Unit Weights

Soil 1600kg/m^3
Concrete 2400kg/m^3
Masonry 2000kg/m^3
Steel 7850kg/m^3
Wood 30lb/ft^2
Sand 1950 kg/m^3
Gravel 2000 kg/m^3
Cement 1440 kg/m^3

CONCRETE
Weak to Sulfate
Concrete vs. Steel
Concrete Good in Compression Bad in Tension
Steel Good in Compression and Tension 20x Stronger Than Concrete
Concrete vs. Masonry
Conrete Coarse Aggregate
Masonry Fine Aggregate "Joining of Units Using Mortar"
Plain Concrete vs. Reinforced Concrete
Plain Concrete No Steel Reinforcement
Rein. Concrete Cement + Fine Aggregate + Coarse Aggregate + Water + Reinforcement
Cement + Water Cement Paste
Cement + Water + Sand Cement Mortar
Cement + Water + Sand + Lime Masonry Mortar
Cement + Water + Sand + Coarse Aggregate Concrete

CEMENT
85% of Total Energy Produced, 5% of CO2 Gas Generated, NOT GREEN
Dimension: 1 bag cement = 1 ft^3 = 40kg
Joseph Asdin 1824 "Portland Cement"

Raw Materials: Lime, Iron, Silica, Alumina Can be found in Clay and Shale
Hydraulic Cement Water mix with Cement
Portland Cement A Hydraulic Cement Produced by Pulverization

Types: Type Name Condition

Type 1 General Purpose
Type 2 Moderate Sulfate In Contact with Water w/ Sulfate
Type 3 High-Early Strength Cold Weather, Precast, Reduced Curing is Required
Type 4 Low Heat of Hydration For Massive Structure ( Dams )
Type 5 Sulfate Resistant With High Sulfate ( Underwater, Sea )

Air Entraining Hydraulic Cement Water is Present inside Concrete, Used in Icy Areas
Blended Cement Portland Cement + Mixture
-Pozzolans Natural, Volcanic Ash, made by FLYASH
-Blast-Furnace Slag Talsik sa Welding

Aggregate (Innate Strength)

Size can be Determined by using SIeve/Grading -> Sieve Analysis -> Sieve Gap
Type Gravity Weight Coarse Aggregat 3" to <#4(3/8")
Normal 2-3 Fine Aggregate #4 to #200
Heavyweight >3 Cobbles 3" to 6"
Lightweight <3 Boulder 6"+
Determining Aggregate Size
1/5 of Narrowest Dimension of Beam
1/3 of depth of Slab
3/4 of clear spacing between bars

Water Cement Ratio (Strength)

#1 Concern, measured by Weight, determines Strength Less Water, Stronger Concrete

Strength in PSI Ratio

6000 0.41 Water / Cement =H20 / 40kg = 0.60
6000 0.48 H20 / 40kg = 0.57
4000 0.57
3000 0.68
2000 0.82
Slump Test (Workability)
Workability Test done by a Slump Cone 4"x8"x12"
Item Allowable Slump
Beam 1"-4"
Footing 1"-3"

Admixtures
Curing of Concrete -> HYDRATION -> Process of removing MOISTURE from the concrete
Plasticizer Make concrete workable Water Reducing Admixture to increase Slump w/o increasing wa
Superplasticizer Self-Leveling Concrete Self Consolidating
Retarder Slows the curing of Concrete
Accelerator Increases curing time of Concrete
Concrete Setting
Testing of Concrete Strength Cylinder Test - 6" Wide 12" Depth, 5-10pcs
Plasticizer
Setting
Placing

Reinforced Concrete - Deformed Bars

Deformed Bars Fabrication Cutting
S Billet Steel Bending
W Low-Alloy Steel Splicing
R Rail Steel
A Axle Steel
GRADES
Color ASTM PNS Description
White-Red 33 230 Structural Grade
Yellow-Red 40 275 Intermediate Grade
Green-Red 60 415 High tensile Grade
Blue 75 500
BAR SIZE 10,12,16,20,25,28,32,36,40,50
COMMERCIAL L 6, 7.5, 9, 10.5, 12

Reinforced Concrete
FRP Fiber Reinforced Polymer Bars Do not Rust, Nonmagnetic
FRC Fiber Reinforced Concrete Not Structural, For Claddings
Prestressed Concrete
Seven-Wire Strand
Wire <10mm
Bars 10mm+

Joints
Cold Joint Drying of one part of concrete while pouring a new set of concrete
Isolation Joint Vibration Prevention Joint between one part to another so that differential movement can
Construction Joint Joint between 2 successive placement of concrete, Doweled
Contraction Joint Joint designed to compensate for the contraction of either part
Expansion Joint Joint between two sections permitting thermal or moisture expansion to occur
Control Joint Continuous Groove or separation formed in a concrete to form a plane of weakness to reg
Expansion Sleeve Pipe sleeve that allows the housed element to move freely

Formworks
Should be Materials: Floor Formworks:
Strong Wood Wall Formworks
Rigid Maintain Metal Wall Framewwork Vertical
Tight Prevent Separation Earth Wall Framework Horizontal
Convenient Reusable Fiber Column lateral Framework
Staking
Level Horizontal Boning Rod Reference Point
Plumb Vertical Benchmark
Square Perpendicular Tansi/Nylon Staking is done by Owner
Align Parallel Geotechnical Engineer does staking using T
Soil Testing
Step by Step Process: Soil Testing Method
Relocation Test Pits <8ft/2.5m
Clearing and Grabbing Standard Penetration TesUse of Pile Hammer
Excavation

Sheeting Soldier Beams & Lagging

Sheet Piling
Slurry Wall

Bracing Crosslots
Rakers
Tiebacks Boring
Grouting
Tensioning
Dewatering Wellpoints
Watertight arriers
Waterproofing & Drainage
han Concrete

crete

nforcement

Clay and Shale

Curing is Required
Used in Icy Areas

--> Increase Workability

--> Reduce Heat Evolution

h)
onger Concrete

H20=24kg = 24L = 3700psi

H20=22.8kg = 22.8L = 4000psi

ase Slump w/o increasing water

Consolidate is the opposite of Segragate
Consolidate = Evenly Spread
By use of Vibration, Tamping, Rodding
 @7 Days @50% Strength
Hardened
Curing

Bars
Shearing or Sawing
4d = 180° , 6d = 135°, 12d = 90°
25d + 150mm

Application
Low-Rise Building and Low Conditions
Medium-Rise Structure / Infrastructure Work
Medium and High Rise Structure / Infra

Swimming Pools, CT Scans

or Claddings

differential movement can occur

Abang

ansion to occur
m a plane of weakness to regulate location of cracking

Table Forms
Gank Forms
Studs
Wale
 Yoke

Top View
Elevation View
Relocation Survey is needed
gineer does staking using Theodolite (Transit and Rod)
 Paints
DAVIES BOYSEN
Elastomeric Paint Elastogel Ultra Elasti-Kote
Cement Waterproofing Mortaflex Plexibond
Street Reflectorized Paint Reflectorized Traffic Paint Alkyd Traffic Paint
Acrylic Epoxy Paint Acreex Acqua Epoxy
Acrylic Solvent Based Liquid Tile Acrytex
Permacoat
Water Based fine rubbery Megacryl
Permatex
Decorative Paint Wall Art DECORe
Wood Grain Paint Classitex
Marble Pattern Paint Marmorino
Odorless Paint Biofresh + Healthy Home
Roof Acrylic Paint Roofshield Roofgard
Acrylic Odorless Elastomeric Sun&Rain
Skimcoat Mondo
Water Based QDE Aqua Gloss-It Primeguard
Dirt Resistive Latex Paint Wallguard
Air-Cleaning Acrylic Paint KNOxOUT
Acrylic Stain Resistant flat finish Virtuoso
Solvent Lacquer Paint Automotive Lacquer Automotive Lacquer
Removes Chalking Acrylic Clear Gloss Emulsion Chalk Blocker
Wood Varnish Decor Diamante Xyladecor

Roofing
BRAND
Puyat Steel
Colorsteel
Steeltech
Philmetal
Onduline
 Philip Johnson 550 Madison Avenue
Johnson had been client,
critic, author, historian,
museum director, but not
an architect.

He literally coined the

term "International
School of Architecture"
for an exhibition at
MOMA.
Architecture is the art
of how to waste space.

All architects want to

live beyond their
Modernism deaths.
IM Pei Dallas City Hall
Ieoh Ming Pei’s
architecture can be
characterized by its faith
in modernism,
humanized by its
subtlety, lyricism, and
beauty.

Macao Science Center

“Life is architecture
and architecture is the
mirror of life.”
Cubism
Kenzo Tange Tokyo City Hall Complex
Japan’s most honored
architects. Teacher,
writer, architect, and
urban planner, he is
revered not only for his
own work but also for his
influence on younger
architects.
Oscar Niemeyer
on Avenue The Glass House Christ Cathedral (Crystal Cathedral)
Former Sony Bldg
Former AT&T

Hall Louvre, Paris Bank of China, HK

ence Center

Hall Complex St. Mary's Cathedral Hiroshima peace memorial center

al (Crystal Cathedral)

National Gallery of Art in Washington Cleveland’s Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

ce memorial center