Layer 1: Physical Layer

Binary transmission (101010)

Bit syncrhonization
-Provides synchronization for bits by oroviding the clock
-Clock controls both sender and receiver
Bit rate control
-transmission rate(number of bits per second)
Example of devices: Repeater, Hub, Cables

Layer 2: Data Link Layer

Node to node delivery
Framing
-Divides stream of bits into frames
Physical Addressing (MAC Address)
-After creating frames, add physical addresses in the header of each frame for
sender and receiver
Flow Control
-Controls the rate flow of data(Must be the same)
Error Control
-Add reliability to physical layer
-Detects and retransmits damaged or lost frames
Access Control
-When two or more devices connect to a same channel, MAC sublayer of data link
layer will helps to determine which device has control over the channel at given
time
Examples of devices: Bridge, Switch

Layer 3: Network Layer

Provides connectivity and path selection between two host systems that maybe
geographical seperated networks
-Source to destination delivery of a packet across the network(Packet form)
-Supports logical addressing (IP Address)
-Adds a header to the packet coming from upper layer which includes logical address
-Routing (Forms internetwork)
Determine which route is suitable from source to destination
-Examples of devices: router

Layer 4: Transport Layer

Supports process to process delivery
Port Addressing
-Computer runs several process at the same time
-Computer needs this type of addressing to transmit to specific process form a
computer to a computer
Segmentation and Reassembly (Error Recovery)
-Accepts message from session layer, breaks the message into smaller units
-each segment produces has a header associated with it
-at the destination station reassembles the message
-each segment has sequence number
Connection Control
-Can be connection oriented or connectionless
Flow control
Error control for the entire message
UDP(User Datagram Protocol)/TCP(Transmission Control Protocol)

Layer 5: Session Layer

Establishes, manages and terminates sessions between two communicating hosts
Dialog Control
-Allows two system to enter into dialog (Communication starts)
-Simple, Half, Full Duplex Connection
Synchronization
-Adds a checkpoint into a stream of data (Used to identify errors)

Layer 6: Presentation Layer

Ensures information that application layer of one system sends out is readable by
the applicaiton of the another system
Responsibles for compression and encryption
Translation
-Process running in two systems exchange information in forms of strings and
numbers
-Information must be chage into bit streams before transmitted
Encryption
-Carries sensitive information
-A system must be able to ensure privacy
-Sender transform the original information to another form and sends it to the
network
SSL-Secure Socket Protocol

Layer 7: Application Layer

Provides network services to the users' applications
Layer closest to the user
Enables end user connection
Provides user interfaces
Support services such as electronic mail, remote file access, shared database
management
Network Virtual Terminal
-Software verison of a physical terminal
-Allows user to log on to a remote host
File transfer, Access and management, Allows user to access files in remote host
Mail services, Basis for forwarding and storage
Only co-relate with outer layer of OSI model
HTTP