1.

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

There are three common transport layer protocol in TCP/IP suite and they are

 UDP

 TCP

 SCTP

UDP:

 UDP stands for User Datagram Protocol

 It is an unreliable, connectionless transport-layer protocol used for simplicity and
efficiency in applications where error control can be provided by the application-layer
process.
 It does not add anything to the services of the IP except for providing process to process
communication instead of host to host communication
 UDP is a very simple protocol using minimum of overhead
 Its used for speed instead of reliability

USER DATAGRAM:

 UDP packets are called as user datagrams

 It has a fixed-size header made up of 8bits made of four fields, each of two bytes
 The first two fields used to indicate source and destination port number
 The third defines the total length of the user datagram
 The last field carry a optional checksum

UDP SERVICES:

PROCESS-TO-PROCESS COMMUNICATION:

 UDP provides process-to-process communication using socket addressing, a combination

of IP address and port number .

CONNECTIONLESS SERVICES:

 UDP provides a connectionless service.

 The datagram packet sent by user is an independent datagram packet
  Unlike TCP there is no connection establishment or termination so each user datagram
packets travel on different path
 One of the disadvantages of connectionless in UDP is that the process which uses UDP
cannot send stream of data

FLOW CONTROL

UDP is a very simple protocol hence there is no flow control and window mechanism if
needed the process using UDP need to provide itself.

ERROR CONTROL:

 There is no error control except for checksum

 UDP Check sum calculation includes
o A Pseudo header
o A UDP header
o Data coming from the application-layer
 A pseudo header is a part of the header of the IP packets
 The user datagram is encapsulated with some fields filled with 0s
 If checksum does not include the pseudo header a user datagram may arrive sound
and safe
 The protocol field is included to ensure packets belongs to UDP
 The value of the protocol field for UDP is 17
 If the value changed during transmission checksum calculation at the receiver will
detect it and discard it
 IT is not delivered to the wrong protocol

Optional inclusion of Inclusion:

The sender of the UDP packets can choose not to calculate the checksum in this case the
checksum field is filled with 0s before being sent

CONGESTION CONTROL:

Since UDP is a connectionless protocol it doesn’t provide congestion control UDP assumes
that the packets sent are small and sporadic and cannot create congestion in the network

QUEUING:

At the client side when a process starts it requests a port number for the operating system.
Some implements create both an incoming and outgoing queue associated with each process. other
implements create only one incoming queue associated with each process.

MULTIPLEXING & DEMULTIPLEXING

In a host running a TCP/IP protocol suit there is only one UDP but possibly several process
that want to use the services of the UDP. To handle such scenarios UDP multiplexes and
demultiplexes.

Advantages and Disadvantages:

 Connectionless service
 Lack of Error control
  Lock of congestion control

APPLICATION:

 UDP is used for management of process like SNMP

 UDP is used for Routing Information Protocol and route updating protocol
 UDP is used in application that cannot tolerate uneven delay between sections of
received messages