How To Measure GD&T

How to Measure GD&T
3DS.COM/SOLIDWORKS © Dassault Systèmes | Confidential Information | 2/3/2016 | ref.: 3DS_Document_2014
Thomas Allsup, CSWP

Co-Chair of the North Texas
SolidWorks User Group
Managing Partner of Anida
• Thomas Allsup Technologies
• July 2015
1
Previously at SolidWorks World…
Check the archives…
2009 How to Spell GD&T - Introduced FOPRL Chart
2010 The Revenge of the Circled Letters - Modifiers
2013 Hitchhiker’s Guide to GD&T - Tolerance Zones and Shapes
2014 The Big GD&T Theory - Datums and Basic Dimensions
2015 I Know Everything About GD&T Except…Exceptions
2
So Far Everything Has Been About GD&T Drawings
Metrology
Every presentation, I have to mention at least once that this isn’t about metrology.
ASME Y14.5 states it is a drafting standard and doesn’t cover measuring.
This presentation changes that trend so let’s talk about measuring…
3
Reference to Gaging
• ASME Y14.5 is a drawing standard, not a gaging standard.
• Section 1.1.6 states that any gaging discussed is for illustration purposes only
• ASME Y14.43 Dimensioning and Tolerancing Principles for Gages
and Fixtures tells you how to make gages and fixtures
• ASME B89 is collection of metrology standards that tell you how to
measure
• B89.3.1 Roundness
• B89.3.4 Axes of Rotation
• B89.3.7 Surface Plates
• B89.7.2 Measurement Planning
4
METROLOGY
• The science of measurement.

• International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM)
defines Metrology as "the science of measurement,
embracing both experimental and theoretical
determinations at any level of uncertainty in any field of
science and technology."
5
BEST TEXTBOOK
• One of many books in my library.

• This is a little dated from 1987 but
it is clearly one of the best books
on measurement particularly
GD&T topics.
• Easier to read than ASME B89
measurement documents.
6
PRECISION MACHINIST CERITICATE
• MANUAL MILL
• MANUAL LATHE
• DRILLING / GRINDING
• BLUEPRINT READING
• OSHA 10
• METROLOGY
• 16 hours of instruction
Something to fall back on if this

engineering thing doesn’t work out…
7
COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINE
• Step 1: Buy a $250,000 piece

of equipment that will measure
everything for you.
• ASME/ANSI B89.4.1-1997
• Methods for Performance
Evaluation of Coordinate
Measuring Machines
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9
VISION SYSTEM
Step 2: Ok, you only have

$125,000 so buy one of these:.
MEASUREMENT ARM
• Step 3: Buy a measurement

arm for $25,000.
• Visit the partner pavilion for a few
very good examples.
• ASME B89.4.22-2004
• Methods for Performance
Evaluation of Articulated Arm
Coordinate Measuring Machines
10
How About More Traditional GD&T Measurements?
Inspection on a budget…
This presentation details the traditional measurement techniques.
We’ll look at the five types of GD&T tolerance zone measurements.
I am going to skip measuring non-GD&T tolerance zones.
11
AGENDA
• Equipment
• Planar Measurements
• Straightness – Flatness – Orientation of planes
• Roundness
• Circularity – Cylindricity
• Profile
• Runout
• Cylindrical Tolerance Zone
12
Humor #1
Don’t discuss infinity with an

part inspector, you’ll never hear
the end of it.
Ok, there isn’t a lot of metrology humor.
13
METROLOGY EQUIPMENT LIST
• Granite Slab • Adjustable Parallels

• Dial Indicator • Parallels
• Jack Screws (3X) • Camel hair brush
• Sine Plate • Calipers
• Angle Plate (90 degrees) • Micrometer(s)
• Gage Blocks / Pins
• Vee Block
• Clamps
14
15
A GOOD START…
RULE OF TEN
• If you want to measure a feature accurately,

you need a tool that is capable of measuring
1/10 the smallest dimension or tolerance.
• Example: To measure a +/-.001” tolerance
you need to .0001” resolution caliper.
• The same thing goes for datums and granite
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slabs.
GRANITE SLABS
• Granite materials are black, grey, and crystal pink, each offered in
three grades:
• AA-Laboratory for precision operation in constant temperature gaging
rooms and metrology departments - 25 millionths
• A-Inspection Grade for general quality control applications - 50
millionths
• B-Tool room for general production checking work throughout the shop
- 100 millionths
17
GRANITE SLABS DO WHAT?
• Dimensionally stable over

large temperature range
• Can be made very flat
• Surface is hard
• Heavy
18
19
DIAL INDICATOR
20
DIAL INDICATOR ERROR
21
HEIGHT GAUGE
22
CALIPERS
23
PARTS OF A CALIPER
The “Caliper” Check
Things that you are measure with a pair of calipers are features
of size:
• Inside Jaws
• Outside Jaws
• Depth Gauge
• Step Gauge
24
Now Put Your Calipers Away
Wonderful Tool That is Useless for All GD&T Measrements
There is absolutely no GD&T measurement that can be performed with
any pair of calipers regardless of the size or quality.
25
26
MICROMETER
27
PARTS OF THE MICROMETER
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THREE POINT CONTACT MICROMETER
Why Three Point Micrometers?
Lobed Circles
• A very common issue with round
objects either round posts
(shafts) or holes.
• Two point contact will not
accurately measure odd number
lobed shapes.
• The lobed parts spin around the
two parallel surfaces but won’t
go into the round hole.
29
30
Everything Works Fine?
Lobe Cylindrical Surface
31
On No…
Lobe Cylindrical Surface
32
TUBE THICKNESS MICROMETER
33
MULTI-ANVIL MICROMETER
34
GAUGE PINS
35
GAUGE BLOCKS
36
PARALLELS
37
ADJUSTABLE PARALLELS
38
SINE PLATE
More on this a little later…
39
Machinist jacks
Definitions
• Full Indicator Movement

• Wring a gage block stack
• Gauge versus gage
• Units
• Precision vs Accuracy
40
FULL INDICATOR MOVEMENT
• FIM is the difference in the

maximum and minimum arrow
movement.
• In the old days this was
sometimes called Total
Indicator Movement (TIM),
Total Indicator Reading (TIR),
or Full Indicator Reading (FIR).
41
42
WRINGING GAUGE BLOCKS
43
WRINGING GUAGE BLOCKS
GAUGE VERSUS GAGE
• Gauge is American
• Gage is Britain
• There is absolutely no difference in the two spellings or
connotations.
44
45
HOW MUCH IS A SHOT of WHISKEY?
46
Humor #2
No one asks the tough

questions like, why are drug
dealers on the metric system?
47
PRECISION VERSUS ACCURACY
GD&T MEASUREMENTS
• Let us know look at some techniques for measuring various items

particularly GD&T items.
48
STRAIGHT EDGE GUESTIMATE
• Lay edge against granite slab

• Use a flashlight and look for light between edge and slab.
• Not scientific but it will tell you about how close something is to straight.
49
STRAIGHT EDGE INSPECTION
• Set part on two (or three) machinist jacks on a granite slab

• Zero the dial indicator on one end above one machinist jack
• Move indicator to other end above one of the other machinist jack
• Adjust machinist jack until other end reads zero
• Go back to original position and verify it is still zero
• Drag indicator along length of part noting “Full Indicator Movement”.
50
51
Straightness Setup
PLANAR MEASUREMENTS
• Set part on three machinist jacks on a granite slab

• Zero the dial indicator on one end above one machinist jack (#1)
• Move indicator to another position opposite a machinist jack (#2)
• Adjust machinist jack (#2) until it reads zero
• Move indicator to another position opposite a machinist jack (#3)
• Adjust machinist jack (#3) until it reads zero
• Go back to original position (#1) and verify it is still zero
• Drag indicator along length and width of surface noting “Full Indicator Movement”.
52
Flatness Setup
• Anyone have an issue that

we are measuring one side
and holding in place on the
back side?
• It shouldn’t bother you since
the three jacks are all
independently set for height.
53
PLANAR MEASUREMENT ALTERNATIVES
• Measure from bottom side

• PRO: Fast set up time
• All three jacks are exact same height
• CON: access
• Optical Flats – uses fringe patterns
• PRO: Fast reading
• CON: You must have the correct size and be
careful.
54
FAMOUS AMERICAN INDIAN
• SOA-CAH-TOA
• Don’t believe he was Cherokee, Sequoyah had already developed
the only alphabet for us so I assume he was from one of the other
five civilized tribes.
• No wait, that’s the trigonometry acronym….
55
SITTING UP A SINE PLATE
• SINE of an angle is the opposite side over the hypotenuse

• Using a calculator, take the sin of the angle and multiply by the hypotenuse
• My sine plate is 5” between the pins (that’s the hypotenuse)
• Remember, sometimes you will need to take the complimentary angle (90 minus the
angle).
• Wring a set of gauge blocks to math that value.
• Place those gauge blocks under the pin
• Some sine plates have a locking screw to secure it’s position.
56
57
SINE PLATE SETUP
PERPENDICULARITY SETUP
• An angle plate is a special gauge block

that is ground perpendicular.
• An angle plate usually has clearance
holes, slots, or tapped hopes to mount
parts for inspection.
• Once a part is mounted, use the same
process as planar measurements.
58
59
• Lobes?
ROUNDNESS
• Why a pair of calipers won’t work

PROFILE
• One of the easiest GD&T controls to measure,

• Particularly line profile which really only requires a dimensionally staple template
to show the acceptable.
• Profile of a surface will almost certainly require a coordinate measuring measure
to measure.
60
61
OPTICAL COMPARATOR
RUNOUT SETUP
• Chuck the datum into the collet for the mandrel.

• You can check mandrel by dropping the needle on the mandrel and watching the
needle move as you spin the mandrel 360 degrees by hand.
• Whatever amount the needle moves during this exercise is 1/10 of what you can
measure
• Good news is the tool you used to create the part, a lathe, makes a great
measurement tool.
62
63
COAXIALITY MEASURING DEVICE
CIRCULAR RUNOUT (2D)
• Drop the needle on any point long the surface to measure.

• Zero the indicator
• You will rezero between each spin movement
• Spin the mandrel 360 degrees by hand and watch the needle.
• Move the needle down the length of the measurement surface
• Repeat from the zeroing step
64
TOTAL RUNOUT (3D)
• Drop the needle on any point long the surface to measure.

• Zero the indicator
• Spin the mandrel 360 degrees by hand and watch the needle.
• Move the needle down the length of the measurement surface
• Repeat from the spinning step
• You will only zero once for entire measurement
65
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RUNOUT / CONCENTRICITY FIXTURE
67
Humor #3
Positional Tolerances
Regardless of Feature Size

• Step 1: Measure position of
feature.
• Step 2: Check if position is

inside tolerance zone.
• This isn’t nearly as easy as it

sounds.
68
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Go Fixture
No Go Plug
At Maximum Material Condition – Functional Gaging
70
At Maximum Material Condition – Functional Gaging is Fast and Easy!!!
71
At Least Material Condition
• Ask me tonight at Gilley’s…

72
• Scales
• Calipers
• Micrometers
NOTICE WHAT WE DIDN’T USE FOR GD&T
B89.1.10M-2001
• Dial Indicators (for Linear Measurement)

• This Standard is intended to provide the essential requirements for dial
indicators as a basis for mutual understanding between manufacturers and
consumers. Describing herein are various types and groups of dial indicators
used to measure a linear dimension of a variation from a reference dimension.
73
B89.7.2 – 1999
• Dimensional Measurement Planning

• The intent of this Standard is to facilitate agreement between suppliers and
customers by specifying a standard method for assessing the dimensional
acceptability of workpieces. Components of the method are the preparation of an
adequate dimensional measurement plan and the use of the plan in making
measurements. The major input to the method is dimensional specifications
developed, for example, in compliance with ASME Y14.5 – 2009 Dimensioning &
Tolerancing standard.
74
B46.1 – 2009
• Surface Texture, Surface Roughness, Waviness and Lay

• This Standard is concerned with the geometric irregularities of surfaces. It
defines surface texture and its constituents: roughness, waviness, and lay. It also
defines parameters for specifying surface texture. The terms and ratings in this
Standard relate to surfaces produced by such means as abrading, casting,
coating, cutting, etching, plastic deformation, sintering, wear, erosion, etc.
75
Other B89 STANDARDS
• ANSI B89.3.1-1972 (R2003), Measurement of Out-of-Roundness

• ANSI/ASME B1.2-1983, Gages and Gaging for Unified Inch Screw Threads
• ANSI B4.4M-1981 (R1987), Inspection of Workpieces
• ASME B89.7.3.1-2001 Guidelines for Decision Rules: Considering
Measurements Uncertainty in Determining Conformance to Specifi cations
• ANSI/ASME B89.6.2-1973 (R2003), Temperature and Humidity Environment for
Dimensional Measurement
76
STILL MORE B89 STANDARDS
• ASME B89.1.9 1.2 - Gauge block sets

• ASME B89.15 - Pin gauges
• ASME B89.1.5 - Measurement of Plain External Diameters for Use as Master
Discs or Cylindrical Plug Gages
• ASME B89.1.6 - Measurement of Plain Internal Diameters for Use as Master
Rings and Ring Gages
• ASME B89.3.4M - Axes of Rotation Methods for Specifying and Testing
77
THANKS
Welcome to Dallas!!!
• Thomas Allsup
• tallsup@anidatech.com
• Presentation will be available now on our website without voiceover this week:
• www.anidatech.com
78
Survey Says…
Please be kind…
Session Description: This session will be a
humorous presentation of traditional metrology of
GD&T feature control frames, assuming the
SOLIDWORKS user does not have access to a
Go to the SWW2016
coordinate measurement machine. The session will
start with required equipment and review each type
application and
of tolerance shape.
Session Attendee Benefits: Attendees will receive
provide feedback
training in how to explain the GD&T controls they please.
place on 2D drawings and in 3D models to more
accurately control feature geometry.
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How To Measure GD&T

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How to Measure GD&T

3DS.COM/SOLIDWORKS © Dassault Systèmes | Confidential Information | 2/3/2016 | ref.: 3DS_Document_2014

Thomas Allsup, CSWP

Check the archives…

2009 How to Spell GD&T - Introduced FOPRL Chart

2010 The Revenge of the Circled Letters - Modifiers

2013 Hitchhiker’s Guide to GD&T - Tolerance Zones and Shapes

2014 The Big GD&T Theory - Datums and Basic Dimensions

2015 I Know Everything About GD&T Except…Exceptions

ASME Y14.5 states it is a drafting standard and doesn’t cover measuring.

This presentation changes that trend so let’s talk about measuring…

• The science of measurement.

• One of many books in my library.

Something to fall back on if this

• Step 1: Buy a $250,000 piece

Step 2: Ok, you only have

• Step 3: Buy a measurement

This presentation details the traditional measurement techniques.

We’ll look at the five types of GD&T tolerance zone measurements.

I am going to skip measuring non-GD&T tolerance zones.

Don’t discuss infinity with an

Ok, there isn’t a lot of metrology humor.

• Granite Slab • Adjustable Parallels

• If you want to measure a feature accurately,

• Dimensionally stable over

Wonderful Tool That is Useless for All GD&T Measrements

There is absolutely no GD&T measurement that can be performed with

any pair of calipers regardless of the size or quality.

• Full Indicator Movement

• FIM is the difference in the

No one asks the tough

• Let us know look at some techniques for measuring various items

• Lay edge against granite slab

• Set part on two (or three) machinist jacks on a granite slab

• Set part on three machinist jacks on a granite slab

• Anyone have an issue that

• Measure from bottom side

• SINE of an angle is the opposite side over the hypotenuse

• An angle plate is a special gauge block

• Why a pair of calipers won’t work

• One of the easiest GD&T controls to measure,

• Chuck the datum into the collet for the mandrel.

• Drop the needle on any point long the surface to measure.

• Drop the needle on any point long the surface to measure.

Regardless of Feature Size

• Step 2: Check if position is

• This isn’t nearly as easy as it

• Ask me tonight at Gilley’s…

• Dial Indicators (for Linear Measurement)

• Dimensional Measurement Planning

• Surface Texture, Surface Roughness, Waviness and Lay

• ANSI B89.3.1-1972 (R2003), Measurement of Out-of-Roundness

• ASME B89.1.9 1.2 - Gauge block sets

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