Chapter 29 - Nervous System

Name: Angelica Malabanan Date: Sept. 20, 2019

Autonomic Nerves 1. one of the nerves from the central nervous system to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle,
and glands of viscera
Axon 2. a slender, typically long extension that is the neuron’s conducting zone; their endings
usually branched are output zones where information may be passed to other cells
Action Potential 3. abrupt, brief reversal in the resting membrane potential of excitable cells
Acetylcholine 4. neurotransmitter; acts on brain, spinal cord, glands, and muscles
Brain 5. of most nervous systems, integrating center that receives and processes sensory
input and issues coordinated commands for responses by muscles and glands
Brain stem 6. most ancient nerve tissue in the vertebrate hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain
Blood-brain environment 7. mechanism that controls which solutes enter cerebrospinal fluid
Central Nervous System 8. brain and spinal cord
Cerebellum 9. hindbrain region with reflex centers for maintaining posture and smoothing out limb
movements
Cerebrum 10. forebrain region that generally deals with olfactory input and motor responses. In
mammals, it evolved into the most complex integrating center
Cerebral Cortex 11. thin surface layer of cerebral hemisphere; receives, integrates, and stores sensory
information; coordinates responses
Converging Circuits 12. signals from many neurons zero in on just a few
Chemical Synapse 13. thin cleft between a presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic cell. Neurotransmitter
molecules diffuse across it.
Diverging Circuits 14. dendrites and axons fan out from one block and communicate with other blocks
Dopamine 15. a neurotransmitter that affects sense of pleasure or positively reinforced learning
Dendrite 16. short, slender extension from cell body of a neuron; commonly a signal input zone
Excitatory Neurotransmitter 17. condition when the signaling molecules help drive the membrane toward the
threshold of an action potential
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential 18. a temporary depolarization of postsynaptic membrane potential caused by
the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell as a result of opening of motor-protein channels
Nerve Fibers 18. bundles of axons surrounded by connective tissue
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid 19. a neurotransmitter that has widespread inhibitory effect. Ex. tranquilizers
Hypothalamus 20. forebrain center of homeostatic control over the internal environment (e.g. salt-
water balance, core temperature); influences hunger, thirst, sex, other viscera-related behaviours and emotions

1 | Bio-NS
 Interneurons 21. neuron of the brain or spinal cord; housed in the brain and spinal cord; interact to
integrate, store, and retrieve information
Depolarization 22. usually results from the flow of negative ions into the cell or positive ions out of the
cell; a synaptic potential that decreases the chance that a future action potential will occur in a postsynaptic
neuron
Inhibitory Signal 23. when the signaling molecules pulls the membrane away from the threshold
Lymbic System 24. in the cerebral hemisphere, centers that govern emotions; has roles in memory
Nerve 25. sheathed, cordlike bundle of the axons of sensory neurons, motor neurons, or both
Norepinephrine 26. a neurotransmitter that affects emotions, dreaming, and alertness
Nervous System 27. integrative organ system with nerve cells interacting in signal-conducting and
information – processing pathways. Detects and processes stimuli , and elicits responses from effectors (e.g.
muscles and glands)
Neurotransmitter 28. any class of signaling molecules secreted by neurons. It acts on cells next to it, then
is rapidly degraded or recycled
Reflex 29. basic functional unit of the nervous system
Neural Tube 30. the forerunner of a spinal cord and brain.
Neuromuscular Junction 31. synapses between s motor neuron and muscle cell
Membrane Potential 32. the separation of charges across a membrane with the capability to do work.
Micelles 33. fatty tissue/membrane that wraps around axons of many sensory and motor
neurons enhance long distance propagation of action potentials
Medulla Oblongata 34. hindbrain region with reflex centers for basic tasks (e.g. respiration); coordinates
motor responses with complex reflexes (e.g. coughing); influences sleeping
Motor Neuron 35. neuron that relays signals from brain or spinal cord to muscle or gland cells
Memory 36. the capacity to store and retrieve information about past sensory experience
Reverberating Circuits 37. neurons synapse back on themselves, repeating signals like the the twitching
rhythmically of eye muscles while asleep
Reflex 38. a stereotyped, simple movement in response to stimuli. In the simplest reflex arcs, it
results from sensory neurons synapsing directly on motor neurons
Resting potential 39. of a neuron and other excitable cells, a voltage difference across the plasma
membrane that holds steady in the absence of outside stimulation; slightly negative inside the neuron and more
positive outside
Sensory Neuron 40. a mesh of interneurons extending from the upper spinal cord, through the brain
stem, and into the cerebral cortex; it is a low-level pathway of information flow

2 | Bio-NS
 Sensory Neuron 41. type of neuron that detects a stimulus and relays information about it toward an
integrating center (e.g. brain); detect and relay information to the brain and a spinal cord
Serotonin 42. a neurotransmitter influences sleeping, sensory perception, emotions, and body
temperature
Somatic Nerve 43. somatic nerve – nerve leading from a central nervous system to skeletal muscles
Spinal Cord 44. part of central nervous system, in a canal inside the vertebral column; site of direct
reflex connection between sensory and motor neurons; has tracts to and from the brain
Sympathetic Nerve 45. an autonomic nerve; deals mainly with increasing overall body activities at
heightened awareness, excitement, or danger; works continually in opposition with parasympathetic nerves to
make minor adjustments in internal organ activities
Synaptic Integration 46. moment-by-moment combining of all excitatory and inhibitory signals arriving at
the trigger zone of a neuron or some other excitable cell
Stretch Reflex 47. a simple reflex arc that causes a muscle to contract after gravity or some other load
has caused the muscle to stretch.
Schwann Cells 48. a type of neuroglial cell that wraps around certain axons; a series of these form a
myelin sheath
Sodium-Potassium Pump49. type of membrane transport protein that when activated by ATP, selectively
transports potassium ions across a membrane against its concentration gradient, and passively allows sodium
ions to cross in the opposite direction
Stimulus 50. a specific form of energy (e.g pressure, light , heat) that activates a sensory receptor
able to detect it.
Saltatory Conduction 51. of myelinated neurons, a rapid form of action potential propagation. Excitation hops
to nodes between myelinated sheaths
Positive feedback Mechanism 52. homeostatic control; it initiates a chain of events that intensify change from
an original condition, then intensification reverses the change
Parasympathetic Nerves 53. an autonomic nerve. Its signals slow down overall activities and divert energy to
basic tasks; they also help make adjustments in internal organ activity by acting continually in opposition to
sympathetic nerve signals
Peripheral Nervous System 54. all nerves leading into and out from the spinal cord and brain. It includes ganglia
of those nerves
Pons 55. a hindbrain traffic center for signals between cerebellum and forebrain centers
Thalamus 56. a forebrain region that is a coordinating center for sensory input and a relay station
for signals to the cerebrum
Transport Protein 57. membrane protein that passively or actively assists specific molecules or ions across
a membrane’s lipid bilayer. The solutes pass through a channel in its interior

3 | Bio-NS
 BIOLOGY
MUSCULAR SYSYTEM ACTIVITY

Name: Angelica Malabanan Sept. 20, 2019

Answer the following.

Muscle Fatigue 1. Decline in tension of a muscle kept in a state of massive contraction as a result of
continuous, high frequency stimulation

Muscle Tension 2. Mechanical force exerted by a contracting muscle; resist opposing forces

Muscle Twitch 3. A sequence of muscle contraction and relaxation in response to a brief stimulus

Myofibrils 4. One of many striated structures inside a muscle cell; threadlike arranged in a parallel
manner

Adenosine Triphosphate5. Motor protein; uses cytoskeletal tracks to move cell components

Glycolysis 6. Lowered oxygen level in blood when muscle cells have used up more ATP than they
have formed in cellular respiration

Sarcomere 7. One of many basic units of contraction defined by z-lines that subdivide a muscle cell.
Sarcolemma 8. System of membrane bound chambers; threads around muscle cells and takes up,
stores, and releases the calcium ions necessary for contraction
Skeletal Muscles 9. Organ with many cells bundled inside a sheath of connective tissue that extends past
the muscle, as tendons
Tendon 10. A cord or strap of connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

Tetanus 11. Of a muscle, large contraction; repeated stimulation of motor unit causes muscle
twitches to run together.

Z-Lines 12. Dark bands that define the ends of each sarcomere.

Myoneural Junction 13. A neuromuscular junction between a motor neuron and a muscle cell.

Action Potentials 14. Occurs in a muscle cell when a signal from a motor neuron arrives and excites the
muscle cell's plasma membrane.

Tropomyosin 15. The protein that blocks the sites where myosin heads would otherwise bind.

Plateau Period 16. Muscles shorten to move a load

Isometrically Contracting Muscles 17. Muscles develop tension but cannot shorten as when lifting something
that is too heavy
Muscle fatigue 18. A decrease in a muscle’s capacity to generate force, a decline in tension. Glycogen
depletion is one cause

4 | Bio-NS
 Muscle Cramp 19. A sudden involuntary, painful contraction that resists release. Caused by
overexertion and dehydration

Muscular Dystrophies 20. Class of genetic disorders in which muscles progressively weaken and degenerate

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy 21. Dystrophy is most common among children; caused by a mutant gene on the
X chromosome

Strength Training 22. Increases the number of mitochondria in muscles and the number of blood
capillaries servicing them. These changes improve endurance

Aging 23. Brief but very intense exercise as weight lifting – makes the fibers thicken

Myelin Sheath 24. The number and size of muscle fibers decline; Tendons stiffen and are more likely to
tear

Nerve tissues 25. Helps conduct electrical current from nervous system

Smooth muscles 26. Muscles used to control flow of all substances within lumen are classified as_____.

Tendon 27. Flexible and tough band of fibrous connective tissue is known _____.

Cardiac Muscles 28. Muscles that are found in heart to circulate blood are known as ______.

Fascia 29. Tough, sheet like membrane that covers and protects tissue are called _____.

5 | Bio-NS
 Activity Sheet Chapter 35 – Respiratory System

Name: Angelica Malabanan Sept. 20, 2019

Fill in each blank with the correct answer.

Fick’s law 1. The larger the surface area and the greater the partial pressure gradient, the faster gases will
diffuse across a respiratory surface

Respiration 2. Exchange of environmental oxygen with carbon dioxide from the cells of an organism

Haemoglobin 3. Iron-containing respiratory protein of red blood cells

Trachea 4. An air-conducting tube of respiratory systems; of land vertebrates, the windpipe through
which air passes between the larynx and the bronchi; airway connecting larynx with two bronchi that lead into the lungs

Alveoli 5. Cupped, thin-walled outpouching of respiratory bronchiole where lungs and blood exchange
oxygen and carbon dioxide

Respiratory system 6. Type of organ system that exchanges gases between the body and the environment and
contributes to homeostasis

Intercoastal 7. Skeletal muscles found in the chest area; have roles in breathing

Bronchitis 8. Epithelial cell in the inner walls of the bronchioles become irritated and they secrete too much
mucus and become inflamed

Aclimmzation 9. Physiological and behavioural adaptation to a new habitat

Carbonic anhydrase 10. Red blood cell enzyme that converts CO2 to bicarbonate, the form in which 60% of the CO2 in
the blood is transported

Heme Group 11. Iron-containing functional group that reversibly binds oxygen; one associated with each of
the four chains in haemoglobin

Larynx 12. Tubular airway from the pharynx leading to lungs; contain vocal cords in some animals; closes
off during swallowing

paraPressure 13. Characteristic of a gas; its contribution to total atmospheric pressure; the contribution of any
gas to total atmospheric pressure

Nasal Cavity 14.Chamber in which air is moistened, warmed, and filtered, and in which sounds resonatec

Apnea 15. Breathing stops and then spontaneously restarts

Epiglottis 16. Flaplike structure between pharynx and larynx; its controlled positional changes direct air
into trachea or food into esophagus; closes off larynx during swallowing; entrance to the larynx

Pharynx 17. A muscular tube; a dual entrance to the esophagus and trachea

Tidal Volume 18. The volume of air flowing into or out of the lungs during the respiratory cycle

6 | Bio-NS
Sudden infant death syndrome19. A sleeping infant cannot wake up from an apneic episode and dies

Vocal Cords 20. One of the thickened muscular folds of the larynx that help produce sound waves

Bronchiole 21. Finely branched airway; part of the bronchial tree inside the lung

Myoglobin 22. A molecule in body fluids that reversibly binds oxygen ( ex. Haemoglobin)

Emphysema 23. Walls of the air sacs crumble and inelastic fibrous tissue builds around them. The alveoli
become enlarged and the lungs become inelastic and distended so the balance between air flow and blood flow is
compromised

Respiratory surface 24. Thin, moist epithelium that functions in gas exchange

Pressure gradient 25. A difference in pressure between two adjoining regions

Maximum volume 26. Air volume expressed from the lungs in one breath after maximal inhalation

Bronchi 27. Tubular airway; branches from trachea and leads into lungs

Oxyhemoglobin 28. Oxygen bound to haemoglobin inside red blood cells

Myoglobin 29. A respiratory pigment abundant in cardiac and skeletal muscle cells that can contract slowly
and resist fatiguing; a pigment with a higher oxygen-binding capacity than hemoglobin

Bronchial Tree 30. Increasingly branched airways starting with two bronchi and ending at air sacs (alveoli) of
lung tissue

Integumentary exchange 31. Respiration across a thin, moist and often vascularised surface layer of animal body

Alveolar septum 32. The alveolar and capillary endothelia, together with their basement membrane

Laryngitis 33. Severe swelling of the vocal cords due to infection or irritation and this interferes with their
capacity to vibrate

Plasma 34. the form in which 30% of the CO2 in blood is transported

Pleura 35. Double-layered membrane that separates lungs from other organs

Hyperventilation 36. Breathing faster and deeper than usual

Breathing 37. One breath in (inhalation) + one breath out (exhalation)= ___.

Diaphragm 38. Muscular portion between thoracic and abdominal cavities with role in breathing

Glottis 39. Opening between the two vocal cords

Alveolar sac 40. Internally moistened sacs specialized for gas exchange; lobed, elastic organ of breathing;
enhances gas exchange between internal environment and outside air.

7 | Bio-NS