 Sb1m lr d2 CosU

Mt2 = 17.65 Xb2 Sb2m lr d2 CosU

= 1.98 x 106 N-mm

The lower value of torque is on the wheel = 1.98 x 106 N-mm

KEC, Shelve-Pandharpur Page 19

As the drive is capable of transmitting 7.46 KW and we intend to transmit 0.08KW

III. DESIGN OF GEAR FOR SCREW

No. of teeth on pinion = 12

No. of teeth on Gear = 44

Reduction ratio (i) = 3

Gear speed = 44/12 =3.7

Material of pinion and gear is High grade steel, EN24

Tensile strength =640 N/mm2

Sutpinion =Sut gear = 240 N/mm2

Service factor (Cs) = 1.5