Reinforced Concrete Design Formulas

CON4332 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
│CHAPTER 3│
Design Formulae for Shear, Deflection and Bond
Learning Objectives
 Appreciate the derivation of the design formulae for shear and
apply them to design for shear
 Apply the concept of span-to-depth ratio to check deflection of
beam
 Apply the concept of bond strength to determine the anchorage
and lap length of reinforcement bars
CONTENTS
3.1 Design for Shear

3.1.1 Design Concrete Shear Stress
3.1.2 Shear Reinforcement
3.1.3 Nominal Shear Reinforcement
3.1.4 Maximum Allowable Shear Stress
3.1.5 Enhanced Shear Resistance near Support
3.1.6 Spacing of Links
3.1.7 Examples – Shear Reinforcement for a Section
3.1.8 Examples – Shear Reinforcement for a Simply-supported Beam
3.2 Deflection Check by Span-to-Depth Rato

3.2.1 Basic Span-to-Depth Ratio
3.2.2 Modification Factors
3.2.3 Examples – Span-to-depth Rato
3.3 Anchorage and Lap

3.3.1 Minimum Ultimate Anchorage Bond Lengths
3.3.2 Lapping or Reinforcements
Chapter 3 1
HD in Civil Engineering (Aug 2014)
3.1 Design for Shear
Shear in R C beam is designed, according to HKCP-2013, by using the

concept of averaged shear stress, which is calculated by:
V [3.1]
v=
bvd
where
V= design ultimate shear force
d= effective depth of the section
bv = breadth of the section for shear resistance
for rectangular section, bv = b
for flanged section, bv = bw
3.1.1 Design Concrete Shear Stress, vc
Concrete itself has some inherent shear resistance, which is provided by (i)
the uncracked concrete in the compression zone, (ii) aggregate interlocking
and (iii) the dowelling action of tension bars. If the shear stress, v, is less
than this inherent shear resistance, the section is, theoretically, not required
to provide any shear reinforcement. However, in practice, unless the
element is of minor importance or it is a slab, even the shear stress is very
small, nominal shear reinforcement should be provided.
The design concrete shear stress, vc, is defined by the following equation
(Table 6.3 of HKCP-2013):
100 As 400 1
vc = 0.79 ( )1/3 ( )1/4 [3.2]
bvd d m
where
100 As should not be taken as greater than 3. (As is the steel area of
( )
bvd longitudinal tension steel.)
Chapter 3 2
400 should not be taken as less than 0.67 for members without shear
( )1/4
d reinforcement.1
400 should not be taken as less than 1 for members with minimum
( )1/4
d shear reinforcement.
m 1.25, partial factor of safety for shear strength of concrete
The values of vc can also be obtained from the following table.
Table 3.1 – Values of Design Concrete Shear Stress, vc

(Extracted from Table 6.3 of HKCP-2013)
If fcu > 25 MPa, the value of vc has to be multiplied by (fcu / 25)1/3. The value
of fcu should not be taken as greater than 80MPa.
Example
If 100As/(bvd) = 1.5, d = 300 mm, for Grade C35 concrete,
the value of vc = 0.78 x 1.12 = 0.874 MPa.
(where 1.12 = (35/25)1/3)
3.1.2 Shear Reinforcement
If the averaged shear stress, v, is greater than the design concrete shear
stress, vc, shear reinforcement should be provided. The amount of vertical
1
Members do not required to provide shear reinforcement are normally referring to slabs or beam of minor
important and the design shear stress is very small.
Chapter 3 3
shear links2 required can be derived by assuming that the angle of shear
crack is 45o to the horizontal as illustrated in the figure below.
V d
45o
sv
The number of links crossing the shear cracks = d / sv
Therefore, the shear resistance of the shear links = 0.87 fyv (d/sv)Asv
For equilibrium, the sum of shear resistances due to concrete and shear
links has to be larger than the design shear:
vcbvd + 0.87fyv(d/sv)Asv > V

0.87fyv(d/sv)Asv > V - vcbvd
Asv/sv > bv(v – vc) /(0.87fyv) [3.3]
Having determined the value of Asv/sv, the size and spacing of shear links
can be read from the following table:
Spacing of Links in (mm)

Link Size
80 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325
8 1.257 1.005 0.804 0.670 0.574 0.503 0.447 0.402 0.366 0.335 0.309
10 1.964 1.571 1.257 1.047 0.898 0.785 0.698 0.628 0.571 0.524 0.483
12 2.827 2.262 1.810 1.508 1.293 1.131 1.005 0.905 0.823 0.754 0.696
16 5.027 4.021 3.217 2.681 2.298 2.011 1.787 1.608 1.462 1.340 1.237
Table 3.2 – Asv / sv Values for Single Link (2 legs) (in mm2 per mm)
2
Other than link or stirrup, shear reinforcement can be in the form of bent-up bars. However, bent-up bars are
seldom used nowadays. Detail design requirements for bent-up bars can refer to Cl.6.1.2.5(e) of HKCP-2013.
Chapter 3 4
Example
If the shear reinforcement (Grade 250) required is found to be Asv / sv = 0.552,
R10-275-2/legs can be used (Asv / sv pro = 0.571 > 0.552).
3.1.3 Nominal Shear Reinforcement
As mentioned above, even the average shear stress is very small (i.e. v < vc),
the following nominal shear reinforcement (i.e. minimum links) should be
provided, unless (i) the beam is of minor importance or v < 0.5 vc or (ii) it is a
slab.3
Asv / sv ≥ 0.4 bv / (0.87 fyv) [3.4]
where
Asv = cross-sectional area of all legs of a link (in mm2)
sv = spacing of links (in mm)
fyv = characteristic strength of the link (in N/mm2)
In other words, nominal links provide a shear resistance of vr = 0.4 MPa.

Therefore, the shear capacity of a section provided with nominal links is:
Vn = (vc + 0.4) bvd [3.5]
Example
The nominal links (Grade 250) required for a beam section with bv = 450mm is
Asv / sv = 0.4 x 450 / (0.87 x 250) = 0.828
Provide R10-175-2/legs.
The detailed requirements of shear reinforcement according to the design

code (Table 6.2 of HKCP-2013) are presented as follows.
3
This formula for nominal link is applicable for concrete not higher than Grade C40. Refer to the design code for
modification for higher grade of concrete.
Chapter 3 5
Table 3.3 – Form and Area of Shear Reinforcement in Beam

(Table 6.2 of HKCP-2013)
3.1.4 Maximum Allowable Shear Stress
The shear stress, v, must not exceed the lesser of
(i) 0.8 √ fcu or

(ii) 7 MPa [3.6]
If the shear stress of a section is found to exceed the above limits, the
concrete will crush under shear, and the size of the section has to be
increased.
Example
For Grade C45 concrete,
the maximum allowable shear stress is the lesser of 0.8 √ 45 = 5.4 MPa or 7 MPa,
i.e. 5.4 MPa.
Chapter 3 6
3.1.5 Enhanced Shear Resistance near Support
If the section is at a distance av ≤ 2d from

d
the face of a support, the design concrete
shear stress, vc, can be increased by a
factor of (Cl. 6.1.2.5(g) of HKCP-2013):
Face of
support
av
2d/av
The upper limit to the enhanced design concrete shear stress is still the
lesser of 0.8√fcu or 7 MPa.
Simplified Approach
The design code (Cl.6.1.2.5(i) of HKCP-2013) provides a simplified approach

for design if the beam is subjected predominantly to uniformly distributed
load. Instead of increasing the design concrete shear stress, vc, a design
shear force with reduced value is adopted for design. The shear force at a
distance, d, from the face of the support, Vd, is adopted, which is reduced by
(wd) when compared with the shear at the face of support, Vs. The design
procedures are summarized as follows (refer to the shear force diagram
below):
(1) Check the maximum design shear force at the face of support, Vs:
If vmax = Vs / (bvd) ≤ 0.8 √ fcu or 7 MPa then proceed to step (2);

otherwise, re-design by increasing the size of the section.
(2) Design the shear reinforcement for the design shear force at a distance,
d, from the face of support. Vd:
Vd = Vs – wd and vd = Vd /(bvd)
If vd < (vc + 0.4), provide nominal links [3.4] over the span;
otherwise, provide shear links [3.3] for Vd up to the face of support.
Chapter 3 7
Design uniformly distributed load, w
Shear Links Nominal Links Shear Links

d
V
Vs
Vd
Vn
Figure 3.1 – Shear Force Diagram and Shear Reinforcement of

a Simply Supported Beam under UDL (Elevation)
3.1.6 Spacing of Links
Links cannot be placed too far apart. The maximum spacing of links is
limited by Cl.9.2.2 of HKCP-2013:4
(a) The maximum spacing of links in the direction of the span,
sv  0.75d [3.7]
(b) At right-angle to the span, the horizontal spacing should be such that
no longitudinal tension bar is more than 150 mm from a vertical leg;
this spacing should in any case not exceed d.
4
There are other detailing requirements affecting the spacing of links. If compression steel is provided, the size
and spacing of link shall comply with the requirements on containment of compression steel as specified in
Cl.9.2.1.9 and Cl.9.5.2 of HKCP-2012. The requirements on transverse reinforcement in lap zone specified in
Cl. 8.7.4 of HKCP-2013 may also affect the details of links if there is lapping of rebars.
Chapter 3 8
≤ 0.75d X
Elevation
≤d
d
≤ 150
Section X - X

Figure 3.2 – Maximum Spacing of Links
In order to maintain the stiffness of the reinforcement cage during fixing and
concreting, it is advisable not to have spacing of links more than 300 mm.
It is common practice also to limit the minimum spacing of links. It is

recommended not to have spacing of link closer than 80 mm.
3.1.7 Examples – Shear Reinforcement for a Beam Section
Question A
Design the shear reinforcement for the following section.
fcu = 30 MPa bv = 200 mm
fy = 500 MPa. h= 200 mm
fyv = 250 MPa. d= 134 mm
Tension rebars: 2T32
Design Shear Force, V = 120 kN
Chapter 3 9
Solution
Average shear stress v= V / (bvd)
= 120 x 103 / (200 x 134)
= 4.48 MPa
> 0.8 √ 30 = 4.38 MPa
(Concrete will crush. Re-design the section)
Question B
fy = 500 MPa. h= 400 mm
fyv = 250 MPa. d= 334 mm
Solution
Average shear stress v= V / (bvd)
= 120 x 103 / (300 x 334)
= 1.20 MPa
< 0.8 √ 30 = 4.38 MPa (Concrete does not crush)
Calculate the design concrete shear stress, vc :

As = 2 x 804 = 1608 mm2
100As/(bvd) = 100 x 1608 / (300 x 334) = 1.60 < 3
1/4
Counter-check (400/d) = (400 / 334)1/4 = 1.046 > 1
the value of vc, vc = 0.79 x (1.60)1/3 x (1.046) / 1.25 x (30/25)1/3
0.774, by reading
= 0.774 x 1.063
from Table 3.1.
= 0.82 MPa
vc + 0.4 = 0.82 + 0.4 = 1.22 MPa

> 1.20 MPa (Provide nominal links)
Nominal Links
Asv / sv = 0.4 x bv / (0.87 fyv)
= 0.4 x 300 / (0.87 x 250)
= 0.552
Max sv = 0.75 x d
Chapter 3 10
= 0.75 x 330 = 248 mm

(Provide R10 – 225 – 2/legs)
Asv / sv, pro = 0.698 > 0.552
(Although the steel area of R10-275-2/legs is adequate, it cannot fulfill the minimum spacing
requirements.)
Question C
fy = 500 MPa. h= 650 m
fyv = 250 MPa. Cover = 35 mm
Preferred size for link: 12
Solution
Effective depth, d = 650 – 35 – 12 – 20 = 583 mm
Average shear stress
v= V / (bvd)
= 360 x 103 / (350 x 583)
= 1.76 MPa
Calculate the design concrete shear stress, vc :

As = 3 x 1257 = 3771 mm2
100As/(bvd) = 100 x 3771 / (350 x 583) = 1.85 < 3
1.0 is used as
(400/d)1/4 = (400 / 583)1/4 < 1 (use 1.0)
links not lesser
vc = 0.79 x (1.85)1/3 x (1.0) / 1.25 x (40/25)1/3 than nominal will
= 0.776 x 1.17 be provided
= 0.91 MPa
vc + 0.4 = 0.91 + 0.4 = 1.31 MPa

< 1.76 MPa (Provide shear links)
Shear Links
Asv / sv = bv (v – vc) / (0.87 fyv)
Chapter 3 11
= 350 x (1.76 – 0.91) / (0.87 x 250)

= 1.368
Max sv = 0.75 x d
= 0.75 x 583 = 437 mm
(Provide R12 – 150 – 2/legs)
Asv / sv, pro = 1.508 > 1.368
?
(Alternatively, R10-275-4/legs (Asv / sv, pro = 2 x 0.698 =1.396) is also adequate.)
Q.1 – Q.9
3.1.8 Example – Shear Reinforcement for a Simply-supported Beam
Question
Design the shear reinforcement for the following simply-supported beam.
2T25
4T25
2T25
560
Sw2
Sw1
Center-to-center distance btw supports = 7 000
Elevation

Design parameters
Effective depth, d = 550 mm
Beam breadth, b = 300 mm
c/c distance btw supports = 7 000 mm
Width of support, Sw1 = Sw2 = 300 mm
fcu = 35 MPa
fyv = 250 MPa
Design Load (udl), w = 65.0 kN/m (S/W included)
Bottom bars provided for bending = 4T25 at mid-span with 2T25 curtailed at
560 from the center of the support
Solution
As h > Sw L= c/c distance between support
= 7 000 mm
Chapter 3 12
ai = 300 / 2 = 150 mm
(This beam is symmetrical; shears at both ends are the same.)
V= F/2
= 65.0 x 7 / 2
= 227.5 kN
Max shear at the face of support

Vs = V – w ai
= 227.5 – 65.0 x 150 / 103
= 217.8 kN
vs = 217.8 x 103 / (300 x 550)
= 1.32 MPa
Shear at d from the face of support

Vd = Vs – w d
= 217.8 – 65.0 x 550 / 103
= 182.1 kN
vd = 182.1 x 103 / (300 x 550)
= 1.10 MPa
Calculate the design concrete shear stress, vc : (Table 6.3)

As only 2T25 extends a distance d past the critical section,
As = 2 x 491 = 982 mm2
100As/(bvd) = 100 x 982 / (300 x 550) = 0.60 < 3
1/4
(400/d) = (400 / 550)1/4 < 1 (use 1.0)
vc = 0.79 x (0.6)1/3 x (1.0) / 1.25 x (35/25)1/3
= 0.53 x 1.12
= 0.59 MPa
vc + 0.4 = 0.59 + 0.4 = 0.99 MPa

< 1.10 MPa (Provide shear links)
Shear Links
Asv / sv = bv (v – vc) / (0.87 fyv)
= 300 x (1.10 – 0.59) / (0.87 x 250)
= 0.703
(Provide R10 – 200 -2/legs as shear links)
Chapter 3 13
Asv / sv, prov = 0.785 > 0.703
Extent of Shear Links

Vn = (vc + 0.4) bvd
= 0.99 x 300 x 550 / 103
= 163.4 kN
Dist. btw Vn and Vs = (217.8 – 163.4) x 103 / 65.0
= 846.9 mm
No. of link req'd = 846.9 / 200 +1
= 5.2
(Provide 6 no. of shear links)
Nominal Links
Asv / sv = 0.4 x bv / (0.87 fyv)
= 0.4 x 300 / (0.87 x 250)
= 0.552
Max sv = 0.75 x d
= 0.75 x 550 = 413 mm
(Provide R10 – 275 – 2/legs as nominal links)
Asv / sv, prov = 0.571 > 0.552

6R10-200 SS 6R10-275 SS 6R10-200 SS
Elevation
Chapter 3 14
3.2 Deflection Check by Span-to-Depth Ratio
In R C beam or slab design, usually, it is not necessary to calculate the

deflection directly. Instead, if the span-to-depth ratio of a beam is not too
large, or, in other words, the section is not too shallow, the deflection of the
beam under serviceability limit state would then deem to be satisfactory.
HKCP-2013 allows the use of this deem-to-satisfy approach in checking the
deflection. The span-to-depth ratio is defined as:
Effective span of the beam or slab

L/d=
Effective depth of the section
and,
Allowable L / d = ml mt mc (Basic L / d )
where ml : Modification factor for long span

mt : Modification factor for tension rebar
mc : Modification factor for compression rebar
As "effective span" and "effective depth" are adopted in definng the ratio,
design codes and text books always refer it to "effective span-to-depth ratio"
or "span-to-effective depth ratio". For simplicity, this teaching material
simply calls it "span-to-depth ratio" or "L/d ratio".
3.2.1 Basic Span-to-depth Ratio
The basic L/d ratio should be obtained from Table 7.3 of HKCP-2013.
Chapter 3 15
Table 3.4 – Basic L/d Ratio for R. C. Section.

3.2.2 Modification Factors
The basic L / d ratio has to be reduced if the span is too large. For effective
span > 10 m, the basic L/d ratio should be multiplied by ml:
For L > 10, ml = 10 / L (where L is in meters)
The basic L/d ratio should be modified by the factor, mt, obtained from Table
7.4 of HKCP-2013, which depends on the design ultimate moment and the
service stress of the tension reinforcement at the center of the span (or at
the support of cantilever beam). The units of M/(bd2) and fs are in N/mm2.
Example
For a simply-supported rectangular beam, if M/(bd2) = 5.00 MPa and fs = 300 MPa, the
modification factor, mt = 0.80, and therefore the allowable L/d = 0.80 x 20 = 16.0.
Provision of compression reinforcement can enhance the stiffness of the

section and therefore increases the allowable L/d ratio. If compression
reinforcement is provided, the modification factor for compression steel, mc,
should be obtained from Table 7.5 of HKCP-2013.
Chapter 3 16
Table 3.5 – Modification Factor for Tension Reinforcement

Table 3.6 – Modification Factor for Compression Reinforcement

Chapter 3 17
3.2.3 Examples – Span-to-Depth Ratio
A simply-supported rectangular beam with the following information given:

fcu = 35 MPa b= 325 mm
fy = 500 MPa. d= 534 m
Effective Span, L = 8 800 mm
Design Mid-span Moment, M = 320 kN (βb = 1.0)
Question A
Without the knowledge on the rebars, perform a preliminary check on the adequacy of the
beam mentioned above for deflection.
Solution
Basic L /d = 20 (Table 7.3)
M/(bd2) = 320 x 106 / (325 x 5342)

= 3.45 N/mm2
fs = 2/3 x 500 (Assume As,req = As,prov)
= 333 MPa (βb = 1.0)
mt = 0.55 + (477-333)/[120(0.9+3.45)] (Table 7.4)
= 0.55 + 0.28
= 0.83
Allowable L/d = 0.83 x 20

= 16.6
Actual L/d = 8800 / 534

= 16.4 ≤ 16.6 (Deflection ok)
Question B
For the above beam, with following additional information, check its adequacy for deflection
again.
As, req = 1575 mm2
Tension steel provided: 2T32 + 1T20
Chapter 3 18
Solution
Basic L/d = 20 (Table 7.3)
M/(bd2) = 320 x 106 / (325 x 5342)

= 3.45 N/mm2
As,req / As,prov = 1575 / (2 x 804 + 491)
= 0.75
fs = 2/3 x 500 x 0.75
= 250 MPa
mt = 0.55 + (477-250)/[120(0.9+3.45)] (Table 7.4)
= 0.55 + 0.43
= 0.98
Allowable L/d = 0.98 x 20

= 19.6
Actual L/d = 8800 / 534

Question C
If two additional steel bars, 2T16, are provided in the compression zone of the beam
mentioned above, check the deflection again.
Solution
Assume the additional bars, 2T16, are placed in the compression zone and are fully
restrained from buckling by links. The first part of the calculation is the same, but one more
modification factor, mc, has to be applied.
Basic L/d = 20 (Table 7.3)
mt = 0.98 (Refer to above)
100 A's,prov / (bd) = 100 x (2 x 201) / (325 x 534)

= 0.23
mc = 1 + 0.23/(3+0.23) (Table 7.5)
= 1.07
Chapter 3 19
Allowable L/d = 0.98 x 1.07 x 20

= 21.0
Actual L/d = 8800 / 534

?
Q.10 – Q.13
3.3 Anchorage and Lap
The composite action of reinforcement bars in concrete depends on the

effective transfer of force between concrete and steel. The bond between
concrete and rebar is developed through both mechanical interaction and
friction at the interface. For simplicity, the bond stress can be visualized as
adhesive strength and idealized as uniformly distributed at the interface of
concrete and rebar.
The design ultimate bond stress, fbu, i.e. the ultimate strength of the
concrete to hold the bar, is given by Eqn 8.3 of HKCP-2013:
fbu = β √fcu
The value of β is given in the following table:
Values of Bond Coefficient β

Chapter 3 20
3.3.1 Minimum Ultimate Anchorage Bond Lengths
A steel bar is embedded in concrete

and is being pulled out by a force as lb
shown in the figure. ϕ
If the embedment length is deep Fs

enough, the bar cannot be pulled
out. In other words, the bond
resistance of the embedded part is
stronger than the tension strength of
the bar, then
Resistance of the bond ≥ Tension capacity in the steel bar

fbu (πϕ lb ≥ 0.87 fy (πϕ2/4)
0.87 fy
lb ≥ ϕ
4 fbu
= KA ϕ
Hence, the ultimate anchorage bond length can be expressed as multiples

of bar size. When the bar is anchored into the concrete more than this
length, the steel bar cannot be pulled out.
Ultimate Anchorage Bond Lengths (lb)

as Multiples of Bar Diameter (KA)
Chapter 3 21
Example
For Grade 500 bars embedded in Grade C40 concrete, the ultimate anchorage bond length
is 35ϕ. Therefore, the ultimate anchorage bond length of T25 bar in Grade C40 concrete is
35 x 25 = 875 mm (say 900 mm).
3.3.2 Lapping of Reinforcements
Lapping of reinforcement bars is required when the force in a bar has to be

transmitted to another bar in the same direction.5
The length of lapping depends lap Length

on the anchorage bond length,
concrete cover and spacing
between adjacent laps.
The general rule for lapping is

that laps should be staggered
and not located in high stress
zone. Refer to the design code for detail requirements.
5
The transmission of force from one bar to another bar can also be achieved by other means, like welding and
mechanical couplers. Refer to the design code for details.
Chapter 3 22
│Key Concepts/Terms│
Average Shear Stress v
Design Concrete Shear Stress vc
Shear Strength of Nominal Reinforcement 0.4MPa
Maximum Allowable Shear Stress 0.8 √fcu or 7 MPa
Design Shear at the Face of Support Vs
Design Shear at d from Face of Support Vd
Deflection Check by Span-to-Depth Ratio L/d
Modification Factors to Basic Span-to-Depth Ratio ml, mt, mc
Chapter 3 23
│Self-Assessment Questions│
Q.1 Determine the averaged shear stress, v, for the following beam section.
Design ultimate Shear, V = 300 kN
Breadth, bw = 350 mm Effective flange width, beff = 1550 mm
Effective depth, d = 486 mm Overall depth, h = 575 mm
A. 1.76 MPa
B. 1.49 MPa
C. 0.55 MPa
D. 0.33 MPa
Q.2 Determine the design concrete stress, vc, for the following beam section.
Breadth, bv = 350 mm Effective depth, d = 586 mm
Tension steel provided, As = 1473 mm2 Concrete, fcu = 35 MPa
A. 0.63 MPa
B. 0.57 MPa
C. 0.51 MPa
D. 0.79 MPa
Q.3 Determine the design concrete stress, vc, for the following beam section.
Tension steel provided, As = 2412 mm2 Concrete, fcu = 40 MPa
A. 1.29 MPa
B. 0.88 MPa
C. 0.90 MPa
D. 1.03 MPa
Chapter 3 24
Q.4 Determine the minimum value of design concrete stress, vc, for a rectangular beam section
constructed with Grade C45 concrete and reinforced with Grade 500 steel.
A. 0.34 MPa
B. 0.41 MPa
C. 0.51 MPa
D. 0.79 MPa
Q.5 Determine the nominal shear reinforcement required, Asv/sv, for the following beam section.
Concrete, fcu = 35 MPa Steel, fyv = 500 MPa
Design concrete shear stress, vc = 1.05 MPa
A. 0.276 mm2/mm
B. 0.309 mm2/mm
C. 0.724 mm2/mm
D. 0.552 mm2/mm
Q.6 Determine the shear capacity, Vn, of the following beam section if it is provided with nominal
shear reinforcement.
Concrete, fcu = 35 MPa Steel, fyv = 500 MPa
Design concrete shear stress, vc = 1.05 MPa
A. 40 kN
B. 146 kN
C. 106 kN
D. 183 kN
Chapter 3 25
Q.7 What is the maximum allowable shear stress of Grade C40 concrete?
A. 0.8 MPa
B. 7.0 MPa
C. 5.06 MPa
D. 5.1 kN/m2
Q.8 If Asv / sv required is 1.20 mm2/mm, which of the following links is most appropriate?
A. T10-125-2/legs
B. T12-80-2/legs
C. T10-175-2/legs
D. T12-200-2/legs
Q.9 If Asv / sv required is 2.40 mm2/mm, which of the following links is most appropriate?
A. T12-100-2/legs
B. T10-175-4/legs
C. T10-125-4/legs
D. T20-250-2/legs
Q.10 Determine the modification factor, mt, to the Basic Span-to-depth ratio for the following
rectangular beam section.
Design ultimate moment, M = 430 kN-m βb = 1.0
Breadth, b = 350 mm Effective depth, d = 475 mm
As, req = 2556 mm2 Rebars provided: 2T40+1T20
Concrete, fcu = 40 MPa Steel, fy = 500 MPa
A. 1.22
B. 0.70
C. 0.80
D. 0.78
Chapter 3 26
Q.11 Determine the modification factor, mt, to the Basic Span-to-depth ratio for the following
flanged beam section.
beff = 1850 mm Effective depth, d = 685 mm
bw = 400 mm
As, req = 3250 mm2 Rebars provided: 2T40 + 1T32
A. 0.77
B. 1.19
C. 0.82
D. 1.70
Q.12 Find the allowable span-to-depth ratio of the end-span of a one-way continuous slab with the
following information:
M/(bd2) = 2.00 Effective span, L = 9 000 mm
fy = 500 MPa fcu = 35 MPa
A. 22.1
B. 23.0
C. 21.0
D. 25.0
Q.13 Find the allowable span-to-depth ratio for a simply-supported flanged beam with the following
information.
M/(bd2) = 1.50 Effective span, L = 11 000mm
fy = 500 MPa bw / b < 0.3
A. 16.8
B. 16.0
C. 15.3
D. 21.0
Chapter 3 27
Answers:
Q1 A v = 300 x 103 / (350 x 486) = 1.76 MPa
Q2 A 100As/(bd) = 0.718; 400/d < 1 (use 1); vc = 0.566 x 1.119 = 0.63 MPa
Q3 D 100As/(bd) = 2.393; 400/d = 1.190; vc = 0.883 x 1.170 = 1.03 MPa
Q4 B Min vc in Table 6.3 of HKCP-2013= 0.34; for Grade C45 concrete 0.34 x 1.216 = 0.41 MPa
Q5 A Nominal Asv/sv = 0.4x300/(0.87x500) = 0.276 mm2 /mm
Q6 B Vn = (1.05 + 0.4) x 300 x 336 x 10-3 = 146 kN
Q7 C Max allowable v = 0.8 x √40 =5.06MPa
Q8 A (A) Asv/sv = 1.26 >1.2 Ok; (B) spacing too small; (C) Asv/sv = 0.897 < 1.2 inadequate; (D) Asv/sv =
1.13 < 1.2 inadequate
Q9 C (A) ) Asv/sv = 2.26 < 2.4 inadequate; (B) ) Asv/sv = 1.79 < 2.4 inadequate; (C) ) Asv/sv = 2.51 < 2.5
Ok; (D) ) Asv/sv = 2.5 > 2.4 adequate but bar size is too large, hence (C) is comparatively better.
Q10 D M/(bd2) = 5.45MPa; fs = 0.603x500 = 302MPa; mt = 0.55 + 0.23 = 0.78
Q11 B M/(bd2) = 1.06MPa; fs = 0.653x500 = 327MPa; mt = 0.55 + 0.64 = 1.19
Q12 A Basic L/d = 23; mt = 0.96; allowable L/d = 23 x 0.96 = 22.1
Q13 C Basic L/d = 16, mt = 1.05; allowable L/d = 16 x 1.05 x 10/11 = 15.3
Chapter 3 28
│Tutorial Questions│
[Present your answers with detailed working steps in a neat, tidy and logical manner.]
AQ1 Design the shear reinforcement for the following beam section:
fy = 500 MPa. h= 650 m
fyv = 250 MPa. Cover = 35 mm
Preferred size for link: 12
(a) If the Design Shear Force, V = 380kN

(b) If the Design Shear Force, V = 250kN
AQ2 Check the deflection of the following simply-supported beam by

span-to-depth ratio:
beff = 1980 mm Effective depth, d = 685 mm
bw = 450 mm
Effective Span, L = 9 800 mm Rebars provided: 3T40
(a) Check by flanged section with As, req = 4239 mm2.

(b) Check by using rectangular section with As, req = 5012 mm2.
Chapter 3 29

Reinforced Concrete Design Formulas

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CON4332 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

Design Formulae for Shear, Deflection and Bond

3.1 Design for Shear

3.2 Deflection Check by Span-to-Depth Rato

3.3 Anchorage and Lap

3.1 Design for Shear

Shear in R C beam is designed, according to HKCP-2013, by using the

3.1.1 Design Concrete Shear Stress, vc

The values of vc can also be obtained from the following table.

Table 3.1 – Values of Design Concrete Shear Stress, vc

3.1.2 Shear Reinforcement

The number of links crossing the shear cracks = d / sv

vcbvd + 0.87fyv(d/sv)Asv > V

Spacing of Links in (mm)

3.1.3 Nominal Shear Reinforcement

Asv / sv ≥ 0.4 bv / (0.87 fyv) [3.4]

In other words, nominal links provide a shear resistance of vr = 0.4 MPa.

Vn = (vc + 0.4) bvd [3.5]

The detailed requirements of shear reinforcement according to the design

Table 3.3 – Form and Area of Shear Reinforcement in Beam

3.1.4 Maximum Allowable Shear Stress

The shear stress, v, must not exceed the lesser of

(i) 0.8 √ fcu or

3.1.5 Enhanced Shear Resistance near Support

If the section is at a distance av ≤ 2d from

The design code (Cl.6.1.2.5(i) of HKCP-2013) provides a simplified approach

If vmax = Vs / (bvd) ≤ 0.8 √ fcu or 7 MPa then proceed to step (2);

Design uniformly distributed load, w

Shear Links Nominal Links Shear Links

Figure 3.1 – Shear Force Diagram and Shear Reinforcement of

3.1.6 Spacing of Links

(a) The maximum spacing of links in the direction of the span,

Figure 3.2 – Maximum Spacing of Links

It is common practice also to limit the minimum spacing of links. It is

3.1.7 Examples – Shear Reinforcement for a Beam Section

Calculate the design concrete shear stress, vc :

vc + 0.4 = 0.82 + 0.4 = 1.22 MPa

= 0.75 x 330 = 248 mm

Calculate the design concrete shear stress, vc :

vc + 0.4 = 0.91 + 0.4 = 1.31 MPa

= 350 x (1.76 – 0.91) / (0.87 x 250)

3.1.8 Example – Shear Reinforcement for a Simply-supported Beam

Max shear at the face of support

Shear at d from the face of support

Calculate the design concrete shear stress, vc : (Table 6.3)

vc + 0.4 = 0.59 + 0.4 = 0.99 MPa

Asv / sv, prov = 0.785 > 0.703

Extent of Shear Links

3.2 Deflection Check by Span-to-Depth Ratio

In R C beam or slab design, usually, it is not necessary to calculate the

Effective span of the beam or slab

where ml : Modification factor for long span

3.2.1 Basic Span-to-depth Ratio

Table 3.4 – Basic L/d Ratio for R. C. Section.

3.2.2 Modification Factors

For L > 10, ml = 10 / L (where L is in meters)

Provision of compression reinforcement can enhance the stiffness of the

Table 3.5 – Modification Factor for Tension Reinforcement

Table 3.6 – Modification Factor for Compression Reinforcement

3.2.3 Examples – Span-to-Depth Ratio

A simply-supported rectangular beam with the following information given:

M/(bd2) = 320 x 106 / (325 x 5342)