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Hearing Protection
dB(A) as an 8-hour, time-weighted “continuing, effective hearing Professionals with the
average level (TWA). Higher levels conservation program.” The standard responsibility for hearing
are permitted for shorter durations, itself offered little clarification and conservation programs should
with a 5-dB relationship between OSHA’s guidelines on the subject become thoroughly familiar with the
noise level and duration (see Table were challenged as not having the revised version of the HCA. It may
3). Thus, 95 dB(A) is permissible for weight of a regulation. The process be found as CFR 1910.95 in the
4 hours, 100 dB(A) for 2 hours, and of revising the standard, which Code of Federal Regulations, which
so forth, up to a maximum exposure would seem simple enough, lasted is available from the Government
for continuous noise of 15 minutes at more than a decade. NIOSH sent Printing Office at (202) 512-0000.
115 dB(A). Continuous noise is OSHA a criteria document in 1972, Anyone who has access to the
defined as noise whose maxima recommending a reduction of the Federal Register can also find it in
(highest levels) occur more often permissible exposure limit (PEL) to the March 8, 1983 issue of the
than once per second. Thus, 85 dB(A), and giving detailed Federal Register, pages 9738-9784.
impulsive noise is assumed to have specifications for hearing The actual standard appears on pages
peaks occurring less often than once conservation programs. OSHA 9776-9784, which is, of course, the
a second, and is limited to peak called together an advisory most important section. Much of the
sound pressure levels of 140 dB. committee, invited public comment, (continued on next page)
to observe the monitoring they are worn out. six months or more for a baseline
procedures and must be told about Employers must provide hearing audiogram.
their exposures. protectors that are suitable for the • Why is the use of hearing
Employers must provide baseline specific noise environments in which protectors between 85 and 90
audiograms within the first six they are to be worn. OSHA allows dB(A) non-mandatory for most
months of an employee’s exposure to employers to use any of three workers? Hearing protectors may
85 dB(A) or above (or one year if methods for assessing the adequacy interfere with speech
the company uses mobile test of hearing protector attenuation. communication at these moderate
services), and annual audiograms These methods are spelled out in the noise levels, especially if the noise
must be provided thereafter. The test HCA’s Appendix B. The standard is intermittent and if wearers have
must be conducted by trained and recommends using the Noise noise-induced hearing losses.
competent personnel and supervised Reduction Rating (NRR), which Employers who choose to make
by an audiologist or physician. Tests should appear on the protector hearing protection above 85 dB(A)
must be carried out in rooms that package. To estimate the noise level a company policy are free to do so.
meet or exceed the 1969 ANSI under the protector, the employer • What constitutes “a variety of
criteria for background sound levels, subtracts the NRR from the worker’s suitable protectors?” OSHA
and equipment must be calibrated C-weighted exposure level. If C- interprets this as a choice of at
7170
least one plug and one muff,
preferably more. Differing
environmental conditions as well
as individual differences in ear
canal and head shapes and sizes
may cause certain protectors to be
much more comfortable than
others.
• What are employers’ responsi-
bilities to replace hearing
protectors? Hearing protectors do
wear out, some more quickly than
others. Earmuff seals can become
inflexible, and acoustical leaks
will result, or the headband can
lose its tension. Malleable and
premolded plugs can lose their
elasticity. Some protectors will
need to be replaced daily. OSHA
does not hold employers respon-
sible for damage due to worker
misuse or loss due to worker
negligence. However, OSHA does
recommend that employers
encourage workers to take their
hearing protectors home if they directive to its regional and area available and the 7-dB correction
engage in noisy hobbies or other offices stating certain enforcement must be used, the 7 dB should be
noisy non-occupational pursuits. principles. The result is that in most subtracted from the NRR before the
• Is the 7-dB adjustment to the circumstances, Federal OSHA 50% safety factor is applied (NRR-
NRR a form of “derating”? No. inspectors are not to issue citations 7dB/2).
OSHA acknowledged that hearing for lack of feasible engineering or Because this directive constitutes G
protector attenuation in the field is administrative controls until workers’ OSHA policy, not regulation, it can
not nearly as good as it is in the TWAs are 100 dB(A) or above.* be revoked at any time. Readers
laboratory. However, the agency Inspectors may issue citations if they wishing to obtain a copy of it may
chose not to tackle the issue of decide that engineering or call OSHA’s Office of Information at
derating at the time the administrative controls are less costly (202) 219-8148 and ask for OSHA
Hearing Protection
amendment was issued. The 7-dB than hearing conservation programs, Instruction CPL 2-2.35 dated
adjustment is for uncertainty in the or if the hearing conservation November 9, 1983.
spectrum of the noise programs are “ineffective.” Little
environment. Because of the guidance is given on the definitions For Further Reading
importance of low-frequency noise of “effective” or “ineffective,” except U.S. Dept. Labor (1981). Occupational
Safety and Health Administration.
in the assessment of hearing that “the results of audiometric Occupational Noise Exposure; Hearing
protector attenuation, the NRR is testing [must] indicate that any Conservation Amendment. Fed. Reg. 46,
designed to be used with C- existing controls and hearing pp. 4078-4179 (especially pp. 4151-4155).
weighted environmental noise U.S. Dept. Labor (1983). Occupational
protectors are adequately protecting Safety and Health Administration.
levels. When only A-weighted employees.” In assessing the Occupational Noise Exposure; Hearing
levels are available, the 7-dB adequacy of hearing protector Conservation Amendment; Final Rule. Fed.
penalty must be subtracted to attenuation for purposes of this Reg. 48, pp. 9738-9784 (especially
pp. 9776-9784).
allow for this spectral uncertainty. directive, the inspector must apply a U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, 29
safety factor of 50% to the CFR 1910.95.
OSHA’s Enforcement Directive laboratory-based attenuation; in other
Soon after the revised HCA was * Certain states that have their own state
words, divide the NRR by 2. If C- OSHA plans have not subscribed to this
promulgated in 1983, OSHA issued a weighted noise measurements are not directive.