Francisco, Steven C.

August 8, 2019

BSECE-5 Engr. Kaquilala

THERMODYNAMICS SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1. How many liters of water can 6.7 L of ethane boil? The initial
temperature and pressure of the ethane and water is 0.95 bar and
25˚C.

ΔHcombustion= 1437.17 kJ/mol

n=PVRT
n=0.95×6.70.08314×298
n=0.2569mol
q=(1437.17kJ/mol)×0.2569mol=369.21kJ
369210=(m)(4.184)(373−298)
Using basic algebra we solve for the mass, and since water has a
density of 1.0 g/cm3, the mass will be equal to the volume.
M=1176.58 g
Volume of water: 1.177 L
2. A balloon filled with gas expands under a constant pressure
of 2.0×1052.0×105 Pascals from a volume of 5.0 L to 10 L.

Work = -Pressure * ΔVolume

= -pressure * (Vfinal – Vinitial) = -2*10^5 * (10-5) Pa*L = -10^6 Pa*L
= -1000 J = -1.0 kJ of work
3. A balloon filled with gas expands its volume by 2.0 L. If the pressure
outside the balloon is 0.93 bar and the energy change of the gas is 450
J, how much heat did the surroundings give the balloon?
 100 Joule = 1 L*bar.
450=q−(0.93)(2.0)100
q=636J
4. There is a house hold heater that operates at 4 V and at 35 Ω and is
used to heat up 15 g of copper wire. The specific heat capacity of
copper is 24.440 J/(mol K). How much time is required to increase the
temperature from 25˚C to 69˚C?

P=V2/R
P=(4)2/35=.457 J/s
q=(15)(24.440)(69-25)= 16130.4 J
(16130.4 J)/(.457 J/s) = 35296.3 seconds
5. If the temperature of a water bath closed system is raised from room
temperature to 65 ˚C and the initial pressure is 350 torr, what is the
final pressure of the system? The heat of vaporization of liquid water is
43.99 kJ/mol.

The gas constant that is most convenient to use is 8.314 J/K/mol

Ln(350/P2)=(4399/08.314)(1/298−1/338)
P2=42.8torr
6. Given a Carnot engine that absorbs 750 J of energy from a tank of hot
water with a final temperature of 300 K, what is the initial temperature
if 600 J of work was done by the system?
Ɛ=[TH-TL]/TH = w/q
 Ɛ=efficiency
 TH and TLare the temperatures in Kelvin
 w is work in J
 q is heat in J
 [TH-300]/TH = 600/750
TH =1500 K
7. If 0.2 moles of hydrogen gas occupies an inflexible container with a
capacity of 45 mL and the temperature is raised from 25 C to 30 C,
what is the change in pressure of the contained gas, assuming ideal
behavior?
PV=Nrt
 P is Pressure
 V is Volume
 n is the number of moles present in the sample
 R is the gas constant
 T is temperature in Kelvins
ΔP=nR(T2−T1)/V
ΔP=[0.2mol(0.008314Lbar/molK)(5
K)]/0.045L=0.184756 bar
8. Using standard thermodynamic values, calculate the change in enthalpy
of reaction (ΔHrxn) in the formation of liquid water from hydrogen and
oxygen gas.
H2(g)+½O2(g)→H2O(l)+heat
ΔHf H2O(l) = -285.83 kJ/mol
ΔHf H2(g) =0kJ/molkJ)
ΔHf O2(g) = 0 kJ/mol x 2
Use ΔH of formation (Hf) for each of the chemicals
involved in the reaction found in a standard table or
reference book.
[(ΔHf H2O =-285.83kJ/mol)]- [(½)*(ΔHf O2 = 0 kJ/mol)
+(ΔHf H2=0kJ/mol)]
ΔHrxn = SUM [(-285.83 kJ) – ((½)*0 kJ + 0 kJ)] = -
285.83 kJ/mol
9. Using standard thermodynamic values, calculate the enthalpy of the
reaction of the combustion of methane gas with oxygen gas to form
carbon dioxide and liquid water.
 ChemicalEquation:
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) => CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l) + heat
Products:
ΔHf H2O(l)=-285.83kJ/molx2
ΔHf CO2(g) = -393.51 kJ/mol
Reactants:
ΔHf CH4(g) =-74.87kJ/mol
ΔHf O2(g) = 0 kJ/mol x 2
[2*(ΔHf H2O(l) =-285.83kJ/mol)+ΔHfCO2(g)= -393.51kJ/mol]
-[2*(ΔHf O2 =0kJ/mol)+(ΔHf CH4=-74.87kJ/mol)] =
ΔHrxn = [2*(-285.83 kJ) + (-393.51 kJ)] – [(2*0 kJ) + (-74.87 kJ)] =
-890.3 kJ/mol

10. The volume of a gas starts at 5.0 L at a temperature of 400K and

a pressure of 1.12 bar. If the change in entropy was .787 J/K/mol, what
was the final volume of the gas?
ΔS=Rn*ln(V2/V1)
787=(8.314)n*ln(V2/5.0)
n=PV/RT
n= [1.12*5.0]/[8.314*400]
V2=8.77 L
11. Calculate the change in entropy for the dissociation
of HCl(aq)HCl(aq) to H+H+ and Cl−Cl−.

HCl(aq)→H+(aq)+Cl−(aq)

ΔS =(56.6+ 0) J/molK- 186.9 J/molK =

System

-130.3 J/molK

12. 3000 J of heat is added to a system and 2500 J of work is done by the
system. What is the change in internal energy of the system?
 Known :
Heat (Q) = +3000 Joule
Work (W) = +2500 Joule
ΔU = Q-W
ΔU = 3000-2500
ΔU = 500 Joule

13. 2000 J of heat is added to a system and 2500 J of work is done on the
system. What is the change in internal energy of the system?
Known :
Heat (Q) = +2000 Joule
Work (W) = -2500 Joule
ΔU = Q-W
ΔU = 2000-(-2500)
ΔU = 2000+2500
ΔU = 4500 Joule
14. 2000 J of heat leaves the system and 2500 J of work is done on the
system. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

Known :
Heat (Q) = -2000 Joule
Work (W) = -3000 Joule
Solution :
ΔU = Q-W
ΔU = -2000-(-3000)
ΔU = -2000+3000
ΔU = 1000 Joule
Internal energy increases by 4500 Joule.
15. An engine absorbs 2000 Joule of heat at a high temperature and
exhausted 1200 Joule of heat at a low temperature. What is the efficiency of the
engine?

Known :
Heat input (QH) = 2000 Joule
Heat output (QL) = 1200 Joule
Work done by engine (W) = 2000 – 1200 = 800 Joule
Wanted : efficiency (e)
Solution :
e = W / QH
e = 800/2000
e = 0.4 x 100%
 e = 40%
16. An engine absorbs heat at 960 Kelvin and the engine discharges heat at
576 Kelvin. What is the efficiency of the engine.

Known :
High temperature (TH) = 960 K
Low temperature (TL) = 576 K
Wanted: efficiency (e)
Solution :

Efficiency of Carnot engine = 0.4 x 100% = 40%

17. The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 40%. If heat absorbed at 727°C then
what is the low temperature.

Known :
Efficiency (e) = 40% = 40/100 = 0.4
High temperature (TH) = 727oC + 273 = 1000 K
Wanted : Low temperature
Solution :

TL = 600 Kelvin – 273 = 327oC

18. The high temperature of a Carnot engine is 600 K. If the engine absorbs
600 J of heat and the low temperature is 400 K, what is the work done by the
engine.

Known :
 Low temperature (TL) = 400 K
High temperature (TH) = 600 K
Heat input (Q1) = 600 Joule
Wanted: Work was done by Carnot engine (W)
Solution :
The efficiency of the Carnot engine :

Work was done by Carnot engine :

W = e Q1
W = (1/3)(600) = 200 Joule
19. Calculate the absolute pressure for a system, given a gauge pressure of
1.5 MPa and a barometric pressure(atmospheric pressure) of 104 kPa.

absolute pressure = atmospheric pressure + gauge pressure

Pabs = Patm + Pgauge
Given:
Patm = 104 kPa {where kPa = kilo Pascal}
and
Pgauge = 1.5 MPa {where MPa = mega Pascal}
= 1.5 × 1000 kPa
= 1500 kPa
Pabs = 1500 + 104
= 1604 kPa
= (1604 / 1000)MPa
Pabs = 1.604 MPa

20. The density of liquid gallium is 6.09 g/cm3 at 35°C. If this element is
employed in a barometer instead of mercury, what is the height of a column of
gallium sustained in the barometer at 1 atm. pressure?
The gallium column can be computed by the use of the relation:
(hGa) (dGa) = (hHg) (dHg)
h = height of a column,
d = density,
hGa = [(hHg)(dHg) / (dGa)]
1 atm pressure = hHg = 760 mm Hg = 76.0 cm Hg.
dHg = 13.6 gm/cm3.
hGa = [{(76.0 cm Hg)(13.6 gm/cm3)} / (6.09 gm/cm3)]
= 169.7 cm Ga = 1697 mm Ga
21. If the temperature of the air in a chemistry laboratory is ambient (77°F),
what is the equivalent scale in Kelvin?
 TK = 273 + TC
{(TF – 32) / 9} = (TC / 5)
{(77 – 32) / 9} = (TC / 5)
{5(77 – 32)} = 9TC
5 (45)} = 9TC
TC = 25°
TK = 273 + TC
TK = 273 + 25
TK = 298°.

22. A 0.2 m3 container holds oxygen at 70°C and 25 bars.Calculate the

amount of oxygen in the container if the atmospheric pressure is 1 bar.

PV = mRT
P = Pressure = 25 + 1 = 26 bars
V = Volume = 0.2 m3.
R = (R / M)
= [(8314.3 J / kg.mol–°K) / (32 kg / kg.mol)]
= 259.8 J / kg–°K
= 259.8 N–m / kg–°K
T = 273 + 70 = 343°K
m = (PV / RT)= 5.8354 kg

23. Calculate the volume of a cylinder which contains 60 lbm of carbon

dioxide at 230°F and 23 psig pressure. Assume atmospheric pressure to be
14.7 psia.

PV = mRT
∴ P = 14.7 + 23
= 37.7 psia
= [37.7 (lb / in2) × 144 (in2 / ft2)]
= [5429 (lb / ft2)]
T = 230 + 460
= 690°R
V = (mRT / P) = 268 ft3.

24. A 30 m high vertical column of a fluid of density 1878 kg/m3 exists in a place where g =
9.65 m/s2. What is the pressure at the base of the column.

Solution: p = z ρg = 30 × 1878 × 9.65 Pa = 543.681 kPa

25. Calculate the total work transfer that takes place for a
process as shown in the figure.
 T1 = – 50°F T2 = + 70°F
P1 = 650 psia P2 = 25 psia
H1 = 300 Btu/lbm H2 = 410 Btu/lbm
S1 = 1.0 Btu/lbm°R S2 = 1.65 Btu/lbm°R
Z1 = 100 ft Z2 = 100 ft
V1 = 450 ft/sec V2 = 150 ft/sec

Solution: Taking into consideration the different forms of energy

Qact – (W)act = ΔH + ΔKE + ΔPE
= H2 – H1 + [(V22 – V12) / 2gc] + (Z2 – Z1)(g / gc)
220(Btu / lbm) – (W)act
= (410 – 300)(Btu / lbm)
+ [{(1502 – 4502)(ft2 / sec2)} / {2 × (32.2 ft lbm / sec2 lbf)}]
× [(1 Btu) / (778 ft–lbf)]
+ [{(100 – 100)(32.2 ft / sec2)} / {(32.2 ft–lbm) / (sec2lbf)}]
220 – Wact = 110 + (– 3.6) + 0
∴ – Wact = – 113.6 Btu/lbm
Wact = 113.6 Btu/lbm

26. For the data given in the figure, calculate the change in energy, Δe for 1
kg of steam.
Solution: From the steam tables
u1 = 3273.0 j/gm
v1 = 78.69 cm3/gm
u2 = 2519.7 j/gm
v2 = 1159.3 j/gm
Δe = Δ[u + (1/2)V2 + gz] = Δu + Δ(1/2)V2 +
Δgz (1)
Δu = u2 – u1 = 2519.7 – 3273.0 = – 753.3 j/gm = – 753,300 j/kg
Δ(1/2)V2 = (1/2)(V22 – V12) = – (1/2)(9 – 0.09)1 = – 4. 455 j/kg
Units:
(m2 / sec2) × 1(N–sec2 / kg–m) → (N–m / kg) → (j / kg)
Δgz = g(z2 – z1) = – 9.8(3 – 0)1 = – 29.4 j/kg
Then Eq. (1) gives
Δe = – 753,300 – 4.455 – 29.4 = – 753,333.85 J/kg = – 753.34
kJ/kg

27. A Carnot engine operates between the temperatures 1000°F and 50°F,
producing 120 Btu of work. Calculate the heat input to the engine.
Solution: The first law of thermodynamics yields
QH − Q L =
W (1)
where
QH = Heat input
QL = Heat output
W = Work done = 120 Btu
From the definition of absolute thermodynamic temperature scale,
(QH / QL) = (TH /
TL) (2)
Solving equations (1) and (2) for QH,
QH − QH (TL / TH) = W
Or
QH = [W / (1 – TL /
TH)] (3)
TH = 1000 + 460 = 1460°R
TL = 50 + 460 = 510°R
Substituting these values in equation (3),
QH = [(120) / {1 − (510 / 1460)}] = 184.4 Btu

28. One kg of water is initially located 100m above a very large lake. The
water, the lake, and the air are at uniform temperature of 20°C. Then the one kg
of water falls into the lake, mixing and coming to equilibrium with it. Determine
the entropy change associated with this process..

Solution: For a combined system of the water, the lake, and the air
UF − UI = (P.E.)I − (P.E.)F
However at the final state (at equilibrium) the potential energy (P.E.) is
zero. Thus
UF − UI = (P.E.)I = mgh
where
m = 1 kg
g = 9.81 m/sec2
h = 100 m
Also for the change in entropy
ds = (1 / T) (du + Pdv) ≅ (1 / T)
du (1)
Integrating Eq. (1),
∫ds = Δs = (1 / T) ∫du
= (1 / T) (UF – UI)
= (1 / T) (mgh)
Substituting the known values
Δs = [1 / (293)] (1.0 × 9.81 × 100)
= 3.346 J/°K
 29. Calculate the change in specific entropy of 1 lbm of air when it is
compressed from 14 psia, 60°F to 84 psia and 460°F.

Solutions: Assume a reversible process between the two state points. Thus
(T2 / T1) = (P2 / P1)[(n – 1) / n]
[(920) / (520)] = (84 / 14)[(n – 1) / n]
1.769 = (6)[(n – 1) / n]
Hence
[(n – 1) / n] = 0.3185
n = 1.467
For a polytropic process
Cn = Cv + [R / {J (1 – n)}]
= 0.1715 + [(53.35) / {(1 – 1.467) 778}]
= 0.1715 – 0.1467
= 0.0248 Btu/lbm – °R
Then S2 – S1 = mCn ln (T2 / T1)
= 1 × 0.0248 ln [(920) / (520)]
= 0.01416 Btu/°R
The change in entropy is
ΔS = 0.01416 Btu/°R
30. If a 2.34 g substance at 22°C with a specific heat of 3.88 cal/g-°C is
heated with 124 cal of energy, what is the new temperature of the substance?

q
ΔT =
MC
(124)
ΔT = = 13.7°C
(2.34)(3.88)
new T = 22 + 13.7 = 35.7°C

31. Calculate the ΔH value of the reaction:

HCl + NH3 → NH4Cl

(ΔH values for HCl is -92.30; NH3 is -80.29; NH4Cl is -314.4)

ΔH = ΔHproducts - ΔHreactants
ΔHproducts = -314.4
ΔHreactants = -92.30 + (-80.29) =-
172.59
ΔH = -314.4 - 172.59 = 141.8
 32. A gas exerts a
pressure of 0.892 atm in a
5.00 L container at 15°C. The
density of the gas is 1.22
g/L. What is the molecular
mass of the gas?

Answer: PV = nRT T = 273 + 15 =

228 (0.892)(5.00) = n(.0821)(288) n
= 0.189 mol

.189 mol x grams

x = 1.22 g/L
5.00L 1 mol
x = Molecular Weight = 32.3 g/mol

33. A 25.0 mL sample of

gas is enclosed in a flask at
22°C. If the flask was placed
in an ice bath at 0°C, what
would the new gas volume
be if the pressure is held
constant?

Answer:

V1 V2
=
T1 T2
25.0 mL V2
=
295 K 273 K
V2 = 23.1 mL

34. A 10.73 g sample of PCl5 is placed in a 4.00 L flask at 200°C.

a) What is the initial pressure of the flask before any reaction takes place?
b) PCl5 dissociates according to the equation: PCl5(g) --> PCl3(g) + Cl2(g). If half
 of the total number of moles of PCl5(g) dissociates and the observed pressure
is 1.25 atm, what is the partial pressure of Cl2(g)?
1 mol
a) 10.73 g PCl5 x = 0.05146 mol PCl5
208.5 g
PV = nRT
T = 273 + 200 = 473
P(4.00) = (.05146)(.0821)(473)
P = 0.4996 atm
b) PCl5 → PCl3 + Cl2
Start: .05146 mol 0 mol 0 mol
Change: -.02573 mol +.02573 mol +.02573 mol
Final: .02573 mol .02573 mol .02573 mol
nCl2 PCl2
XCl2 = =
ntotal Ptotal
PCl2 .02573 mol
=
1.25 atm .07719 mol
PCl2 = .4167 atm
35. A gas having a constant volume specific heat equal to
(4.52 + 0.00737T) Btu/lbm – °F is initially at 175°F. Heat is
then added to the gas in a constant volume process until its
temperature rises to 200°F. Calculate the change in entropy
associated with this process.
Solution: In this case, Cv, for the gas is in the form
Cv = a + bT
where
a = 4.52
and
b = 0.00737
The entropy change per unit mass is given as
ΔS = b∫a Cp (dT / T) = b∫a [(a + bT) / T} dT
= b∫a a (dT / T) + b∫a (bT / T) dT
Integration yields
ΔS = a In (Tb / Ta) + b (Tb – Ta)
= 4.52 In [(660) / (635)] + 0.00737(200 – 175)
= 0.1745 + 0.1843
= 0.3588 Btu/lbm.

36. An ideal gas undergoes an isothermal expansion in which its

volume doubles. For one mole of this gas calculate the
 change in entropy for the surroundings if the process is
assumed to be reversible.
Solution:
For any reversible isothermal process, the surrounding temperature
and the system temperature must be the same
∴ (ΔS)surr = [{(qrev) surr} / T]
The surroundings absorb the heat that is given up by the system
∴ (ΔS)surr = – [{(qrev) sys} / T]
(qrev)sys = T(ΔS)sys
∴ (ΔS)surr = – T [(ΔS)sys / T}
= – (ΔS)sys
(S2 – S1)sys = C(v)0 In (T2 / T1) + R In (V2 / V1)
= R In (2)
(ΔS)surr = – 1.38 cal/mole – °K
37. Calculate the minimum power required to cool 100
lb moles / min of air from 550°R to 500°R when the
surrounding temperature is 550°R.
Solution: Apply the equation
W = To ∆S – ∆H
to 1 pound mole of air. Assume the heat capacity as 7 Btu/(lb mole)(°R)
∴ ∆S = – 7 In (550 / 500)
= – 0.666 Btu/(lb mole)(°R)
∆H = 7(500 – 550) = – 350 Btu/(lb mole)
The minimum work required is
Wmin = (550) (– 0.666) + 350
= – 16 Btu/(lb mole).
For 100 lb moles of air per minute
Wmin = (– 16) (100) = – 1600 Btu/min.
= – 37.7 hp.
38. Air at an initial state of 100 psia and 800°R is expanded in a
cylinder to a final pressure of 10 psia, along a polytropic path
with n = 1.3. Assuming the process to be adiabatic, and air
to behave as an ideal gas, calculate the friction of the
process per lbm of air.

Solution
T2 = T1(p2 / p1)(n–1/n)
= 800(1 / 10)0.230
= 470° R
Then by Eq. (2), with cv = 0.172 Btu/lbm –°R
wact = 0.172(800 – 470)
= 56.6 Btu/lbm
The reversible work for this system is given as
wrev = [{P2 v2 – P1 v1} / {1 – n}] = [{R(T2 – T1)} / {1 – n}]
= [{1.986(800 – 470)} / {29(0.3)}]
= 75.4 Btu/lbm
 Then from Eq. (1)
F = 75.4 – 56.6 = 18.8 Btu/lbm
which is the frictional force.
39. A container contains compressed air at 620 kPa, 27°C. If
atmospheric conditions are 103 kPa and 27°C calculate the
work potential per kg of air.
Solution
A.E. = (W rev)max – W surr.
= (U1 + P0V1 – T0S1) – (U∞ + P0V∞ – T0S∞)
= (U1 – U∞) + P0(V1 – V∞) – T0 (S1 – S∞)
However U1 = U∞ and hence
A.E. = P0(V1 – V∞) – T0(S1 S∞)
Assuming air to behave ideally
V = (RT / P)
and
∆S = R ln (P1 / P0) (for this case)
Substituting into Eq. (1) and rearranging
A.E. = P0RT0[(1 / P1) – (1 / P0)] + T0R In(P1 / P0)
= RT0 [(P0 / P1) – 1] + RT0 In (P1 / P0)
for air
R = 0.287 kJ/kg – °K
Therefore from Eq. (2)
A.E. = 0.287(300)[(103 / 620) – 1] + 0.287(300) In (620 / 103)
= 82.75 kJ/Kg
40. Determine the available energy that can be associated with
a 10 m3 perfect vacuum and its surroundings at a pressure
of 0.100 MPa and at a temperature of 300K.

Solution: The Equation of availability for any system is given as

ɸ = (u + P0v – T0s) – (u0 + P0v0 – T0s0
= (u – u0) + P0(v – v0) – T0(s – s0)
For a perfect vacuum
m = 0, (u – u0) = 0, (s – s0) = 0, v0 = 0
ɸ = P0v
= (0.10) × (10) × 106 N – m
= 1,000 kJ
41. In a particular flow system 1 lbm of saturated water at 400°F
is heated at constant pressure until it is saturated vapor. If
the reservoir temperature is 40°F, calculate the availability of
the heat transferred to the water. Assume the process to be
reversible and the heat of vaporisation at 400°F to be 826.0
Btu/lbm.
Solution:

Qrev = hfg = the heat of vaporisation.

 Qrev = 2∫1 Tds

∆S = {Qrev / TA} = {hfg / TA}

A.E . = (S)2∫(S)1 Tds – T0 T0∆s

or
A.E. = hfg – (T0 / TA)hfg
= [1 – (T0 / TA)]hfg

A.E. = [1 – (500 / 960)]826

= 396 Btu
42. An automobile battery is able to deliver 5.2 MJ of electrical
energy to start a car. Suppose compressed air at 7MPa,
25°C were to be used for doing the same work. What will be
the volume of the tank required in order for the compressed
air to have an availability of 5.2 MJ?
Solution: The availability of air at 7 MPa, 25°C is given by
ɸ = (u – u0) – T0(s – s0) + P0(v – v0)
where
v = (RT / P)
= [{0.287 × 298.15} / {7000}]
= 0.01222 m3/kg
v0 = (RT0 / P0)
= [{0.287 × 298.15} / {100}]
= 0.8557 m3/kg.
∴ ɸ = 0 – 298.15[0 – 0.287 In (7000 / 100)] + 100 (0.01222 -0.8557)
= 279.2 kJ/kg
For an availability of 5.2 MJ, the mass of air required is
m = {(5.2MJ) / ɸ} = [{5200kJ} / {279.2kJ/kg}]
= 18.625 kg
The volume of the tank then is,
V = mv
= 18.625 (0.01222)
= 0.2276 m3.
43. A turbine takes in air at 825K, 690 kPa and expands it to 138
kPa and 585K. Assuming air to be an ideal gas, calculate
a) the available energy of the air taken in,
b) the loss of available energy in the turbine, and
c) T0, the isentropic exit temperature, or, the lowest available
temperature.
Solution: a) The available energy of the air taken in can be obtained from
the
equation
(A.E.)1–0 = h1 – h0
h1 – h0 = cp(T1 – T0)
but
 (T0 / T1) = (p0 / p1) {(k – 1) / k
T0 = 825 (138 / 690)(0.4/1.4)
= 520.9 K
Therefore
(A.E.)1–0 = 1.0046(825 – 520.9)
= 305.5 kJ/kg
b) The loss of available energy in the turbine can be obtained from the
equation
(A.E.)loss = T0(s0 – s2)
= – T0(s2 – s0)
and
(s2 – s0) = cp In (T2 / T0)
= 1.0046 In {(585) / (520.9)}
s2 – s0 = 0.1160 kJ/kg – K
∴ (A.E.)loss = – (520.9)(0.1160)
= – 60.4 kJ/kg
c) From equation (1) the lowest available temperature is 520.9K.
44. Determine the melting point increase of ice, due to an
Increase of pressure of 1 atm. Assume that at 0°C the
specific volumes of water and ice are 0.001000 and
0.001091 m3/kg respectively and the latent heat of fusion is
334 kJ/kg.
Solution: The Clausius-Clapeyron equation is written as
dT = [(TsatVsfdP) / hsf
where
Tsat = 0°C + 273.15 = 273.15°K
Vsf = 0.001000 – 0.001091 = – 0.000091 m3/kg
hsf = 334 kJ/kg
and
dP = 1 atm = 101.325 kN/m2
Therefore
dT = [{273.15(– 0.000091)(101.325)} / (334)]
= – 0.00753°K
45. Calculate Δhvap of liquid oxygen if it boils at 90.15°K and has
a vapor pressure of 2.5 atm at 100°K.
Solution
dP = [(Δhvap) / (Tvvap)] = [(Δhv) / {(TRT) / P}] = [(ΔhvP) / RT2]
(dP / P) = [(Δhv) / R] ∙ (dT / T2)
Assume Δhv to be a constant. Integrate equation (1)
ln(P2 / P1) = [(Δhv) / R] [(1 / T1) – (1 / T2)
ln[(2.50) / (1.00)] = [(Δhv) / (1.98 cal/mol°K)]
[{1 / (90.15°K)} – {1 / (100°K)}]
Δhv = 1658 cal/g-mol
46. Obtain an expression for the entropy change as a function of
pressure and temperature
Solution
Tds = du + p (dv / J)
Differentiating the enthalpy equation h = u + (dv / J) gives:
dh = du + [(pdv) / J] + [(vdp) / J]
or
du + [(pdv) / J] = dh – [(vdp) / J]

Tds = dh – v(dp / J
But dh = cpdT, and v = (RT / p).
Thus
Tds = CpdT – (RT / J)(dp / p)
Dividing by T gives the required expression:
ds = Cp (dT / T) – (R / J)(dp / p)
47. Determine the numerical values of (∂V / ∂T)P. at 140°F and a
specific volume of 2.100 cu ft per lb for
(a) a perfect gas with a molecular weight of 70.9, and
(b) a van der Waals gas of the same molecular weight for
which a = 4.88 (psi) (ft3/lb)2 and β = 0.0127 ft3/lb
Solution: a) For a perfect gas, (∂V / ∂T)P = (b / P) = (bV / bT) = (V / T)
(∂V / ∂T)P = [(2.100) / (460 + 140)] = 0.00350 (cu ft per lb) / °R
b) For the van der waals gas,
b = [(10.73) / (70.9)] = 0.1514 (psi)(cu ft per lb) / °R
Therefore
(∂V / ∂T)P = [{bV3(V – β)} / {bTV3 – 2α(V – β)2}]
= [{(0.1514)(2.100)3(2.100 – 0.0127)}
/ {(0.1514)(600)(2.100)3 – 2(4.88)(2.100 -0.0127)2}]
= [(2.925) / (841.0 – 42.5)]
= 0.00366 (cu ft per lb) / °R

48. A gas obeys the van der Waals equation, with Pc = 30 atm
and Tc = 200°C. The compressibility factor (PV / RT) will be
more than one (at P = 50 atm, T = 250°C; at P = 1 atm,
T = 100°C; P = 500 atm, T = 500°C; none of these).
Calculate the van der Waals constant b for this gas.

Solution: For a compressibility factor greater than unity, P = 500 atm and
T = 500°C (that is the highest P and T) are chosen. The constant
bc = (Vc / 3). It is known that
[(PcVc) / (RTc)] = [{[a / (27b2)] (3b)} / {R [8a / (27Rb)]}] = (3 / 8)
for a van der Waals gas. Therefore,
Vc = [(3RTc) / (8Pc)] [{(3)(.082)(473°K)} / {(8)(30 atm)}]
Vc = 0.4848 b = [(0.4848) / 3] = 0.162 liter/mole.
49. A chamber contains 5 lbm of an ideal gas, initially at a
temperature of 100°F. The gas then undergoes a reversible
isobaric process during which 500 Btu are added to the gas
as heat. Determine the final temperature of the gas,
 assuming that the following properties of the gas are known.
R = 0.0641Btu/lbm –°R [0.2684 kJ/kg–°K] k = 1.147

Solution:
cv = [R / (k – 1)]

cp = R + cv
Also T1 = 100°F + 460 = 560°R [311.11°K]

cv = [(0.0641) / (1.147 – 1)]

= 0.4361 Btu/lbm–°R [1.8257 kJ/kg –°K]

cp = 0.0641 + 0.4361
= 0.5 Btu/lbm–°R [2.0942 kJ/kg –°K]

Q = mcp dT = mcp (T2 – T1)

T2 = [{Q / (mcp)} + T1]

= [(500) / {(5)(0.5)}] + 560 = 760°R (422.2°K)

T2 = 300°F [149.1°C]
50. What is the pressure of carbon dioxide (CO2) at 200°F and
a specific volume of 0.20 ft3/lbm?

Solution: From the table of the critical constants, for CO2,

Tcr = 547.6°R
Vcr = 1.53 ft3/lbm–mol = 0.0348 ft3/lbm
Zcr = 0.279
Converting to reduced temperature and volume obtain,
Tcr = [T / (Tcr)] = [(660) / (547.6)] = 1.203
vr = [v / (vcr)] = [(0.20) / (0.0348)] = 5.747
Then
vr' = vrZcr = 5.747(0.279) = 1.63
From the generalized compressibility factor's chart at Tr and vr', obtain
Z = 0.87
Hence
p = [(ZRT) / v]
= [{0.87 (35.12) (660)} / (0.20 × 144)]
= 700 psia.