2006 Compilation North American Native Orchid Journal

NORTH AMERICAN
NATIVE ORCHID JOURNAL

Volume 12 2006
In this issue:
TRIPHORA TRIANTHOPHORA VAR. TEXENSIS
a new variety endemic to Texas
WILD ORCHIDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY:
past, present, and future field guides and floras on North American native orchids
GYMNADENIOPSIS CLAVELLATA FORMA WRIGHTII
an old/new novelty
And from the past…

RESURRECTION OF THE GENUS GYMNADENIOPSIS
REVALIDATION OF PLATANTHERA CONSPICUA,
the southern white fringed orchis
THE CORRECT NAME FOR THE NORTHWESTERN TWAYBLADE
The North American Native Orchid Journal (ISSN 1084-7332) is an annual publication
devoted to promoting interest and knowledge of the native orchids of North America.
A limited number of the print version of each issue of the Journal are available upon
request and electronic versions are available to all interested persons or institutions
free of charge. The Journal welcomes article of any nature that deal with native or
introduced orchids that are found growing wild in North America, primarily north of
Mexico, although articles of general interest concerning Mexican species will welcome.
Requests for either print or electronic copies should be sent to the editor:
Paul Martin Brown, 10896 SW 90th Terrace, Ocala, FL 34481 or via email at
naorchid@aol.com.
NORTH AMERICAN
NATIVE ORCHID JOURNAL
Volume 12 2006
CONTENTS
NOTES FROM THE EDITOR
3
(ORCHIDACEAE) A NEW VARIETY ENDEMIC TO TEXAS
Paul Martin Brown & Richard B. Pike
4
WILD ORCHIDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY:
past, present, and future field guides and floras on
North American native orchids
Paul Martin Brown
11
IN THE NEWS!
Rare Orchid Restoration Project Uses
Local Know How On USFS Lands
29
GYMNADENIOPSIS CLAVELLATA
FORMA WRIGHTII
An old/new novelty
Paul Martin Brown & Lindsay Olive
30
From the Past…
requested reprints
RESURRECTION OF THE GENUS GYMNADENIOPSIS
RYDBERG
NANOJ 2002
Paul Martin Brown
33
REVALIDATION OF PLATANTHERA CONSPICUA, THE
SOUTHERN WHITE FRINGED ORCHIS
NANOJ 2002
Paul Martin Brown
41
THE CORRECT NAME FOR
THE NORTHWESTERN TWAYBLADE
NANOJ 2004
Paul Martin Brown
51
THE GOOD AND BAD
The Slow Empiricist
58
A (NEW) NAME FOR AN (OLD) HYBRID
Paul Martin Brown
61
BOOK REVIEWS
63
• Wild Orchids of the Canadian Maritimes and Northern Great Lakes Region
• Wild Orchids of the Pacific Northwest and Canadian Rockies
• Orchids of Mexico
• The Orchids of Cuba
• An Enthusiasm for Orchids
• Contributions to the Taxonomic Revision of the Subtribes
Spiranthinae, Stenorrhynchidinae and Cyclopogoninae (Orchidaceae)
in Mesoamerica and the Antilles.
OZETTE CORALROOT REDISCOVERED IN WASHINGTON

72
This is an emended edition August 19, 2006.
Unless otherwise credited, all drawings in this issue are by Stan Folsom
The opinions expressed in the Journal are those of the authors. Scientific articles may be subject to
peer review and popular articles will be examined for both accuracy and scientific content.
Volume 12 pages 1-72; issued August 15, 2006.
Copyright 2006 by the North American Native Orchid Journal
Cover: Platanthera conspicua by Stan Folsom
NOTES FROM THE EDITOR
This issue is the first of a new format for the North American Native Orchid
Journal. In addition to being issued as a hard copy in the traditional manner it will also
be available electronically as an Adobe PDF file. A limited number of print copies will
be made for each annual issue but because of the wonder of electronics an unlimited
number of the PDF version can be made available and may be passed along to friends
and colleagues. Because there were very limited issues available for 2002–2005--with
this new system in place--one of the goals for 2006/2007 is to make the back issues
for volumes 8, 9, 10, and 11 available again. Eventually all issues from Volume 1 to
present will be available as PDFs and on CDs. You may request a hard copy of any
issue or simply access the PDF when it is available. Hard copies are primarily for
libraries and institutions but are available to individuals. The time it takes for the hard
copy to be produced will vary depending on what else is transpiring at the time.
In 2007 CDs may become available of the PDF versions. There is no charge for these
publications. You need only ask for either the hard copies or to be put on the email
list for the PDF versions as they become available.
Paul Martin Brown, editor
naorchid@aol.com
Brown & Pike: TRIPHORA TRIANTHOPHORA VAR. TEXENSIS
5 3
Fig. 1 habitat, Davy Crocket National

Forest, Houston County, Texas
Fig. 2-5 Triphora trianthophora var. texensis
4

(ORCHIDACEAE)
A NEW VARIETY ENDEMIC TO TEXAS
Paul Martin Brown and Richard B. Pike
A Houston County, Texas population of Triphora trianthophora discovered

by Dick Pike in 2005 differs in several aspects from typical T. trianthophora and
therefore a new variety is proposed. Further examination of Triphora
trianthophora subsp. mexicana (S. Watson) M.E. Medley indicates that this taxon
differs from subsp. trianthophora in only one significant character and that the
ranges of the two subspecies overlap. Therefore a transfer to the rank of variety
is needed.
Triphora trianthophora (Swartz) Rydberg in Britton var. texensis P.M.

Brown & R. B. Pike var. nov.
Type: UNITED STATES. Texas: Houston County. Davy Crockett National
Forest. N31.45270 W95.24149; mixed hardwood stand with a few scattered
pines. 5 August 2006, R. Pike s.n. (Holotype: BRIT). (Figures 2-6).
A Triphora trianthophora var. trianthophora typica differt labello ovato cristis fere ad
subligaculum labelli extensis; floribus niveis, petalis labello sepalisque cerasino-marginatis,
barba vivide viridi; caulibus foliisque vivide viridibus sine pigmento rubello in varietate typica
vulgo viso.
Differing from typical Triphora trianthophora var. trianthophora in the ovate lip,
crests to extending nearly the apron of the lip; flowers snow white with the
petals, lip, and sepals edged in cerise, the beard lime green; the stems and
foliage bright green, lacking the reddish pigment usually seen in the typical
species except below the surface when the stems may be tinted pale purple.
The flowers are uniformly smaller than most typical T. trianthophora var.
trianthophora.
ETYMOLOGY: The varietal epithet is in honor of the state in which the
plants were found.
COMMON NAME: Texas three-birds orchid or Pike’s three-birds orchid
FLOWERING PERIOD: Triphora trianthophora var. texensis flowers from late
July to early September; flowering periods are very short and each flower lasts
5
but a single day. Colonies may have successive bloom days, but rainfall and
temperature affect flowering periods.
DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT:
Currently known only from the type location in Houston County, Texas. The
colony of Triphora trianthophora var. texensis is located in a dense, mixed
hardwood stand with a few scattered pines. The overstory is comprised of
southern red oaks (Quercus falcata) and a few hickory trees (Carya spp.). The
understory supports flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), sassafras, (Sassafras
albidum), and american holly (Ilex opaca). The site is located near the western
limit of the Pineywoods region of eastern Texas, abutting the Post Oak
Savannah region. Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) is scattered throughout the
general area, some of which could be in excess of 150 years old. Most of the
hardwoods appear to be younger. However, boundaries between the regions
are dynamic and it is difficult to say what the cover type was 500+ years ago,
but for the past 200+ years this area has been a pine/hardwood cover type.
The nearest beech trees (Fagus sylvatica), often considered typical habitat for T.
trianthophora, are several miles away.
On 26 August 2005, Pike observed 33 flowering plants of Triphora
trianthophora in an area ca. 8–10 feet wide and 75–100 feet long. The strip is a
short, shallow, intermittent drainage slope having very little vegetation and
abundant mulch. The orchids are located in the bottom and sides of this drain.
Similar sites that occur nearby have been searched and suitable habitat may
occur elsewhere in the National Forests of eastern Texas. To date, this is the
only site where the orchids have been observed. The site was visited again on
29 July 2006 and 11 plants were found and on 1 August with 80 plants seen.
Pike visited the site again on 5 August and still no flowering plants were
observed that day, but on August 10 there were 14 flowering plants in 100º
heat! Given the difficulty of predicting ‘flowering days’, the initial visit on 2005
was most fortuitous!
DISCUSSION:
In October 2005 Christine Dudding, a graduate student then working
with the genus Triphora at the University of Florida, brought to Brown’s
attention the report of a colony of Triphora trianthophora with white flowers that
occurred in Texas. After examining a photograph of one of the plants, Brown
contacted Dick Pike, biologist for the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department,
who had already discovered and photographed the population on 26 August
2005 in a small ravine in the Davy Crockett National Forest, Houston County,
Texas. Unlike the forma albidoflava Keenan (Keenan, 1992) that occurs
randomly and with great rarity in populations of typical T. trianthophora, all of
the plants here were alike and not appearing at all like forma albidoflava that,
although it is white-flowered, has a yellow crest and yellowish green leaves.
6
Flower color varies greatly in most populations of T. trianthophora and may

range from the white and yellow of forma albidoflava to deep black cherry-
colored flowers with reddish leaves to the multicolored forma rossii with white,
green, and pink leaves and small pale flowers to forma caerulea with distinctly
lilac-blue flowers. Plants have even been noted that appear to be lacking in all
chlorophyll and those that have stems and leaves that are a soft pale golden
color. In all of these noted forms the flowers are still typical T. trianthophora
(Brown and Folsom, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005).
While continuing research for Wild Orchids of Florida (Brown and Folsom,
2002) Brown had the good fortune to find that he lived near several very large
populations of Triphora trianthophora and was able to examine plants close at
hand for many months. He had been alerted to the possibility of T. trianthophora
subsp. mexicana occurring in Florida (Beckner, pers. comm.) although no
specimens had ever been annotated as such. The question arose as to whether
the newfound Texas plants might be subsp. mexicana. Watson’s original
description in 1891 of T. mexicana (as Pogonia mexicana) was based upon a few
specimens collected by Pringle, and even though additional plants were
collected the following year, the primary difference was the presence of purple
lines on the lip. Apart from that, the two subspecies were very similar and
thought to be separated geographically. Subsequently, Medley annotated
specimens from Mexico as subsp. mexicana and today the question arises as to
the correct status. It should be noted that few plants fitting the description of
subsp. mexicana have been seen or collected apart from the type collections and
those of the following year. Triphora trianthophora subsp. mexicana has been
treated as a synonym of the nominate subspecies by some authors although
those in Mexico and Central America treat it at the full species level.
Triphora trianthophora var. mexicana (Watson) P.M. Brown stat. nov.

Basionym:
Pogonia mexicana S. Watson Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 26: 131–158. 1891.
Type: Mexico, San Luis Potosi, Tamasopo Canyon. 5 August 1890, C.G.
Pringle 3557 (AMES).
Synonyms:
Triphora mexicana (Watson) Schlechter Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 139. 1921
Triphora trianthophora subsp. mexicana (S. Watson) M.E. Medley, Selbyana 12: 102.
1991.
While investigating the possible status of the Houston County, Texas

plants of Triphora trianthophora, it became necessary to review the collections of
T. trianthophora subsp. trianthophora and subsp. mexicana from Texas, Mexico, and
Central America. Plants of subsp. mexicana differ from the nominate subspecies
7
in only very minor characters and based upon the original description of purple
lines on the lip. Medley (1991) noted “The leaves are often more broadly ovate or
rotund and are often, but not always, basally disposed and reduced upwards, and are often
purple beneath. The leaves of the typical variety are usually narrower and more evenly
spaced–and are usually green beneath, though occasionally suffused or veined with
purplish.” Unfortunately those characters do not hold well as the leaves in the
typical variety are essentially the same as those in var. mexicana.
Plants without the characters attributed to var. mexicana and conforming
to plants seen in the United States also occur in Mexico. Considering that the
definition of a subspecies is one that is mainly used for geographically (or
ecologically) characterized populations with several differing characters of a
species, and that of variety is used for plants mostly varying in one or few
significant character(s) and occurring within populations of the "normal form,"
the rank of variety is more appropriate for T. trianthophora subsp. mexicana.
The Houston County, Texas plants found by Pike are sufficiently different and
distinctive to warrant recognition at the varietal level. What first strikes one
about these plants is the uniformity of the snowy white flowers and large bright
green area surrounding the three papillose crests.
The following key will assist separating the varieties.
1a lips with purple markings on the central lobe, papillae on the crest absent or minimal;
very rare plants of Mexico and Central America…T. trianthophora var. mexicana
1b lips without purple markings…2
2a plants (leaves, mostly on the reverse, and stems) suffused with purple; central lobe of
lip ovate, the papillose green (or yellow) crests appearing to extend to the middle of
the lip; flower color highly variable from white to deep pink; distribution widespread
in the eastern United States and sparingly in Mexico….T. trianthophora var.
trianthophora
2b plants bright green (below ground portions may have a faint pink tinge); central lobe
of the lip oval-oblong; bright green papillose crests extending to nearly the margin of
the lip; flower bright white often with fine cerise edging; currently known only from
eastern Texas….T. trianthophora var. texensis
Comparison of Triphora trianthophora
var. trianthophora var. texensis
Plants: 7–20(–30) cm tall 6.9–15.5 cm tall
Stems: purple, rarely green bright green
within the inflorescence
Leaves: 3–7, 7–14 × 5-9 mm; 3–5, 7–11 × 5-7 mm; bright green;
green suffused or veined obovate with acuminate tips
with purple; broadly ovate
to nearly cordate
Flowers: varying from white to pure white with cerise
deep pink with a green markings on the edges and
8
crest1 lime-green crests

Sepals: 11–15 × 3–4 mm; dorsal 7–11 × 2–3 mm
oblanceolate; lateral oblanceolate; lateral falcate
falcate
Petals: 11–14 × 3–4 mm; 5–9 × 3–4 mm somewhat falcate
oblanceolate, falcate
Lip: 8–20 × 6-10 mm; 9–14 × 7–12; 3-lobed;
3-lobed; middle lobe middle lobe oval-oblong, margin
ovate, margin denticulate erose-denticulate, apex often
notched
Crests: 3; green; papillose, 3; bright green; papillose;
extending to 2/3 of the extending nearly to the edge
length of the entire lip, of the lip
but appearing to extend
only halfway on an
open flower
Fruit: pendent; rarely erect pendent
Additional observations by Pike indicate an average of 3.5 flowers per
plant (flowering stem) and the average height of the plants at flowering time to
be 10.35 cm. This information is based upon 18 plants that were sampled.
Overall the plants and flowers are somewhat uniformly smaller than typical var.
trianthophora.
All of the photographs (© Dick Pike 2005, 2006), phenology, and
information relating to habitat for the Houston County, Texas location were
provided by Dick Pike; nomenclatural history and taxonomic details were
provided by Paul Martin Brown.
Acknowledgements:
The authors wish to thank the following: Christine Dudding for first bringing this to my
attention (PMB), Stan Folsom for his drawings; Tom Philipps and Jason Singhurst for
comments and assistance in the field, Helen Jeude and Scott Stewart for helpful comments
during the timely review process, and Barney Lipscomb (BRIT) for support and advice.
Kent Perkins (FLAS) assisted in securing documents. For the transmission of images of
herbarium specimens of Triphora trianthophora subsp. mexicana (Pogonia mexicana, Triphora
mexicana): AMES, NY, K, COLO, MASS. The Latin translation was done by Mark
Garland, Scientific Latin Translations, PO Box 856, Micanopy, Florida 32667, U.S.A.
http://botanicallatin.org/.
Literature Cited:
Ames, O. 1922. Notes on Mexican species of Triphora. Orchidaceae: Studies in the Family
Orchidaceae 7: 39–42. pl. 109. North Easton, Mass.: Ames Botanical Laboratory.
1
Forma albidoflava is white with a yellow crest and pale yellow-green leaves.
9
Brown, P.M. and S.N. Folsom. 2002. Wild Orchids of Florida. Gainesville: University Press of
Florida.
_____. 2003. The Wild Orchids of North America, North of Mexico. Gainesville: University Press
of Florida.
_____. 2004. Wild Orchids of the Southeastern United States. Gainesville: University Press of
Florida.
_____. 2005. Wild Orchids of Florida, updated and expanded edition. Gainesville: University Press
of Florida.
Keenan, P.E. 1992. A new form of Triphora trianthophora. Rhodora 94: 39.
Medley, M.E. 1991. Notes on Cleistes and Triphora (Orchidaceae). Selbyana 12: 102.
Schlechter, R. 1921. Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 139.
Watson, S. 1891. Descriptions of some Mexican species, collected chiefly by Mr. C.G.
Pringle in 1889 and 1890. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 26: 131-158.
Paul Martin Brown, 10896 SW 90th

Terrace, Ocala, FL 34481.
Paul is a Research Associate at the
Botanical Research Institute of Texas and
University of Florida Herbarium, Florida
Museum of Natural History. He is the
editor of this journal and the author of
ten books on the native orchids of North
America (from the University Press of
Florida) and currently completing Wild
Orchids of Texas: a field guide.
Richard B. Pike, Naturalist Resource
Spec. IV, Texas Parks and Wildlife
Department, 1805 East Lufkin Ave.,
TX 75901.
Dick is a Wildlife Biologist and liaison to
the National Forests in Texas as well as a
retired Silviculturist on the Davy Crockett
National Forest. “By nature I am a natural
history generalist interested in nearly everything
outdoors but not a super expert at anything. This
gives me a lot to look for when in the field. I am
always looking for something strikingly different
1 cm
or uncommon”. Dick and his wife Geraldine
live in Lufkin, Texas.
Fig. 6 Triphora trianthophora var. texensis
10
WILD ORCHIDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Wild Orchids in the 21st Century:

past, present, and future field guides and floras on
North American native orchids
The first few years of the 21st Century have seen an abundance of new publications
on the wild orchids of North America. As the 20th Century came to a close we were
presented in 1999 with both Keenan’s Wild Orchids Across North America and the Liggio’s Wild
Orchids of Texas; two excellent and colorful works. In 2000 the new century was off to a great
start with Bentley’s Native Orchids of the Southern Appalachian Mountains and Nir’s Orchidaceae
Antillanae. To date (June 2006) twenty-two new titles have been published (or reissued) with
three more due for release in summer and autumn 2006 and several other titles in
preparation. These publications vary from a dozen to more than 400 pages.
Perhaps the highlight for many native orchid enthusiasts was the much-anticipated
publication in late 2002 of volume 26 of the Flora of North America North of Mexico series.
Although part of a larger and expensive volume, it is available online. Most of the
publications listed below are available from the publishers, Orchid Emporium (AOS), your
local bookseller or, in many cases, signed and inscribed copies directly from the author(s).
Web sites and emails are provided as much as possible.
Orchids of Manitoba
Ames, D., P.B. Acheson, L. Heshka, B.
Joyce, J. Neufeld, R. Reeves, E.
Reimer, and I. Ward.
2005.
Native Orchid Conservation, Inc. Winnipeg,
Manitoba.
158 pages, 5 x 8”, full color photographs, maps
$15.00 CAD Paper ISBN 0-9734864-0-6.
The first full-color provincial orchid field guide to
be published. A group effort that has resulted in a
workable and usable field guide with excellent
photographs and a distinct slant on conservation.
Limited use outside of Manitoba; no keys for
identification.
Available through www.nativeorchid.org
11
Native Orchids of the Southern

Appalachian Mountains.
Bentley, S.
2000.
University of North Carolina Press
256 pp., 6¼ x 9¼ “, 119 color photos, 1 table, 57
maps, 2 fig., bibliography, glossary, index
$39.95 Cloth ISBN 0-8078-2563-8
$24.95 paper ISBN 0-8078-4872-7
An attractive and information-packed work that
provides many details for the region including the
recently described Corallorhiza bentleyi and the
unusual hybrid Liparis xjonesii. It is not a field
guide and does not have any keys for
identification. The maps are excellent although
the author does not cover all of the southern
Appalachian Mountains, omitting those in
northern Georgia and northeastern Alabama.
Wild Love Affair: Essence of

Florida's Native Orchids.
Bransilver, C.
2004.
Westcliff Publishers. 128 pages 12.3 x 9.3
inches
$40.00 cloth ISBN: 1565795016.
A pictorial memoir of many of the orchids
found in southern Florida. The photography is
both dramatic and original. Includes essays by
guest authors and a checklist of the species of
South Florida.
http://www.conniebransilver.com/books.htm
12
Additions and Emendations to The Wild

Orchids of North America, North of
Mexico. Sida 21(4): .2297-2319.
Brown, P.M. 2005.
Extensive additions and emendations to
Brown and Folsom, 2003 designed to fit in
the original publication. 10 color plates, 4
drawings. Reprints available from the author
at naorchid@aol.com.
Wild Orchids of Florida, with

references to the Atlantic and Gulf
Coastal Plains.
Brown, P.M. and S.N. Folsom.
2002.
University Press of Florida.
409 pages, 6x9”, field guide and more; 400+ full
color photographs, 125+ line drawings, 116
maps, keys for identification; considerable
additional informational material
$24.95 Flexi-bind, ISBN 0-8130-2439-0
The first field guide for the orchid-rich state of
Florida. Treats 115 native and non-native species
and varieties.
http://www.upf.com/searchresult.asp?searchter
m=wild+orchids&searchtype=keyword
13
The Wild Orchids of North America,

north of Mexico.
2003.
256 pages, 6 X 9” 278 full color photographs, 248
line drawings, keys for identification
$49.95 Cloth: ISBN: 0-8130-2571-0
$27.95 Paper: ISBN: 0-8130-2572-9
Annotated and illustrated checklist with a color
photo and line drawing for each of the 248 species
and varieties; keys for identification and cross-
references to Luer’s two native orchid works. See
2005 update above.
http://www.upf.com/searchresult.asp?searchterm=
wild+orchids&searchtype=keyword
Wild Orchids of the Southeastern

United States, north of peninsular
Florida.
2004.
416 pages 6 X 9 field guide and more; 325+ full
color photographs, 80 line drawings, 88 maps,
keys for identification
$65.00 Cloth: ISBN: 0-8130-2748-9
$27.95 Paper (Flexibind): ISBN: 0-8130-2749-7
http://www.upf.com/searchresult.asp?searchterm
=wild+orchids&searchtype=keyword
14
Wild Orchids of Florida, with

References to the Atlantic and Gulf
Coastal Plains: updated and expanded
edition.
2005.
432 pages 6x9 field guide and more; 400+ full
color photographs, 125+ line drawings, 118 maps,
keys for identification; considerable additional
informational material
An updated and expanded rewrite of the 2002
original. More than 200 new statements of fact
including many new maps and photos as well as a
few corrections to the original.
Wild Orchids of the Canadian

Maritimes and Northern Great Lakes
Region.
2006.
336 pages 6x9 field guide and more; 300 full
Review in this issue.
15
Wild Orchids of the Pacific

Northwest and Canadian Rockies.
2006.
300 pages, 6x9 field guide and more; 300
full color photographs, 80 line drawings, 88
maps, keys for identification; considerable
additional informational material
$29.95 Paper (Flexibind): ISBN: 0-8130-
2900-7
http://www.upf.com/searchresult.asp?searc
hterm=wild+orchids&searchtype=keyword
Wild Orchids of the Prairies and Great

Plains Region of North America.
2006 (November)
376 pages 6x9 field guide and more; 275 full
16
Native Orchids of Oregon

Burian. R.
2000.
Oregon Orchid Society. 40 pages, color
photographs, no index or contents. 25 taxa
treated; no keys
$10.00. paper: no ISBN
Oregon Orchid Society, Box 14182, Portland, OR
97293, USA.
A handy little guide to West Coast orchids.
The Wild Orchids of Arizona and New

Mexico.
Coleman, R.A.
2002.
Cornell University Press.
$41.50 cloth ISBN: 0-8014-3950-7
248 pages 32 color plates
The ideal and logical companion to Coleman’s

The Wild Orchids of California. Follows the same
format and style. Readers should note that
Hexalectris revoluta as treated within this book is
now H. revoluta var. colemanii.
17
The Wild Orchids of California.

Coleman, R.A.
2002.
Cornell University Press.
$25.00 paper ISBN: 0-8014-8782-X
A paperbound edition of the 1995 original with

a few minor revisions.
Wild Orchids in South Carolina: the

Story.
Dueck, L.
2003.
Savannah River Ecology Laboratory.
20 pages 8.5 x11” full color photos,
information chart
$5.00 paper no ISBN
Attractive and informative large-format

publication with full color throughout.
18
Orchidaceae
Flora of North America.
2002.
Volume 26: 490-651.
Oxford University Press.
752 pages. Line drawings of selected
species; extensive keys; maps
$95.00 cloth ISBN 0-19-515208-5
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flo
ra_id=1&taxon_id=10638
Exhaustive treatment of all known orchids

growing in North America, north of Mexico
as of ca. 2000.
Wild Orchids of South Carolina: a

popular natural history.
Fowler, J.A.
2005.
University of South Carolina Press.
264 pages 253 color illustrations, 56 maps, 4 line
art
$39.95 cloth, ISBN 1-57003-566-0 6 x 9
Treats all of the species known from South

Carolina with exquisite photographs and abundant
natural history notes.
http://www.sc.edu/uscpress/2004/3566.html
19
Orchids of Mexico
E. Hágsater, M. Á. Soto Arenas, G.A.
Salazar Chávez, R. Jiménez
Machorro, M.A. López Rosas, and
R.L. Dressler.
2005.
Instituto Chinoin, A.C., Mexico City.
13.25 x l0 in. (33.5 x 25.5 cm). 304 pages,
650 color photographs. Spanish and English
versions available.
$100 Cloth ISBN 9-6878-8908-X.
Book orders directly to:
redactamex@yahoo.com.mx; Redacta, S.A.
de C.V., Avenida l0 de Mayo # 249, Col.
San Pedro de los Pinos, C.P. 03800 Mexico,
D.F. MEXICO.
One of the most beautiful natural history
books for a specific country. No taxonomic
information.
Orchids of Wisconsin
Hapeman, J.R.
2002. CD-Rom. $20.00, no
ISBN
http://www.mbgpress.org/in
dex.php?task=id&id=68069
Interactive CD version of
Hapeman’s earlier work.
Excellent keys.
Wild Orchids Across

North America:
20
A Botanical Travelogue.
Keenan, P.E.
2005.
Timber Press
paperback edition of original 1998 publication
321 pp. 6 x 9 in (230 x 150 mm) 170 color
photos, 7 figures, 1 table
$27.95 paper ISBN: 0-88192-720-1.
Appealing to conservationists, travelers, orchid
lovers, and naturalists alike, the author takes his
readers on an incredible journey to pursue the
145 temperate American orchid species in their
native habitats. This chatty account of his field
trips in Canada and the U.S., excluding Florida) is
intended both to document many of our native
species and to inspire others to respectfully
explore the wealth of orchids.
The Orchids of Cuba-

Las Orquideas de Cuba
Llamacho, Juan (text) and Julio A.
Larramendi (photographs)
Greta Editores, Plaza Mayor, 24 25340
VERDÚ (SPAIN)
287 pages. Spanish-English in parallel
columns. 9.6 x 7 inches 271 color
photographs, 18 maps, interpretive graphics,
table of species, and glossary.
49.00 Euros [$58.19 2/13/06] Cloth ISBN
84-933615-2-6.
http://www.gretaeditores.com
info@gretaeditores.com. +34 690 733 011
21
Native Orchids of Oklahoma.

Magrath, L.K.
2001.
Crosstimbers Spring 2001.
Brief journal article with color photographs and
excellent distribution maps;
only publication on the orchids of Oklahoma.
crosstimbers@usao,edu for purchase
information
UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND ARTS OF OKLAHOMA
Native Orchids of Nova Scotia.

Munden, C.
2001.
University College of Cape Breton Press.
96 pages, 198 illustrations
$24.95 CAD paper ISBN: 0-920336-77-9
http://www.uccbpress.ca/
General.html#Orchids
Excellent maps, small-format photos, extensive

habitat details, minimal taxonomic information
22
Orchidaceae Antillanae
Nir, M.
2000.
DAG Media Publishing. New York, NY.
453 pp. color pages, line art, keys to
identification
$135 paper ISBN 061511640X
A treatment of the native and naturalized
orchid taxa in the West Indies. Includes
new taxa and new combinations (lists,
pp. 17 & 407), new synonyms (pp. 18-
19), and excluded taxa (pp. 410-411)]
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/
ASIN/061511640X/bestofthewo05-
20/002-9769951-9797632
Orchids on the Rock-

the wild orchids of
Newfoundland.
Voitk, A. and M. Voitk.
2006.
96 pages, 150 color photographs, no
keys
Gros Morne Cooperating
Association
Paper $tba CAD
ISBN 0-9699509-3-4.
Fall 2006
The first book devoted specifically

to the orchids of Newfoundland.
Excellent photographs and
distribution information.
23
Orchids in Your Pocket:

A Guide to the Native Orchids of Iowa
Witt, B.
2006 (October)
Foldout guide with 32 full-color photos.
Bur Oak Guide Series
University of Iowa Press.
$9.95 ISBN 1-58729-499-0
The state’s 34 species of wild orchids range in size from

the three-inch-tall delicately blossomed nodding pogonia
of the eastern woodlands to the three-foot-tall floral
spike of the western prairie fringed orchid and in color
from whites and pale pastels to buttery yellows and
passionate pinks.
Along with superb color photographs of all thirty-two
species, includes common and scientific names, habitat
(prairie, woodland, wetland) and distribution, height,
approximate time of blooming, status, and potential for
hybridization; a separate panel is devoted to species
missing and presumed extirpated; photos of orchids
from nearby states illustrate these lost species.
24
Of interest to the specialist:
The Gardener’s Guide to Growing

Hardy Perennial Orchids
W. Mathis
2005
The Wild Orchid Company
11" X 9" 104 pages
175+ color photos, drawings
$24.95 paper ISBN: 0-9765335-0-2
The strength of this book is the superb
artwork showing garden/bog construction.
Growing Hardy Orchids

J. Tullock
2005
244 pages. 6 x 9 in (230 x 155 cm) 99 color
illustrations
$29.95 Cloth ISBN: 0-88192-715-5
Timber Press
The most extensive work on the subject focusing
on North American natives.
25
Genera Orchidacearum
A.M. Pridgeon, P. J. Cribb, M.W. Chase, and F. Rasmussen (Editors)
Oxford University Press, USA.
26
8.8 x 11.2 inches; numerous color plates, line drawings, and maps. A collaborative work
involving more than fifty noted botanists and orchid specialists, Genera Orchidacearum will be
published in six volumes over several years.
To date four volumes have been published of this six volume project. Generic
treatments are based heavily upon molecular evidence and have resulted in several revised
generic concepts for North American genera. Most notable are the nesting of Piperia into
Platanthera, Coeloglossum into Dactylorhiza, and Listera into Neottia as well as several well known
species such as Pleurothallis gelida treated as Stelis gelida. North America distributional
information and maps are often incorrect and frequently omit much of the range in the
United States.
Volume One: General Introduction, Apostasioideae, Cypripedioideae. 1999. 197 pp. $125.00
cloth ISBN13: 9780198505136; ISBN10: 0198505132
Volume Two: Orchidoideae (Part 1) 2001. 416 pp. $125.00 cloth ISBN13: 9780198507109;
ISBN10: 0198507100
Volume Three: Orchidoideae (Part II), Vanilloideae. 2003. 358 pp. $175.00 cloth ISBN13:
9780198507116; ISBN10: 0198507119
Volume Four: Epidendroideae, Part I. 2005. 672 pp. $175 cloth ISBN 0-19-850712-7; ISBN-
13: 978-0-19-850712-3
Volume Five: Epidendroideae, Part II forthcoming
Volume Six: Epidendroideae, Part III forthcoming
Contributions to the taxonomic revision of

the subtribes Spiranthinae,
Stenorrhynchidinae and Cyclopogoninae
(Orchidaceae) in Mesoamerica and the
Antilles.
D.L. Szlachetko, P. Rutkowski, and J. Mytnik.
2005.
Polish Botanical Studies 20. 387 pp. 646
figures (including maps, types, line drawings,
and color plates). 17 x 24 cm.
(ISBN 83-89648-18-0, paper; ISSN 0867-
0730).
IB Publisher, Polish Academy of Sciences, W.
Szafer Institute of Botany, Lubicz 46, PL-31-
512 Krakow, Poland. (Ordering inquiries: ed-
office@ib-pan.krakow.pl)
Euro 90,00; ca. USD $105.46,
Review inthis issue.
27
CHRONOLOGY OF PUBLICATIONS
2000 Native Orchids of Oregon
2000 Native Orchids of the Southern Appalachian Mountains
2000 Orchidaceae Antillanae
2001 Native Orchids of Nova Scotia
2002 Orchids of Wisconsin
2002 The Wild Orchids of Arizona and New Mexico
2002 Wild Orchids of Florida, with references to the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains
2002 Flora of North America: Orchidaceae
2003 The Wild Orchids of North America, north of Mexico
2003 Wild Orchids in South Carolina: the Story
2004 Wild Love Affair: Essence of Florida's Native Orchids
2004 Wild Orchids of the Southeastern United States, north of peninsular Florida
2005 Wild Orchids of South Carolina: a popular natural history
2005 Orchids of Manitoba
2005 Wild Orchids of Florida, with References to the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains: updated and
expanded edition
2005 Additions and Emendations to The Wild Orchids of North America, North of Mexico
2006 Wild Orchids of the Canadian Maritimes and Northern Great Lakes Region
2006 Wild Orchids of the Pacific Northwest and Canadian Rockies
2006 Orchids on the Rock-the wild orchids of Newfoundland
2006 (Oct.) Orchids in Your Pocket: A Guide to the Native Orchids of Iowa.
2006 (Nov.) Wild Orchids of the Prairies and Great Plains Region of North America
In preparation:
Spring 2007 Wild Orchids of the Northeast: New England, New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey
Spring 2008 Wild Orchids of Texas: the field guide
Wild Orchids of Arkansas TBA
28
WILD ORCHIDS THE 21ST CENTURY
INNEWS!!
IN THE
Rare Orchid Restoration Project Uses Local Know

How On USFS Lands
By Peter Nilles
This project - to restore one of the rarest and most spectacular orchids native to the
region - began with the initiative of a Shreveport high school student. It has evolved
into a cooperative effort between the Kisatchie National Forest (KNF) and the Central
Louisiana Orchid Society (CLOS); and yes, the high school student turned masters
degree candidate – Kevin Allen – is still intimately involved in the project.
The project goal is to grow 200 state

and federally rare Kentucky ladyslipper
seedlings (Cypripedium kentuckiense
C.F. Reed) to a mature size, and return
them to the KNF lands from which they
were collected as seed. These orchids
are currently known from only two
locations (totaling 5 plants) on the
KNF's entire 600,000 acres.
Consequently, if even a fraction of
these 200 seedlings can be
reestablished, it will be the first time a
plant this rare has been increased in
this way, on the KNF. That it happens to be the largest-flowered species of all the
striking ladyslipper orchids found in the United States (Reed 1981), and one of the
most spectacular plants in our flora, is just a bonus.
The decline of the Kentucky ladyslipper orchid most likely follows the impacts of
European settlement, such as loss of habitat due to logging and grazing, non-native
plant competition, wild hog predation, and illegal orchid collection. In fact, over the
last twenty years, 50 percent of known sites throughout the CYKE's range have been
eliminated (Medley 1985). Medley (1985) says that “…most of the [previously known]
Louisiana , Oklahoma , Texas , and many Arkansas populations are extirpated
[locally extinct, but present in other parts of its range].”
For the rest of the story see the NFS website at

http://www.fs.fed.us/r8/kisatchie/resources/botany.htm
29
Brown: Gymnadeniopsis clavellata forma wrightii―An Old/New Novelty
GYMNADENIOPSIS CLAVELLATA
FORMA WRIGHTII
An old/new novelty
Paul Martin Brown with Lindsay Olive
In July 1951 an article appeared in the Bulletin Of The Torrey Botanical Club
entitled A New Orchid From The Southern Appalachians by Lindsay S. Olive. It
described the discovery and subsequent naming of a new variety of (then)
Habenaria. For reasons unknown the publication of this unusual growth form,
which is lacking in spurs, escaped the notice of authors such as Correll or Luer,
and more currently Sheviak and myself. During the summer of 2004 Philip
Kauth, of the University of Florida, was electronically perusing old journal files
and came across this publication and called it to my attention. I had recently
revalidated the genus Gymnadeniopsis (Brown, 2002) and was particularly interest
in novelty forms. After carefully reading the original article and consulting
several colleagues I determined that the var. wrightii would be better recognized
as a form rather than a variety and also need to be transferred to the genus
Gymnadeniopsis. The new combination and status change was made in Wild
Orchids of the Canadian Maritimes and Northern Great Lakes Region (Brown and
Folsom, 2005). There is no record of the variety wrightii having been transferred
at any rank to the genus Platanthera. At this time I had never seen plants that
conformed to the forma wrightii.
In July 2006 while examining flowering plants of G. clavellata in eastern
New Hampshire several spurless plants were noted. They easily fit the original
description of var. wrightii. So an ‘old lost variety’ is now a ‘found new form’!
The following is taken from Dr. Olive’s original publication and reprinted with
permission.
During the summer of 1949, while the writer and Mr. Henry Wright, native botanist
of Highlands, North Carolina, were on a field trip in the Highlands area, an orchid which
30
appears not to have been previously described was found. The orchid in its general
appearance greatly resembled the common Green Rein-orchid, Habenaria clavellata (Michx.)
Spreng., the specific name of which refers to the elongate club-like spur, 8-12 mm. in length,
produced by the flower. Only a few plants were in bloom at the time, but all of the flowers
that were found completely lacked the spur.
A few plants were dug up and set out on the writer's lot at Highlands, and two of
them bloomed the following year. The flowers again failed to produce spurs. Another field
trip was arranged at this time to the area previously visited, and a large number of plants
were found in bloom. All had the same characteristics as the plants observed the previous
summer. They closely resembled H. clavellata, but none of the flowers had produced spurs.
Although the Green Rein-orchid was found in bloom at the same time several miles from
this area, no plant of that species was encountered in this locality.
The unidentified orchid had become well established in the area, and probably
several hundred plants were present over a half-acre or more of moist woods composed
mainly of hemlock, rhododendron, and deciduous trees. Other orchids found growing here
were Goodyera pubescens (Downy Rattlesnake Plantain), Triphora trianthophora (Nodding
Pogonia), and, a sterile plant of Habenaria ciliaris (Yellow Fringed Orchid). Plants of the
unidentified orchid were growing on both sides of a small stream, and a few were found on
the opposite side of a small dirt road running through the area. These circumstances indicate
that the orchid reproduces itself mainly by means of seeds. Correll (1950), in his recent
comprehensive monograph of the orchids of North America, has no record of the orchid
described in this paper. However, in his discussion of Habenaria clavellata, he points out that
this species is self-pollinated; "so it usually produces a maximum of fully ripened seed-filled
capsules which thus assure it of perpetuation." This also appears to be true of the Highlands
plant.
With regard to Habenaria clavellata, Ames (1910) states that it is "a very distinct species
with no near ally in North America. The appendages of the gynostemium are quite
characteristic. These are three in number, erect and tuberculate. " The new orchid has a
similar structure; that is, there are three tuberculate stigma-lobes as in H. clavellata. In
addition to the failure to produce a spur, the flower of the new plant shows only one
distinctive difference from that of H. clavellata. The lip, instead of being tridentate, is entire
and almost acuminate. In its other characteristics the plant so closely resembles the Green
Rein-orchid that it has seemed advisable to describe it as a variety of that species. Thus an
orchid lacking flower spurs is placed in a genus that has as one of its chief characteristics the
production of flower spurs.
HABENARIA CLAVELLATA var. Wrightii

Plants about 20-30 cm. tall; roots elongate, fleshy; stem angled, with several bract-like leaves
above and one oblanceolate leaf arising from near the base. Racemes few- to many-flowered,
1.5-3 cm. long; floral bracts lanceolate-acuminate, as long as or nearly as long as the ovaries.
Flowers small, about 1 cm. in length, greenish white, the upper sepal and two petals ovate,
remaining grouped together, the two lateral sepals elliptic or ovate-elliptic, becoming
31
reflexed in the fully opened flower, lower petal or lip somewhat elliptic, entire, nearly
acuminate or with slightly blunt tip, sometimes irregularly and inconspicuously sinuate
distally along the margins. Spur completely lacking. Stamen one, anther single, 2-celled, one
pollinium in each cell; pollinium with caudicle attached to a viscid basal disc. Stigma divided
into three blunt papillose lobes, one lobe on each side of the anther and the middle one
between the two anther cells. Ovary ridged, somewhat spirally twisted; ovules numerous,
minute, on three parietal placentae in the 1-celled ovary.
Collected in Blue Valley, elevation about 2500 feet, near Highlands, North Carolina; August
2, 1950.
Literature Cited:
Ames, O. 1910. Orchidaceae, fasc. 4 (The genus Habenaria in North America.)
Brown, P.M. 2002. Resurrection of the genus Gymnadeniopsis Rydberg. North American Native
Orchid Journal 8: 32-40.
Brown, P.M. and S.N. Folsom. 2006. Wild Orchids of the Canadian Maritimes and Northern Great
Lakes Region. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
Correll, D. S. 1950. Native Orchids of North America. Chronica Botanica. Waltham, Mass.
Gymnadeniopsis clavellata forma wrightii

New Hampshire
32
Brown: Resurrection Of The Genus Gymnadeniopsis Rydberg
RESURRECTION OF THE GENUS

GYMNADENIOPSIS RYDBERG
Reprinted in a different paging format from
North American Naïve Orchid Journal 8: 32-40. 2002.
Paul Martin Brown
The genus Habenaria has historically contained several

groups of species that have been treated in various segregate
genera. This has evolved from either the merging of species into
Habenaria or the segregation of those species into additional
genera. Most notable would be Platanthera and Piperia. Lesser
genera would be Pseudorchis, Coeloglossum, and Gymnadenia. These
generic concepts are well received today and are used in most
recent treatments. Generic concepts such as Limnorchis,
Blephariglottis, and Gymnadeniopsis have not been universally
accepted, although the species included within those genera
seemed well defined. Species definition is not really the case in
this situation as those species that fall within Limnorchis and
Blephariglottis form natural groups. But, the generic concepts of
Limnorchis and Blephariglottis appear to fall well within the generic
concepts of Platanthera, and therefore these two genera have not
been embraced.
Gymnadeniopsis present a very different situation. Rydberg

created the genus in 1901 to accommodate three species of
Habenaria that all had distinctive characters that appeared to be
exceptions to the generic limitations of Habenaria. These included
the somewhat tuberous roots (found in Habenaria but not in
Platanthera) and the appendages on the beak of the stigma. These
appendages appear to be unique among the species traditionally
included in Habenaria.
33
Three species of North America orchids fall within the

concept of Gymnadeniopsis: integra, nivea and clavellata. The first two
are restricted to the southeastern United States while the latter is
widespread from Newfoundland to northern Florida and west
beyond the Mississippi River. The floral morphology of these
three species is distinct among themselves and also from any
other species within that of Habenaria/Platanthera. But within the
concept of Gymnadeniopsis there are two arrangements. The two
southeastern species, Gymnadeniopsis nivea and G. integra both have
two appendages on the beak of the stigma, the lips with an entire
to erose margin and slender spurs, whereas G. clavellata has three
appendages and the lip is shallowly three-toothed and the spur
thickened or clavate.
Because of the unclear position of these three species

Wunderlin et al, included nivea in the genus Habenaria, while using
Platanthera for integra and clavellata. Sheviak (2002) in his generic
treatment of Platanthera in the Flora of North America allows these
three species to fall naturally together at the end of the treatment
and states " The column of Platanthera nivea is similar to that of P. clavellata
and P. integra and unlike that of other Platanthera species. The columns of
these three species bear two pairs of appendages. In P. nivea, on either side
of the column and flanking the anther sacs, a cushion-like flap simulates a
pollinium; below these structures, elongated slender processes parallel the
basal margins of the lip, similar to the situation in Habenaria. Together with
its non-resupinate flower and perhaps elongate-spheroidal tuberoids, these
characteristics suggest that this species should not be included in Platanthera.
……In common with Platanthera nivea and P. integra, the column of P.
clavellata bears a series of lateral projections that are directed forward; the
upper pair is elaborately adorned and may be glandular. It appears that this
species is inappropriately placed in Platanthera. …As in Platanthera clavellata
and P. nivea, the column of P. integra bears two pairs of lateral processes. In
P. integra, the distal structures are essentially sessile and cushionlike, as in P.
nivea, but the proximal are short, stout, club-like, and bear several stout
horns. The tuberoids of P. integra are abruptly swollen into oblong-cylinders,
somewhat like those of P. nivea. These three species evidently form a group
apart from Platanthera."
34
The only author in the latter half of the 20th century to

embrace Gymnadeniopsis was W.J. Schrenk in his Compilation of
the Orchids species of the United States and the Virgin Islands
(Die Orchidee 28:98-104.1977). Because Rydberg made new
combinations for Habenaria integra, nivea and clavellata no new
combinations were needed. Schrenk made the new combination
for Gymnadeniopsis clavellata var. ophioglossoides when he published
his checklist. No new combinations are needed at this time.
Gymnadeniopsis Rydberg
Britton, Man. Fl. N. U.S. 293. 1901.
Gymnadeniopsis clavellata (Michaux) Rydberg

Britton, Man. Fl. N. U.S. 293. 1901.
Synonyms:
Orchis clavellata Michaux
Fl. Bor.Am. 2:155. 1803.
Habenaria clavellata (Michaux) Sprengel
Sys. Veg. 3:689. 1826.
Platanthera clavellata (Michaux) Luer
Nat. Orchids of Fl. 148. 1972.
Gymnadeniopsis clavellata var. ophioglossoides (Fernald) W.J. Schrenk

Die Orchidee 28(2): 69. 1977.
Synonyms:
Habenaria clavellata var. ophioglossoides Fernald Rhodora 48: 161. 1945.
Platanthera clavellata var. ophioglossoides (Fernald) P.M. Brown
Wild Flower Notes 3(1): 21. 1988.
Gymnadeniopsis integra (Nuttall) Rydberg

Britton, Man. Fl. N. U.S. 293.
Synonyms:
Orchis integra Nuttall
Gen. N. Am. Pl. 2: 188. 1818.
Habenaria integra (Nuttall) Sprengel
Sys. Veg. 3:689. 1826.
35
Platanthera integra (Nuttall) Gray ex Beck

Bot. U.S. ed. 2 348. 1848.
Gymnadeniopsis nivea (Nuttall) Rydberg

Britton, Man. Fl. N. U.S. 293.
Synonyms:
Orchis nivea Nuttall
Gen. N. Am. Pl. 2: 188. 1818.
Habenaria nivea (Nuttall) Sprengel
Sys. Veg. 3: 689. 1826.
Platanthera nivea (Nuttall) Luer
Nat. Orchids of Fl. 146. 1972.
In 1983 Fred Case described a rare hybrid between

Platanthera clavellata var. ophioglossoides and P. blephariglottis as P.
xvossii. With the reinstatement of the genus Gymnadeniopsis a new
nothogenus and combination is needed. The following is
proposed.
XPlatanthopsis P.M. Brown2
Platanthera Lindley x Gymnadeniopsis Rydberg
Subsequently a new combination is needed to accommodate
Platanthera xvossii.
XPlatanthopsis vossii (Case) P.M. Brown comb. nov.
Basionym: Platanthera xvossii Case
Michigan Botanist 22: 141-144. 1983.
2
Correct citation of XPlatanthopsis P.M. Brown and XPlatanthopsis vossii (Case) P.M. Brown is
North American Native Orchid Journal 8: 33. 2002.
36
Gymnadeniopsis clavellata var.

clavellata
little clubspur orchis
37
Gymnadeniopsis clavellata var.

ophioglossoides
northern clubspur orchis
38
Gymnadeniopsis integra
yellow fringeless orchis
39
Gymnadeniopsis nivea
snowy orchis
40
Brown: Revalidation of Platanthera conspicua,
REVALIDATION OF PLATANTHERA
CONSPICUA, THE SOUTHERN WHITE
FRINGED ORCHIS
Paul Martin Brown
In the course of preparing the manuscript for Wild Orchids

of the Southeastern United States it became apparent that plants
currently known as Platanthera blephariglottis var. conspicua (Nash)
Luer should be recognized at the species level. Evidence is
presented below to support this. Both a new combination for the
species, as well as two new hybrid combinations, are also needed.
Platanthera conspicua (Nash) P.M. Brown comb. nov.3

Basionym: Habenaria conspicua Nash, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 100.
1896.
Synonyms: Blephariglottis conspicua (Nash) Small, Fl. S. E. U.S. 313,
1329. 1903.
Habenaria blephariglottis (Willdenow) Hooker var. conspicua
(Nash) Ames, Rhodora 10:70. 1908.
Platanthera blephariglottis (Willdenow) Lindley var. conspicua
(Nash) Luer, Native Orchids of Florida, 40. 1972.
The fringed-lipped rein orchises, Platanthera spp., are

among our showiest native orchids to be found in the eastern
North America. Whereas most of the species are yellow/orange
or purple in color, three species are pure white - Platanthera
blephariglottis, P. conspicua, and P. integrilabia. Habenaria blephariglottis
was originally described from Pennsylvania by Lindley in 1835,
(Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl., 291.) and subsequently Nash, from Florida, in
1896, described Habenaria conspicua - a similar plant with a much
3
Correct citation for Platanthera conspicua (Nash) P.M. Brown is North American
Native Orchid Journal 8: 3. 2002.
41
longer spur and fewer flowers, primarily from the southeastern

coastal plain. Small (1903) noted that the range also included
Kentucky and that the lip was "sometimes nearly entire". This
latter description may very well apply to Platanthera integrilabia.
For many years spur length, combined with range, was

considered the critical character in differentiating Platanthera
blephariglottis and P. conspicua (as var. conspicua). Close examination
of the flowers reveals several other differences, and more
importantly proves that spur length alone should not be relied
upon for identification. Long spurred plants of P. blephariglottis
occur as far north on the Coastal Plain as Cape Cod,
Massachusetts, and plants from that region, Long Island and New
Jersey have often been identified as the var. conspicua. In both
Massachusetts and New Jersey populations of P. blephariglottis
occurring well inland, especially in the mountains, possess short
"normal" spurs. In addition P. conspicua was considered the
"southern variant" and all plants of white fringed orchises from
Virginia southward were usually addressed as P. blephariglottis var.
conspicua. This misunderstanding of spur length has led to the
erroneous publication in several recent orchid works concerning
the distribution of P. conspicua. Brown, Wild Orchids of the
Northeastern United States (1997) and Bentley, Native Orchids of the
Southern Appalachians (2000) clearly illustrate P. blephariglottis (var.
blephariglottis) although they are identified as P. blephariglottis var.
conspicua.
In his treatment of Platanthera blephariglottis in the

Orchidaceae of Flora North America (2002) Sheviak has clarified
the distribution and states that "The widespread Platanthera blephariglottis
var. blephariglottis tends to have a dense inflorescence of smaller flowers with
the descending to reflexed lips rather simply fringed (in extreme cases
scarcely more than deeply lacerate). In contrast, the typically open, lax
inflorescence of var. conspicua bears larger flowers often with an exquisitely
elaborate filiform fringe on the porrect lips. Although typical plants of the
two varieties are quite distinctive, most characters vary considerably within
and between the varieties and can be misleading. In contrast, spur length
42
seems to be unambiguous, and insofar as it reflects specialization for

different pollinators, upon further study it may be shown to delimit distinct
species."
Close examination of the inflorescence and flowers of

Platanthera conspicua show a fewer-flowered raceme, a lip that is
narrowed to a distinct isthmus at the base (a critical character),
and that the lip projects forward. All three of these characters are
also present in P. integrilabia but not in P. blephariglottis. Granted,
the few-flowered raceme is certainly variable, but where both P.
blephariglottis and P. conspicua occur sympatrically the number of
flowers is noticeable. Flowering time is also somewhat different in
these areas, with P. conspicua being considerably later than P.
blephariglottis.
The primary range for Platanthera blephariglottis is from the

cold bogs of Newfoundland westward to Michigan (with a
disjunct site in Illinois) and south to South Carolina with scattered
outliers in the central Georgia Piedmont and inland Coastal Plain.
Platanthera conspicua is confined to the Coastal Plain from North
Carolina south throughout much of central Florida and west to
southeastern Louisiana, with a historical record for eastern Texas.
At no time does P. conspicua enter the Piedmont or mountain areas
of the states within which it grows.
This concept of species pairs is well documented in North

America within the genera Platanthera and Habenaria. Some such
examples are Platanthera leucophaea and P. praeclara (Sheviak &
Bowles, 1986), P. orbiculata and P. macrophylla (Reddoch &
Reddoch, 1993), P. psycodes and P. grandiflora (Stoutamire, 1974),
and Habenaria quinqueseta and H. macroceratitis (Brown, 2000). Other
such examples occur throughout the range of the genera. In each
case the species are well defined by morphology, habitat, range,
pollinators, and, to a lesser extent, flowering times.
43
Platanthera conspicua
southern white fringed orchis
Platanthera blephariglottis
northern white fringed orchis
44
Range of Platanthera conspicua
Range of Platanthera blephariglottis
45
Platanthera blephariglottis Platanthera conspicua

northern white fringed orchis southern white fringed orchis
Platanthera xbeckneri Platanthera xlueri

Beckner’s hybrid fringed orchis Luer’s hybrid fringed orchis
46
TWO NEW HYBRIDS COMBINATIONS
Two hybrid combinations that occur with Platanthera

blephariglottis: Platanthera xcanbyi (Ames) Luer (P. blephariglottis x P.
cristata), published as Habenaria xcanbyi in Rhodora 10:70, 1908 with
the type from Lewes, Delaware and Platanthera xbicolor
(Rafinesque) Luer (P. blephariglottis x P. ciliaris) published as
Blephariglottis bicolor in Flora Telluriana 2:39. 1836, type from 'New
Jersey'. The geographic data would indicate that the parent listed
as P. blephariglottis is correct. Similar combinations occur also occur
with P. conspicua as a parent and therefore necessitate the
publication of two new nothospecies.
In both of these hybrid combinations the distinctive lip

shape of Platanthera conspicua is evident, whereas in P. xcanbyi and
P. xbicolor the lip shape of P. blephariglottis is evident. Both
nothospecies tend to occupy damp pine flatwoods and moist,
open roadsides. The color of the flowers in both varies from pale
yellow to buff to nearly a coffee color and in a few instances a
truly bicolored flower with the lip pale or white and the petals and
sepals shades of orange or yellow.
Whereas the type of Habenaria xcanbyi is from Delaware,

and Platanthera conspicua is not known from that far north, and P.
blephariglottis is frequently seen in that region, there can be no
doubt that the parents are as listed. Hybrids of P. conspicua and P.
cristata, from the southeastern coastal plain therefore require a new
name for the hybrid combination.
Platanthera xbeckneri P.M. Brown nothospecies nova4

Planta inter Platanthera conspicua (Nash) P.M. Brown et
Platanthera cristata (Michaux) Lindley, intermedia in habitu et
colore florum; floribus plerumque luteolum; vel proprietatibus
specierum mixtis.
4
Correct citation for Platanthera xbeckneri P.M. Brown is North American Native
Orchid Journal 8: 10. 2002.
47
Plant intermediate between Platanthera conspicua (Nash) P.M.

Brown and Platanthera cristata (Michaux) Lindley in habit and floral
color; flowers commonly pale yellow, with the features of the
species intermixed.
TYPE: UNITED STATES. Florida; Columbia County.

US90, 6 miles east of Lake City, 30 July 1967. J. Beckner 1895
(holotype FLAS 99458). NANOJ 8: 10. 2002. Color Plate 2.
ETYMOLOGY: named in honor of John Beckner, Florida

orchidist
As in the previous combination, the type of Platanthera

xbicolor is northern (New Jersey) and P. blephariglottis is abundant in
many areas. Unfortunately several publications have occurred
regarding this hybrid, and all of them actually involve P. conspicua
rather than P. blephariglottis. In April 1968 Carlyle Luer published
Habenaria xschweinfurthii unaware that both the specific name had
previously been used by Reichenbach f. and that a previous name,
Blephariglottis xbicolor Rafinesque, had been published. Luer also
failed to include a location for the type, which, if the specific
name schweinfurthii were available, would have rendered it invalid.
In June of 1968 John Beckner meticulously pointed these
problems out and then proceeded to make a new combination
and status for the plants as Habenaria xbicolor (Raf.) Beckner.
With the restoration of Platanthera conspicua to species level

the epithet xbicolor cannot be used as it applies to those plants with
P. blephariglottis as a parent. Therefore a new name is need for this
hybrid combination.
Platanthera xlueri P.M. Brown nothospecies nova5
5
Correct citation for Platanthera xlueri P.M. Brown is North American Native Orchid
Journal 8: 12. 2002.
48
Planta inter Platanthera conspicua (Nash) P.M. Brown et

Platanthera ciliaris (Linnaeus) Lindley, intermedia in habitu et colore
florum; floribus plerumque bulbulinum vel luteolum; vel
proprietatibus specierum mixtis.
Plant intermediate between Platanthera conspicua (Nash) P.M.

Brown and Platanthera ciliaris (Linnaeus) Lindley in habit and floral
color; flowers commonly buff or pale yellow, with the features of
the species intermixed.
Type: UNITED STATES: Florida, Nassau County. 8

September 1966. J. Beckner 1553 (holotype: FLAS 103702).
Photos: Luer, American Orchid Society Bulletin 34(4): 324 April 1968;
Native Orchids of Florida, 1974, page 140, plate 39:6. NANOJ 8: 10.
2002. Color plate 2.
ETYMOLOGY: named in honor of Carlyle A. Luer, M.D.,

eminent orchidist, who so well documented this hybrid in his
1968 publication.
Additional specimen examined: Florida: Bradford County.
2 miles northwest of Brooker on SR18, S1, T17S, R19E. A.A.
Will s.n. 12 August 1961. FLAS 81551. Annotated: Large colony
of plants that range in color from a creamy yellow to bright
orange; growing in roadside ditch in moist flatwoods
Literature Cited:
Ames, O. Notes on Habenaria. Rhodora 10:70. 1908.
Beckner, J. 1968. The correct name of a natural hybrid in Habenaria. American
Orchid Society Bulletin 36(6): 480-482.
Bentley, S. 2000. Native Orchids of the Southern Appalachians. pp. 152-53.
Brown, P.M. 1997. Wild Orchids of the Northeastern United States. pp. 134-35.
2000. Recent taxonomic and distributional notes from Florida 7. The genus
Habenaria. NANOJ 6: 148-158.
Lindley, 1835, Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants, 291.
Luer, C.A. 1968. A natural hybrid in Habenaria. American Orchid Society Bulletin
34(4): 323-24; color plate 304.
1972. Native Orchids of Florida, p. 141, plate 39:6.
Nash, 1896. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 23: 100.
49
Reddoch, A.H. & J.M. Reddoch. 1993. The species pair Platanthera orbiculata
and P. macrophylla. Lindleyana 8:171-187.
Sheviak, C. J. 2002. Orchidaceae in Flora North America, vol. 26. pp. 567-568.
Sheviak, C.J. & M. Bowles. 1986. The prairie fringed orchids: a pollinator
isolated species pair. Rhodora 88:267-90.
Small, J.K. 1903. Flora of the Southeastern U.S. 313, 1329.
Stoutamire, W.P., 1974. Relationships of the purple-fringed orchids
Platanthera psycodes and P. grandiflora. Brittonia 26:42-58.
50
Brown: The Correct Name for the Northwestern Twayblade
THE CORRECT NAME FOR THE

NORTHWESTERN TWAYBLADE
Paul Martin Brown
For over a century the Northwestern Twayblade has

suffered from a myriad of incorrect identifications, misapplied
names, and has been a victim of perpetuated error in botanical
literature dealing with the genus Listera in North America. The
correct name for this plant is Listera banksiana Lindley, with L.
caurina Piper, and L. retusa Suksdorf treated as synonyms.
Extensive evidence to support this premise is presented.
Listera, as found in North America, is one of the few orchid

genera that has had comparatively little taxonomic and
nomenclatural history. Of the seven species native to North
America five have retained their originals species epithet. The two
species that have had the most synonyms or misapplied names are
Listera convallarioides (Swartz) Torrey and Listera caurina Piper. In
the late nineteenth century the names were misapplied in several
instances.
The original plants described as Epipactis convallarioides
Swartz (1800) have had several other names applied to them but
survived all synonyms as Listera convallarioides (Swartz) Torrey
1826. Although Nuttall’s name is often applied to the species
within Listera his is a nomen nudum as no description was given.
When R. Brown created the genus Listera in 1813 he transferred
Ophrys cordata and O. ovata to the new genus. Shortly thereafter, in
51
1823, O. convallarioides was also transferred to Listera this time by

Torrey. Several other species of North American Listera had and
have been illustrated or cited as L. convallarioides, and subsequently
segregated from that species.
In 1792 A. Menzies collected plants he assumed to be
Ophrys convallarioides from Banks’ Island lying between the western
coast of British Columbia and the Queen Charlotte Islands. The
island was named for Sir Joseph Banks, sponsor of Vancouver’s
expedition to the Pacific Northwest upon which Menzies was the
botanist. On Lindley’s type sheet the specimen is annotated Ophrys
banksiana Menzies MSS. Subsequently, in 1840, Lindley described
these plants as Listera banksiana. As is not unusual, plants of a
similar description were also published by Piper in 1898 as L.
caurina and again in 1900 as L. retusa by Suksdorf, his based upon
an 1894 collection from the state of Washington. Examination of
the types of all three clearly shows them to be identical and
therefore the same species. It may simply have been that Piper did
not have access to Lindley’s herbarium for comparison and the
same for Suksdorf, as his collections are earlier than those of
Piper, et al.
A simple look at the chronology involving Listera
banksiana/Listera caurina helps to clarify the situation.
1793 – Menzies’ collects specimens from Banks’ Island, British
Columbia; assumes (erroneously) they are Ophrys convallarioides
1813 – R. Brown publishes Listera as a new genus and transfers
Ophrys cordata and O. ovata to Listera
1826 – Chamisso & Schlectendal publish L. eschscholtziana from
Alaska, plants of which are identical to the previously published
L. convallarioides
1840 – Lindley publishes description of Listera banksiana based up
Menzies collections; notation on type sheet Ophrys banksiana;
Lindley also included in this publication L. australis as a new
species
1840-1898 – several additional species of Listera are published,
none of which involves L. banksiana
52
1898 – Listera caurina Piper is published; no mention of L.

banksiana as a synonym or invalid name
1899 – A Revision of the Genus Listera is published by Wiegand;
includes 1 new species, L. auriculata, and 1 new name, L. smallii.
He also lists synonyms for L. caurina Piper as L. convallarioides
Hooker and synonyms for L. convallarioides (Swartz) Torrey as L.
banksiana Lindley and L. eschscholtziana Chamisso & Schlectendal
1900 – Suksdorf publishes L. retusa based upon earlier collections
(1894). Plants are identical to L. caurina Piper and L. banksiana
Lindley. No mention of either one in the description. Listera retusa
is reduced to synonymy and remains there.
1900–1948 – No mention of Listera banksiana could be found in
any published literature. Listera caurina Piper appears in many
publications.
1905 - transferred to Ophrys caurina (Piper) Rydberg, no mention
of L. banksiana as a synonym
1948 – Fernald & Schubert’s note in Rhodora on types in the
Lindley Herbarium at Kew. Revalidates Listera banksiana Lindley
as the correct name, with L. caurina Piper as a synonym
1948-1977 – no mention of Listera banksiana as a species or
synonym in any of many regional and continental publications
including Correll and Luer
1978 - Scoggin, Flora of Canada uses Listera banksiana Lindley with
reference to Fernald & Schubert article; L. caurina Piper and L.
retusa Suksdorf are given as synonyms
1978–present - no mention of Listera banksiana in any of many
regional and continental publications (see note concerning
BONAP below) including Flora of North America
1995 - transferred to Neottia caurina (Piper) Szlachetko, no
mention of L. banksiana as a synonym
Note: 1996 - BONAP lists Listera caurina Piper: synonymy - Listera
banksiana auct. non Lindley, Ophrys caurina (Piper) Rydberg. (This is
most curious as L. banksiana, as an earlier name, most certainly
would never be a misapplied name for L. caurina, whereas L.
convallarioides Hooker might be considered auct. non. Also, auct.
non/misapplied name is not a synonym).
53
Building on erroneous statements in Wiegand that Menzies’

Banks Island, British Columbia, collections were Listera
convallarioides, and that the original mistaken identification of
additional plants collected by Piper and others as L. convallarioides,
Piper’s 1898 publication of Listera caurina was perpetuated and
Lindley’s L. banksiana consigned to obscurity. Listera caurina Piper
appeared in nearly all the literature citing North American Listera
species, notably in Wiegand’s work in 1899, local floras of the
Northwest, Correll (1950), Luer (1975), and Flora of North America,
volume 26 (2002). Listera banksiana does not even appear in these
publications as a synonym.
After the conclusion of World War II Fernald and Schubert
were doing a series of notes on studies of American types in
British herbaria and examined the collections of Menzies used by
Lindley for Listera banksiana. In a brief note in Rhodora 50: 231-233
(1948), a concise summary of the history of the species and
illustrations of the types reinforce the correctness of L. banksiana
as the earliest validly published name as provided for in the
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (1935, 2000).
Scoggin in Flora of Canada, 1978, follows Fernald and
Schubert’s determination and used Listera banksiana for the
northwestern twayblade and cited both L. caurina and L. retusa as
synonyms as well as the Fernald & Schubert note. Lindley’s
publication in 1840 of Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants was
one that contained many new species, all with the same pattern of
description – brief, but universally accepted. In North American
species Listera australis was among these as were Spiranthes
longilabris, S. brevilabris, Cypripedium montanum, the creation of the
genus Platanthera, and numerous other species and genera.
Part of the confusion may have arisen when, in synopsizing
the species of Listera, Wiegand (1899) stated that Lindley confused
Listera banksiana with L. convallarioides and L. eschscholziana, the
latter a synonym for L. convallarioides. Examining the sheet with
Lindley’s type of L. banksiana shows no confusion and the plants
are clearly not L. convallarioides. Perhaps Wiegand did not have an
opportunity to examine these types and only had the information
54
of Piper to rely upon. If this was so, then all authors, excepting
Fernald & Schubert and Scoggin, also relied upon prior written
material – that of Piper and Wiegand, for their treatments of
Listera species. Although Correll’s work is dated 1950 and Fernald
& Schubert September 1948, Correll’s manuscript was well
finished and being prepared for publication when the latter
appeared in Rhodora. Should Correll have chosen to follow the
lead of Fernald & Schubert it would have been too late to have
this information included in his publication. It is unlikely that
Correll was even aware of Listera banksiana, as it is not included in
the synonymy for L. caurina (in Wiegand it appears in the
synonymy for L. convallarioides). Although Luer (1975) was
meticulous in researching synonyms for his work, he too did not
include L. banksiana. The same holds true for Coleman (1995) and
Magrath and Coleman (2002).
Therefore the correct name for the Northwestern
Twayblade is Listera banksiana Lindley. Listera caurina Piper, L.
retusa Suksdorf, Ophrys caurina (Piper) Rydberg, and Neottia caurina
(Piper) Szlachetko all are relegated to synonyms and L.
eschscholtziana Chamisso & Schlectendal and L. convallarioides
Hooker, as cited in Wiegand, become auct. or misapplied names.
Note: This situation is not unlike that of Epidendrum magnoliae
Mühlenberg and E. conopseum R. Brown, both published in 1813
but only a few months apart. The diligent research of Hágsater
(2000,) uncovered this and the correct name is now being
accepted, albeit slowly, into general usage (Hágsater, 2002; Brown
& Folsom 2002, 2003, 2004; Dueck 2004; Fowler 2005).
Banks Island was named in 1788 by Captain Duncan of the

Princess Royal, after Sir Joseph Banks, Bart., (1743-1820), then-
president of the Royal Society, and who had accompanied Captain
James Cook on the latter's exploratory journey to the South Seas
aboard the Endeavor, 1768-1771. Adopted in the 18th Report of
the Geographic Board of Canada, 31 March 1924, as labelled on
British Admiralty Chart 1923, published in 1863, and as labelled
55
on BC map 1A, 1912, et seq.See extensive biography in British

Columbia Coast Names, by Capt. John T. Walbran.
Literature Cited
Brown P.M., and S.N. Folsom 2002. Wild Orchids of Florida. Gainesville, Fla.:
_____. 2003. The Wild Orchids of North America, North of Mexico. Gainesville,
Fla.: University Press of Florida.
_____. 2004. Wild Orchids of the Southeastern United States north of peninsular
Florida. Gainesville, Fla.: University Press of Florida.
Coleman R.A. 1995. Wild Orchids of California. Ithaca: Cornell University
Press.
Correll, D.S. 1950. Native Orchids of North America. Waltham, Mass.: Chronica
Botanica.
Dueck, L. 2003. Wild Orchids in South Carolina: the Story. Aiken, South Carolina:
Savannah River Ecology Laboratory.
Fernald, M.L. and B. Schubert 1948. Types in the Lindley Herbarium.
Rhodora 50: 231-233.
Fowler, J. 2005. Wild Orchids of South Carolina: a popular natural history.
Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
Hágsater, E.
-----. 2002. Epidendrum in Flora of North America, volume 26.
International Plant Names Index. http://www.ipni.org/index.html
Kartesz, J.T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of United States,
Canada and Greenland. 3rd edition Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Botanical Garden.
Kartesz, J.T. and C.A. Meacham. 1999. Synthesis of the North American Flora, ver.
1.0. Chapel Hill.
Lindley, J. 1840. Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants. 455.
Luer, C.A. 1975. The Native Orchids of the United States and Canada excluding
Florida. Bronx: New York Botanical Garden.
Magrath, L. and R. Coleman. 2002. Listera in Flora of North America. Flora of
North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. 12+ vols. New
York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, Volume 26 (2002)
including the Orchidaceae.
Petrie, W. 1981. Guide to the Orchids of North America. Blaine, Wash.: Hancock
House.
Piper, C. 1898. Listera caurina. Erythea 6: 32.
Rydberg, P.A. 1905. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 610. Scoggin, H.J 1978. The
Flora of Canada. Part 2. Ottawa. National Museum Natural Science
Publications in Botany 7.
56
Szczawinski, A.F. 1959. The Orchids of British Columbia. British Columbia

Provincial Museum Handbook No. 16.
Szlachetko, D. 1995. Fragm. Florist. Geobot. Supp. 3: 117.
Suksdorf, W. 1900. Listera retusa. Deutsch. Bot. Monatsschr. 18: 155.
Wiegand, K. 1899. A revision of the genus Listera. Bulletin of the Torrey
Botanical Club. 26(4):157-171, 2 plates.
Williams, J.G., A.E. Williams, and N. Arlott. 1983. A Field Guide to Orchids of
North America. New York: Universe Books.
Acknowledgements:
The following herbaria made images available of specimens relating to this
study: AMES, ORE, US, WA
Scott Stewart provided helpful comments on the manuscript.
Listera banksiana
northwestern twayblade
57
The Slow Empiricist: THE GOOD AND BAD
THE GOOD AND BAD

The Slow Empiricist
It seems as if I am always lamenting about things that affect the

state of our native orchids and I seem to be able to find lots of things to
grouse about. On the national level we have the President trying to sell
off Federal land around desirable lakes and scenic areas for
development. Nature has been affecting the environment, whether due
to man-made global warming or simply a remarkable spike in
temperature in the last few years. Whatever the cause, the resulting
floods, hurricanes, droughts, and wildfires have disrupted the normal
course of events bringing devastation and degradation to the
environment. Ordinary human activity has also encroached on our
wilderness areas and open spaces in our quest to expand.
On a recent trip to Texas to see a rare and endangered orchid, the
Navasota ladies’-tresses, I was appalled to see how Texas A&M
University has eaten up valuable habitat as it builds ever more
classrooms, dormitories, and housing. Even the small nature preserve
where we found a few of the Spiranthes parksii surviving was being tamed
with a wider access road and recreational facilities that threaten to
eliminate much of the orchids’ habitat.
Florida is no better when they can’t prevent ATV’s from running
over a site for the crane-fly orchid, Tipularia discolor, that happens to be at
the edge of the recreational road set up for that purpose! Why can’t they
move the road a few yards away from the rare species?
Here in New England there is a fetish for clearing out the
roadsides and planting grass or filling the wetter roadsides with rip rap
eliminating native orchids that used to thrive in such habitat. We lost a
stand of small purple fringed orchises, Platanthera psycodes, including a rare
white one last year to just such activity.
Now it may seem that the gentle world of native orchids has been
totally ravaged by man’s constant expansion but there are many bright
spots that leaven the mix. The heavy rains that have flooded New
England and the Middle Atlantic states have brought lush and
sumptuous colonies of orchids where the were much fewer in drier
years. We found close to 100 green fringed orchises, Platanthera lacera, on
58
a hillside in New Hampshire where other years had only yielded 20 or 30

specimens.
A wonderful surprise awaited us at a field that was also good for
Platanthera lacera when we stumbled over a large colony of northern
tubercled orchis, P. flava var. herbiola; only the 6th site in the region for
this orchid. Our visit to eastern Kansas this past May rewarded us with
hundreds of southern small yellow lady’s-slippers, Cypripedium parviflorum
var. parviflorum, and the reconfirmation of the large yellow lady’s-slipper,
C. parviflorum var. pubescens for Kansas.
It is also gratifying that many stewards of the land like
homeowners and many of the personnel in our state and Federal parks
have worked to preserve orchid habitat. Some who come to mind are
Linda Trice at Ochlockonee River State Park, Libby Zimmerman at
Goethe State Forest, and Colleen Werner at the Withlacooche State
Forest (all in Florida), Dick Pike in Texas, Doug Martin in Kansas, and
Albert and Annabelle Ritchie in Goose Rocks Beach, Maine. The
Ritchie’s efforts to ensure continued preservation of a coastal meadow
that is home to nearly a dozen species of orchids is one of the best
examples of private landowners as good stewards of orchid habitat.
The best thing that is happening are the good local orchid
enthusiasts who are taking an interest in the native orchids. In Florida
Wally Wilder and his brother Joel, who have become extremely
proficient orchid scouts, as this enthusiasm has burgeoned. They have
kept careful accounts of orchid populations and have faithfully spent
most of their free time scouting possible sites. They have been rewarded
with finding many new sites for several very rare orchids as well as
rediscoveries. Most recently they found a new site for Triphora rickettii in
Citrus County, Florida. Possibly the most interesting are the many
unusual color forms they have discovered; two of which are striking
variations of the crested coralroot, Hexalectris cristata.
The devastation of the hurricanes and wildfires will open up areas
where orchids that thrive in less crowded habitats like Spiranthes or are
fire respondent like some of the Calopogon. Maybe even the warmer
climates will see more southerly species popping up further north. Last
winter was so mild at my summer home in Maine that one window box
in a southerly sunny location had impatiens seedlings sprout this spring!
59
So if these tropical plants can survive a Maine winter – well just think
what might be thriving somewhere more northerly than expected.
Your Slow Empiricist
Platanthera psycodes forma albiflora Platanthera flava var. herbiola

Acton, Maine Shapleigh, Maine
Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens Triphora rickettii

Eastern Kansas Citrus Co., Florida
(photo by Wally Wilder)
60
Brown: A (NEW) NAME FOR AN (OLD) HYBRID
A (NEW) NAME FOR AN (OLD) HYBRID

Paul Martin Brown
In 1916 E.H. Eames described a hybrid in the genus Spiranthes

that had been collected in 1895 in Bridgeport, Connecticut. He had
determined this to be a hybrid between Gyrostachys beckii W. Stone and
Gyrostachys gracilis Kuntze. The two putative parent species have
undergone a great deal of nomenclatural revisions since that time and by
today’s standard the parents would be Spiranthes tuberosa and Spiranthes
lacera var. gracilis. Eames’ article in Rhodora (1916) has a protologue and
he prepared an excellent holotype for his herbarium that is now at the
University of Connecticut (CONN). What was not included was a
specific name for the hybrid nor a Latin description or diagnosis. For
these reasons the following is proposed:
Spiranthes ×eamesii P.M. Brown nothsp. nov.
Planta inter Spiranthes lacera (Rafinesque) var. gracilis (Bigelow) Luer et

Spiranthes tuberosa Rafinesque intermedia et habitu, colore et forma
florum, vel proprietibus speciearum mixtis
Intermediate in characters between the two parents Spiranthes lacera

(Rafinesque) var. gracilis (Bigelow) Luer and Spiranthes tuberosa Rafinesque.
TYPE: USA: Connecticut: Fairfield County: Bridgeport: Sandy field.

41°11'11"N, 73°11'46"W. 18 August 1895 (I.F. Moore; #1362 in the
Herbarium of E.H. Eames) Holotype: CONN
ETYMOLOGY: Named for E.H. Eames, M.D. a dedicated and prolific

student and collector of the plants of Connecticut.
The following is taken from: Eames’ 1916 article:
61
The SlowAEmpiricist:
Brown: (NEW) NAME THE FOR
GOODANAND BAD
(OLD) HYBRID
SPIRANTHES Beckii × gracilis, n. hyb. Lip very white with its throat
tinted pale greenish yellow and, like other parts, intermediate in size between
those of the parent-species. Roots commonly two, whiter than those of gracilis
and more like those of Beckii in shape. Found plentiful with the parent-species in
a field at Bridgeport, Connecticut, 18 August, 1895, by I.F. Moore. No. 1362 in
herbarium of E.H. Eames. Readily recognizable in life.
Plants of this hybrid are not difficult to find in southeastern New

England in the few places that both parents are found. They have been
observed in several places in Cape Cod and Rhode Island as well as
recently (August 2006) in western Connecticut. As one proceeds
southward the flowering time for the two parents is widened so the
likelihood of the hybrid is lessened. In Southern New Jersey Spiranthes
tuberosa is in prime in mid August and S. lacera var. gracilis in mid to late
September. Both parent species flower without their leaves present and
both have similar basal rosettes of ovate-oblong leaves. The only plant
that this hybrid could be confused with is S. ×intermedia, the hybrid
between S. lacera var. gracilis and S. vernalis. The lip color in S. ×intermedia
is more of a lemon-lime coloration and the pointed articulate hairs that
are so diagnostic on S. vernalis are scattered on the stem and
inflorescence of S. ×intermedia. Any similar hairs are lacking in S. ×eamesii.
Habitats that support S. ×eamesii may also have S. vernalis present and
care must be taken to examine possible hybrids between S. tuberosa and
S. vernalis. Plants of this combination would have the scattered distinctive
pointed hairs of the latter species.
The nomenclatural history of S. S. ×eamesii and an image of the
holotype may be found in great detail at http://rbg-
web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/typespecs?ETI=spiranthes
Literature Cited:
Eames, E.H. 1916. Some varieties and forms of Connecticut Plants.
Rhodora 18 (215): 239.
62
BOOK REVIEWS
BOOK REVIEWS
Wild Orchids of the Canadian Maritimes and Northern Great
Lakes Region
Paul Martin Brown and Stanley N. Folsom
2006.
336 pages 6x9; 300 full color photographs, 80 line drawings, 88 maps
The bright red cover of Wild Orchids of the Canadian Maritimes and
Northern Great Lakes Region is an enticement to the bountiful information
inside, possibly the most erudite book ever compiled concerning the
orchids of the Maritimes. This field guide is so much more than just
facts; it is a bible for the orchidist to enjoy regardless of the season.
With stunning paintings and drawings by Stan Folsom, no fact or detail
has been overlooked. References and resources have been listed at
length. However, one of the stars of the book is Part Four: Orchid
Hunting, describes for the would-be traveler exactly where to go to areas
of interest; in addition, a Flower Time Chart advises the searcher exactly
when to go.
A new addition to Brown’s series of orchids of the various areas
of the North American continent, these books will ensure his place in
the pantheon of orchid writers of the 21st century.
Ann Malmquist, Ohio Native Plant Society inky5@juno.com
Wild Orchids of the Pacific Northwest and Canadian Rockies

Paul Martin Brown and Stanley N. Folsom
2006.
300 pages, 6x9 field guide and more; 300 full color photographs, 80 line drawings, 88
maps, keys for identification; considerable additional informational material
This book is a must to have if you plan on orchid hunting in the
Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, Alaska, Idaho, western Montana
and western Alberta areas. This book is well laid out and easy to use.
There are ten detailed areas to help with your orchid hunting: The
Siskiyous, Columbia River, The Cascades, Olympic Peninsula,
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BOOK REVIEWS
Vancouver Island, Glacier National Park, Cypress Hills, Kodiak Island,

Downtown Anchorage and Denali National Park.
As the founder of the Washington Native Orchid Society (WNOS), I love this
book. I own two copies: I take one copy that can get dirty on every hike
and the signed copy stays on the bookshelf at home. I use it in the field
to help with identifying orchids, at WNOS meetings to help the novice
and young members, and to educate others about the orchids that grow
in Washington State.
Whether you are an orchid green horn, wildflower lover, or you
consider yourself an orchid expert this book is a great addition to any
orchid library.
Melissa Rathbun melissarathbun2002@yahoo.com
The following four recent titles, although not directly concerning orchids in the United States and
Canada, should be of interest to all native orchid enthusiasts. These reviews have also appeared in
recent issues of Sida.
Orchids of Mexico
E. Hágsater, M.Á. Soto Arenas, G.A. Salazar Chávez, R. Jiménez
Machorro, M.A. López Rosas, and R.L. Dressler. 2005. ISBN 9-6878-
8908-X. Cloth, 13.25 x l0 in. (33.5 x 25.5 cm). 304 pages, 650 color
photographs. Published by Instituto Chinoin, A.C., Mexico City. Spanish
and English versions available. US $100.00, plus shipping.
Book orders directly to: redactamex@yahoo.com.mx; Redacta, S.A. de
C.V., Avenida l0 de Mayo # 249, Col. San Pedro de los Pinos, C.P.
03800 Mexico, D.F. MEXICO.
Initial disappointment may often give way to surprised delight.

Such is the case of Orchids of Mexico. Given the publication and research
history of the estimable authors I had expected a detail taxonomic
treatment of the orchids of Mexico. Imagine my surprise when a large
format-33.5 x 25.5 cm-‘coffee table’ book arrived! This sumptuously
illustrated volume is much more orchids ‘in Mexico’ than ‘of Mexico’
and wastes no time in luring the reader to that country. I soon
discovered that the taxonomic treatment I was so looking forward to is
forthcoming on a searchable CD that will cover the 164 genera and
64
BOOK REVIEWS
1200+ species with over 1500 color photographs, a checklist, and cross-
referenced synonymy. The current publication mentions 162 of those
genera and 450 of the species.
But back to the volume at hand; sitting before me is one of the
lushest books on orchids I have ever seen. Apart from the text, which
we will get to later, it is lavishly illustrated with the highest quality
photographs and color reproduction I have seen in many years and the
printing on heavy stock only adds to the quality of the book. The
authors have provided us with not just an overview of the orchids that
grow within Mexico, but with details of the several climatic and
geological regions of the country shown at first in a two-page layout of a
satellite image of Mexico. After relating the history of orchids, and
orchid research in Mexico, with many reproductions of plates from well-
known historic volumes, it concludes with the ethobotanical history
featuring Vanilla planifolia. A brief chapter on orchid biology is amply
illustrated with photographs of plants from flower to fruit to flower with
the many stages in between.
Now to our adventure searching the wilds of Mexico. As we visit
the eight various habitats the narrative highlights the many species of
orchids that are present and and numerous vies of the habitats and
illustrates them with color photographs. At this point few synonyms are
given and occasionally the reader may be temporarily confused with
some of the newer generic concepts for familiar species such as
Prosthechea citrina for Cattleya citrina and Tamayorkis for a few species
traditionally known as Malaxis. Many species found in Mexico are also
found in the bordering regions of the southwestern United States, Texas,
and Florida. It is always welcome to see photographs of these more
southerly species that may be very rare in the United States. Because of
the arrangement of chapters by habitat it requires consulting the index to
find information on specific species. But that is not the apparent aim of
this book. It is to immerse the reader in the diversity of the orchids of
Mexico and the verdant and prolific varied habitats. A final chapter on
Conservation efforts and successes is followed by detailed photo credits
and an extensive bibliography.
Thanks to the team of authors and photographers the text is
scientifically accurate and this reviewer did not note any incorrectly
65
BOOK REVIEWS
labeled or positioned graphics (a feat not many books of this scope can
boast!). There are a few typographical errors with a missing letter i.e.,
seudobulb for pseudobulb, but nothing that could possibly distract from
the intense text. Many photographers were credited in the book and the
meticulous editing of these photographs has provided the finished book
with a continuity not often seen in similar publications.
Is it expensive? – yes, at $100 – but worth every penny of the
price. Keep in mind that two books were really written; one in Spanish
and then one in English. Were Orchids of Mexico not sponsored by
Chinoin I am sure it would have to sell for much more or not even have
ever gone into production. If you have any interest in North American
orchids, especially from the southern regions of that continent, do not
pass up the opportunity to purchase this volume. And remember, that
the interactive CD will soon be available to satisfy those of us who thrive
on taxonomic treatments! (PMB)
The Orchids of Cuba- Las Orquideas de Cuba

Juan Llamacho (text) and Julio A. Larramendi (photographs)
Greta Editores, Plaza Mayor, 24 25340 VERDÚ (SPAIN) +34 690 733
011 http://www.gretaeditores.com info@gretaeditores.com. Cloth.
ISBN 84-933615-2-6. 287 pages. Spanish-English in parallel columns. 9.6
x 7 inches
49.00 Euros [ca. $59.00]
Full color photographs, interpretive graphics, table of species, and
glossary.
Following a recent trend for regional orchid books to be both

scientifically accurate and written in such a manner that they are popular
with the non-academic enthusiast, The Orchids of Cuba fulfills a
geographic niche that has long been void. This work of two enthusiastic
Cubans has produced not only the first full-color book on the orchids of
the island archipelago but the first text in English (Spanish/English in
parallel columns) that provides an alluring enticement to the island
nation. Following an imprimatur by Carlyle A. Luer, M.D. and foreword
by James Ackerman, Ph.D. the books starts with the basic biology of
orchids and biogeography of Cuba and proceeds to merge the two,
66
BOOK REVIEWS
describing and illustrating the several regions of the nation. These

regions and the orchids found within them are then treated in detail. Of
the 305 species documented from Cuba at the writing of the book, more
than 150 are treated in detail and, for the most part, have excellent color
photographs. Both the author’s and photographer’s love of the
pleurothallids (Lepanthes and related genera) is evident in the spectacular
close-up photographs of many of these tiny species. Following the
species treatments is a section on undescribed (those species that have
not yet been identified and/or described to science) species, with the
same high-quality photographs. The book concludes with a table of all
305 species currently found in Cuba, their flowering times and
biogeographic distribution, a brief bibliography, and an excellent
glossary. What is unfortunately lacking is an index. Because of the
arrangement of species it makes it difficult to find specific information
quickly. A listing of synonyms for the species treated in full would also
have been helpful. No keys to identification are given as this book is,
hopefully, just the prelude to more publications covering all of the
orchids of Cuba.
From the reviewer’s standpoint The Orchids of Cuba has the same
problem as most other works that treat orchids from the Caribbean and
Central America/Mexico. When ranges are stated the occurrence of the
species in the United States, usually Florida, is omitted. In part, this
appears to be perpetuated error, as the same omissions occur in several
works. Rather than relying on publications from a quarter century or
more ago, simply consulting Flora of North America or Wild Orchids of
Florida would have solved this problem. Those species included in this
work and also documented from Florida include Ionopsis utriculariodes,
Prosthechea boothiana, Sacoila lanceolata, Bulbophyllum pachyrachis, Epidendrum
nocturnum, Liparis nervosa, Maxillaria crassifolia, Brassia caudata, Eulophia elata,
Malaxis spicata, Habenaria distans, Phaius tankervilliae, Vanilla planifolia,
Epidendrum radicans, Prescottia opligantha, and Pelexia adnata. Govenia
utriculata is erroneously attributed to Florida (Govenia floridana is the
correct species). From a taxonomic standpoint little issue can be taken
other than to note that the treatment and photographs of Habenaria
quinqueseta are actually H. macroceratitis (syn. H. quinqueseta var.
macroceratitis), and the curious treatment of Sacoila lanceolata and
67
BOOK REVIEWS
Stenorrhynchos squamulosum. The latter two both should be treated as

Sacoila as the most obvious difference between Sacoila and Stenorrhynchos
being the presence (in the former) or absence of a mentum (in the
latter).
The English translation is excellent and very readable and the only
error noted would be the incomplete name, or omission of a period after
the abbreviation, in one of the authors’ names: Gal for Galeotti. The
book is printed on very high-quality, heavy paper and durably bound. It
is to be highly recommended to all interested in the orchids of the
Caribbean and south Florida as well. (PMB)
An Enthusiasm for Orchids

Sex and Deception in Plant Evolution
John Alcock
ISBN13: 9780195182743ISBN10: 019518274X hardback, 320 pages
320 pages; 56 color illus., 2 line illus.; 6 x 8-1/2; ISBN13: 978-0-19-
518274-3ISBN10: 0-19-518274-X $29.95 Oxford University Press USA
The male thynnine wasp's extreme sexual enthusiasm is crucial to

reproduction of hammer orchids in the wild. Hammer orchids have co-
evolved to produce odors identical to those manufactured by female
thynnine wasps. The male wasp's superb sensitivity to the scent of his
female mate is the basis for the hammer orchid's deceit--in effect,
orchids exploit the male insect's highly adaptive sense of smell for their
own propagation. While pollinating orchids is a waste of time, and thus a
maladaptive activity for a wasp, his mistake comes about because he
must react quickly whenever he senses a possible mate nearby. John
Alcock suggests that, "for insects, he who hesitates is lost, although
perhaps it would be better to say that he who hesitates often loses a
chance to pass on his genes."
This book abounds with clever explanations for how these
exceptionally complex flowers came to be shaped as they are. The reader
can explore many aspects of orchid biology and history ranging from
how some species avoid inbreeding, to the origins of orchids from an
ancestor that belonged to the asparagus family. Examining each
component of an orchid's flower, Alcock explains how the various parts
68
BOOK REVIEWS
work together to produce the plant's minute offspring. Each element of

an orchid, as quirky as it may seem, is biologically significant, bearing the
imprint of natural selection. Readers can share in the delight that Darwin
and all other orchid enthusiasts have felt in making sense of even the
smallest of details of these most wonderful plants. (above from OUP
website)
A cutting wit and spectacular photographs make this new book a

delight to read. Although it centers primarily on the orchids, and a few
carnivorous plants, of Australia much of the information is application
to orchids round the world. I especially appreciated the chapter on
natural hybrids and the illustrations showing both parents and the
hybrid. The author’s self-admitted non-botanical background gives him a
fresh eye for some of these most fascinating plants. Apart from a wealth
of detailed information it provides entertaining reading with a flowing
narrative. (PMB)
Contributions to the taxonomic revision of the subtribes

Spiranthinae, Stenorrhynchidinae and Cyclopogoninae (Orchid-
aceae) in Mesoamerica and the Antilles.
Dariusz L. Szlachetko, Piotr Rutkowski, & Joanna Mytnik. 2005. Polish
Botanical Studies 20. (ISBN 83-89648-18-0, pbk.; ISSN 0867-0730). IB
Publisher, Polish Academy of Sciences, W. Szafer Institute of Botany,
Lubicz 46, PL-31-512 Krakow, Poland. (Ordering inquiries: ed-
office@ib-pan.krakow.pl) Euro 90,00; ca. USD $105.46, 387 pp. 646
figures (including maps, types, line drawings, and color plates). 17 x 24
cm.
This long-awaited publication by Szlachetko and his associates is a

major contribution to the taxonomy and distribution of these three
Spiranthoid subtribes. Treating 170 species in 35 genera, it is copiously
illustrated with not only maps for each species but diagnostic
morphological line drawings, photographs of type specimens, and a
sprinkling of color plates and is an excellent reference for those
interested in this particular group of orchids. Covering Mexico, Central
America, and the Antilles many species are also found in the United
69
BOOK REVIEWS
States in Florida, southwestern Texas, southern New Mexico, and

southeastern Arizona. Each genus is heavily referenced and although
several newer genera and new combinations are used ten pages of cross-
referenced synonyms are given.
The are two negative aspects of the volume. The lack of a general
index, although the aforementioned synonyms are helpful in locating
current treatments, requires going back and forth from the Table of
Contents to the synonyms; the arrangements of genera and species is by
subtribes and not alphabetical. Following what unfortunately appears to
be a trend in publications on this region, when species are also found in
the adjacent United States the information on them is either lacking or
erroneous, primarily because it is based up work done more than 25
years ago. For some reason distributional work presented in several
recent major North American publications works was not consulted.
Significant corrections that should be made concerning US distribution

would include:
Pages 14-17: Mesadenus polyanthus (Reichenbach f.) Schlechter listed for
USA and is not found here, whereas M. lucayanus (Britton) Schlechter is
not listed for the USA and is present in Florida.
Pages 146-153: The treatment of Sacoila squamulosa at any rank or
synonym is curiously missing. Szlachetko has treated in other
publications as S. lanceolata var. squamulosa. It is present throughout much
of the range of the work as well as in central Florida.
Pages 209-210: Schiedeella fauci-sanguinea (Dod) Burns-Balogh is listed
erroneously for USA and figure 351 is Schiedeella arizonica P.M. Brown
photographed by C. Luer in Arizona and known from the USA in
southwestern Arizona and western Texas.
Page 229: Funkiella confusa (Garay) Szlachetko, Rutkowski, and Mytnik
(syn. Deiregyne confusa Garay) omits USA (Texas) from the range whereas
F. durangensis (Ames & C. Schweinfurth) Szlachetko on page 232 is listed
for USA but does not occur there.
Page 299: Cyclopogon elatus (Swartz) Schlechter omits USA (Florida) from
the range.
Page 302: Cyclopogon cranichoides (Grisebach) Schlechter omits USA
(Florida) from the range.
70
BOOK REVIEWS
Page 313: Pelexia adnata (Swartz) Poiteau ex Richard omits USA (Florida)
from the range.
Supporting documentation for all of the above may be found in the
appropriate generic treatments within the Orchidaceae, Flora of North
America, volume 26. (PMB)
71
OZETTE CORALROOTBOOK
REDISCOVERED
REVIEWS IN WASHINGTON
OZETTE CORALROOT REDISCOVERED IN WASHINGTON

In June 2006 Chelsea Kieffer found two colonies at different times in different
places on Whidbey Island, Island County, Washington. She realized that they were not the
typical spotted coralroot, Corallorhiza maculata, of the region and took several excellent
photographs. After consulting with Melissa Rathbun of the Washington Native Orchid Society,
Melissa suspected that they were the rare Corallorhiza maculata var. ozettensis, a taxon that
Melissa and I had discussed previously but that neither of us had seen in the wild, and sent
the photos on to me. At that point I confirmed the identification.
When Ed Tisch (Tisch, 2001) discovered the plants on the mainland of the Olympic
Peninsula he unfortunately did not take any photographs. In preparing Wild Orchids of the
Pacific Northwest and Canadian Rockies (Brown and Folsom, 2006) all we had to work with was
the drawing of the individual flowers in Ed’s original description and several images of the
type specimen. Stan Folsom then
did a painting of an individual
flower based upon these
descriptions and images. The
painting included in Wild Orchids of
the Pacific Northwest… illustrates an
older flower with more coloring
per Tisch’s description. These
photos by Chelsea are the first
known photos of the variety. The
plants of Corallorhiza maculata var.
ozettensis from Whidbey Island
were growing with flowering
plants of Corallorhiza maculata var.
occidentalis although Tisch stated in
the type locality that no other
species of Corallorhiza were
present.
(PMB)
Literature Cited:
Brown, P.M. and S. Folsom. 2006. Wild
Orchids of the Pacific Northwest and Canadian
Rockies. Gainesville: University Press of
Florida
Tisch. E. 2001. Corallorhiza maculata var.
ozettensis (Orchidaceae), a new coral-root
from coastal Washington. Madrono 48:
40-42.
Corallorhiza maculata var. ozettensis

Whidbey Island, WA
Photos by Chelsea Kieffer
72
BOOK REVIEWS
73
BOOK REVIEWS
74

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NORTH AMERICAN

NATIVE ORCHID JOURNAL

And from the past…

OZETTE CORALROOT REDISCOVERED IN WASHINGTON

This is an emended edition August 19, 2006.

NOTES FROM THE EDITOR

Fig. 1 habitat, Davy Crocket National

TRIPHORA TRIANTHOPHORA VAR. TEXENSIS

A Houston County, Texas population of Triphora trianthophora discovered

Triphora trianthophora (Swartz) Rydberg in Britton var. texensis P.M.

Flower color varies greatly in most populations of T. trianthophora and may

Triphora trianthophora var. mexicana (Watson) P.M. Brown stat. nov.

While investigating the possible status of the Houston County, Texas

crest1 lime-green crests

Paul Martin Brown, 10896 SW 90th

Fig. 6 Triphora trianthophora var. texensis

Wild Orchids in the 21st Century:

Native Orchids of the Southern

Wild Love Affair: Essence of

Additions and Emendations to The Wild

Wild Orchids of Florida, with

The Wild Orchids of North America,

Wild Orchids of the Southeastern

Wild Orchids of Florida, with

Wild Orchids of the Canadian

Wild Orchids of the Pacific

Wild Orchids of the Prairies and Great

Native Orchids of Oregon

The Wild Orchids of Arizona and New

The ideal and logical companion to Coleman’s

The Wild Orchids of California.

A paperbound edition of the 1995 original with

Wild Orchids in South Carolina: the

Attractive and informative large-format

Exhaustive treatment of all known orchids

Wild Orchids of South Carolina: a

Treats all of the species known from South

Wild Orchids Across

The Orchids of Cuba-

Native Orchids of Oklahoma.

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND ARTS OF OKLAHOMA

Native Orchids of Nova Scotia.

Excellent maps, small-format photos, extensive

Orchids on the Rock-

The first book devoted specifically

Orchids in Your Pocket:

The state’s 34 species of wild orchids range in size from

Of interest to the specialist:

The Gardener’s Guide to Growing

Growing Hardy Orchids

Contributions to the taxonomic revision of

Rare Orchid Restoration Project Uses Local Know

The project goal is to grow 200 state

For the rest of the story see the NFS website at

Paul Martin Brown with Lindsay Olive

HABENARIA CLAVELLATA var. Wrightii

Gymnadeniopsis clavellata forma wrightii

RESURRECTION OF THE GENUS

Paul Martin Brown

The genus Habenaria has historically contained several

Gymnadeniopsis present a very different situation. Rydberg

Three species of North America orchids fall within the

Because of the unclear position of these three species