CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter comprises the design criteria,

structural analysis, structural design, cost and duration

of the project.

Type of Soil

Table 3.1 shows that the type of soil used in this

study is Sandy Clay, data obtained from the City Planning

and Department Office of Roxas City. This type of soil has

its given characteristics, the angle of internal friction

is 32˚, at rest pressure coefficient is 0.47, unit weight

of soil is 22 kN/m3 and soil pressure of 150 kN/m2.

Table 1. Type of Soil

Soil Type Characteristics

At Rest
Type of Unit
Angle of Pressure Soil
Soil Weight of
Internal Coefficient Pressure
Soil
friction (ko = 1 – (kN/m2)
(kN/m3)
sin θ)
Sandy clay 32 0.47 22 150

Source: Data gathered from the City Planning and Department

Office of Roxas City/ www.cereference.com/book/ www.
geotechnical-engineering/unit-weights-and-densities-soil)/
www.geotechdata.info/parameter/angle-of-friction.html

16
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Schedule of Loads

The following are the loads to be needed in the design

of the Proposed Culasi Seaport Terminal.

Table 3.2 shows the loading on the, roof deck, second

floor and first floor of the building. The total dead load

for the roof deck is 2.19 kN/m2 and the total live load for

the roof slab is 1.9 kN/m2. For second floor the total dead

load is 1.93 kN/m2 and the total live load is 13.2 kN/m2.

For the first floor, the total dead load is 1.53 kN/m2 and

the total live load is 7.7kN/m2.

Table 2. Dead Load and Live Load

Dead Live
Category Loadings Load Loadings Load
(kN/m2) (kN/m2)
Ceiling:
Suspended Steel
0.10
Channel System
Mechanical and
Electrical Duct 0.30
Roof
Allowance Roof Deck 1.9
Deck
Floor Finished:
Cement finish on
stone-concrete 1.53
fill (25mm)
Water proofing 0.26
Total 2.19 1.9
Ceiling:
Suspended Steel Retail 6
0.10
Channel System
2nd Mechanical and
Floor Assembly
Electrical Duct 0.30 4.8
areas
Allowance
Floor Finished: 1.53 Office 2.4
 18

Continuation of Table 2
Cement finish on
stone-concrete fill
(25mm)
Total 1.93 13.2
Floor Finished: Fixed seats 2.9
1st Cement finish on Lobbies &
Floor stone-concrete fill 1.53 ground floor 4.8
(25mm) corridors
Total 1.53 7.7

Table 3 shows the wind load values to be used in

analyzing the structure in accordance from NSCP 2010. The

location of the proposed building is in the Province of

Capiz classified at Zone 2 with a basic wind speed of 200

kilometer per hour. The structural type of the building is

the basic wind force resisting system. The occupancy of the

building is categorized as category IV, standard occupancy

structure with an importance factor of 1.0. A terrain

exposure constant at exposure B, nominal height of the

atmosphere boundary layer is 365 and 3-second gust speed

power law exponent is 7.0. The building is classified as

partially enclosed with a product of internal pressure

coefficient and gust effect factor of +0.55 and -0.55. Wall

pressure coefficient at windward wall is 0.8 and leeward

wall is -0.5.
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Table 3. Wind Load

Structural Zone Terrain exposure Enclosure Wall Pressure
Occupancy Category
Type Classification Constant Classification Coefficient (Cp)

Partially
Windward Leeward
Basic Enclosed
Importance Wall Wall
Wind Buildings
Basic Zone 2 IV factor Exposure ɑ zg
Wind Speed
(Iw)
Force (V)
Resisting GCpi GCpf
System
Province 200 Standard
1.0 B 7.0 365 +0.55 -0.55 0.8 -0.5
of Capiz kph Occupancy

Design Bases

General

Reinforced concrete structures will be designed using

the Ultimate Strength Design method and allowable soil

bearing pressures for foundation will be design in

accordance with the NSCP 2010.

Allowable Stresses

Calculated stresses from the governing loading

combination for structures and equipment supports will not

exceed the allowable limits permitted by the applicable

codes, standards, and specifications.

Construction Materials

Concrete

The design compressive strength (f’c) of concrete and

grout is measured at 28 days. The classes of concrete and

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grout to be used will be shown on engineering design

drawings or indicated in design specifications.

Reinforcing Steel

Reinforcing steel bars for concrete will be designed

conforming to ASTM A572, Grade 60, and for the truss will

be designed conforming to ASTM A36, Grade 30.

Concrete Masonry

Concrete masonry units will be hollow, medium weight,

and load bearing conforming to ASTM C90. Mortar will

conform to ASTM C270. Grout will conform to ASTM C476.

Other Materials

Other materials for construction, such as concrete

expansion anchors, and embedded metal, will conform to

industry standards and will be identified on engineering

design drawings or specifications.

Structural Load Analysis

The structural load analysis that will be used in this

project in determining the loads that the structure can

resist through time are portal method and analysis of

vertical loads.
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Analysis of Lateral-Wind Load Analysis for Walls

The first step in analyzing of lateral-wind load

analysis for walls is to determine the basic wind speed V

and wind directionality factor K4 in accordance with section

207.5.4 and table 207-2 respectively. Second, an importance

factor Iw shall be determined in accordance with section

207.5.5, to table 207-3 based on the building and structure

categories listed in table 103-1. Third an exposure

category and velocity exposure coefficient K2 or Kh as

applicable, shall be determined for each wind direction in

accordance with Section 207.5.6.6 refer to table 207-4 of

(NSCP). Fourth, the topographic factor Kht shall be

determined in accordance with Section 207.5.7. Fifth, a

gust effect factor G or Gf as applicable shall be

determined in accordance with Section 207.5.8., an

enclosure classification shall be determined in

accordance with Section 207.5.9 Next, an internal pressure

coefficient GCp, shall be determined in accordance with

Section, 207.5.11.1 Sixth an external pressure coefficients

Cp or GCpfs, or force coefficients, as applicable, shall be

determined in accordance with Section 201.5.11.2 or

207.5.11.3 respectively. Also, the velocity pressure qz or

qh as applicable shall be determined in accordance with

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Section 207.5.10. Lastly, designed wind load P or F shall

be determined in accordance with Sections 207.1.12,

207.5.13, 207.5.14, and 207.5.15 as applicable.

Parameters in Analysis of Lateral Loads Using Portal Method

The following are the parameters in the analysis of

Lateral Loads using Portal Method, First is to draw a

sketch of the simplified frame obtained by inserting an

internal hinge at the midpoint of each member of the given

frame. Then, determine column shears for each story of the

frame. Pass a horizontal section through all the columns of

the story, cutting the frame into two portions. Assuming

that the shears in interior columns are twice as much as in

exterior columns, determine the column shears by applying

the equation of horizontal equilibrium (∑ Fx = 0)to the free

body of the upper portion of the frame. Also, draw free-

body diagrams of all members and joints of the frame,

showing the external loads and the column end shears

computed in the previous step. Determine also column

moments. Determine moments at the ends of each column by

applying the equations of condition that the bending moment

is zero at the column midheight, where an inflection point

(internal hinge) has been assumed. As shown in Fig. 1(a),

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by applying the equations of condition, ∑BH

H M=0 and

∑TH
H M = 0 to the free body of column height h, we find that

the moments at the two ends of the column are equal in

magnitude and have the same sense (i.e., either both end

moments are clockwise or both are counter clockwise). The

magnitude of the column end moments (MC) is equal to the

magnitude of the column shears (SC) times half the column

h
height; that is, Mc = Sc (2). Determine end moments for all the

columns of the frame.

Figure 1. Column and Girder End Forces and Moments

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After determining the end moments of the column,

determine also girder axial forces, moments, and shears.

Proceeding from the top story of the frame to the bottom,

compute axial forces, moments, and shears at the ends of

the girders of each successive story by starting at the far

left joint of the story and working across to the right, as

follows: (a) Apply the equilibrium equations, (∑ Fx = 0) and

(∑ M = 0), to the free body of the joint under consideration

to compute the axial force and moment, respectively, at the

left (adjoining) end of the girder on the right side of the

joint. (b) Considering the free body of the girder,

determine the shear at the girder’s left end by dividing

the girder moment by half the girder length (see Fig.

Mg
1(b)); that is, Sg= L/2 .This equation is based on the

condition that the bending moment at the girder midpoint is

zero. (c) By applying the equilibrium equation (∑ Fx = 0),

(∑ Fy = 0), (∑ M = 0) to the free body of the girder, determine

the axial force, shear, and moment respectively, at the

right end. As shown in Fig. 1(b), the axial forces and

shears at the ends of the girder must be equal but

opposite, whereas the two end moments must be equal to each

other in both magnitude and direction. (d) Select the joint

to the of the girder considered previously, and repeat

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steps 5(a) through 5(c) until the axial forces, moments,

and shears in all the girders of the storey have been

determined. The equilibrium equations (∑ Fx = 0) and (∑ M = 0)

for the right end joint have not been utilized so far, so

these equations can be used to check the calculations. (e)

Starting at the far left joint of the story below the one

considered previously, repeat steps 5(a) through 5(d) until

the axial forces, moments, and shears in all of the girders

of the framed have been determined. Also, determine column

axial forces. Starting at the top story, apply the

equilibrium equation (∑ Fy = 0), successively to the free

body of each joint to determine the axial forces in the

columns of the story. Repeat the procedure for each

successive story, working from top to bottom, until the

axial forces in all the columns of the frame have been

determined. Realizing that the forces and moments at the

lower ends of the bottom story columns represent the

support reactions, use the free equilibrium equations of

the entire frame to check the calculations. If the analysis

has been performed correctly, then these equilibrium

equations must be satisfied. Lastly if we wish to compute

member forces and moments by proceeding from the right end

of the story toward the left, then the term left should be

replaced by right and vice versa.

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Analysis of Vertical Loads

The approximate analysis of a rectangular frame

subjected to vertical loads the following assumptions are

made for each girder of the frame:

1. The inflection points are located at one-tenth of

the span from each end of the girder.

2. The girder axial force is zero.

For the effect of these simplifying assumptions is that

the middle eight tenths of the span (0.8L) for each girder

can be considered to be simply supported on the two end

portions of the girder, each of which is of the length

equal to one-tenth of the girder span (0.1L), as shown in

Fig. 12.2(e). Note that the girders are now statically

determinate, and their end forces and moments can be

determined from the statics, as shown in the figure. It

should be realized that by making three assumptions about

the behaviour of each girder of the frame, the researchers

have made a total number of assumptions equal to the degree

of the indeterminacy of the frame, thereby rendering the

entire frame statically determinate, as shown in the Fig.

12.2(f). Once the girder end forces have been computed, the

total end forces of the column and the support reaction can

be determined from equilibrium consideration.

 27

Figure 2.1. Building Frame

Figure 2.2. Typical Girder

 28

Figure 2.3. Simply Supported Girder

Figure 2.3. Simply Supported Girder

 29

Figure 2.3. Simplified Determinate Girder

Structural Design Analysis

The structural designs that will be use in this project

are Design of Beam, Design of Slab, Design of Column,

Design of Footing, Design of Wall Footing and Design of

Stairs.

Design of Reinforced Concrete Beam

The following are the steps in designing a reinforced

concrete beam of the Proposed Culasi Seaport Terminal using

the Ultimate Strength Design.

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Steps in Designing a Reinforced Concrete Beam (USD)

1. Identify the values of the dead load and live load to

be carried by the beam. (DL & LL)

2. Compute the service load.

Ex. Service load = DL + LL

3. Compute the factored moment to be resisted by the

beam, Mu

4. The value of steel ratio ρ is from 0.5ρb to 0.6ρb but

must not be less than ρmin . This value of ρ will

provide enough allowance in the actual value of ρ due

to the rounding-off of the bars to be used, for it not

to exceed the maximum ρ of 0.75ρb

5. Compute value of ω.

6. Solve for bd2

7. Try a ratio d⁄b (from d = 1.5b to d = 2b), and solve

for d, (round-off this value to reasonable dimension).

Check also the minimum thickness of beam required by

the code as given in Table 2.1. After solving for “d”,

substitute its value to Step VII, and solve for “b”.

Compute the weight of the beam and compare it to the

Assumption made in step II.

8. Solve for the required steel area and number of bars.

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Steps in computing the Required Tension Steel Area As of a

Beam with known Moment Mu and Other Beam properties:

1. Solve for ρmax and Mu max

2. Solve for ρ

3. Compression reinforcement is necessary.

Design of Stirrups

The following are the steps in designing of stirrups

of the Proposed Culasi Seaport Terminal stirrups using

Ultimate Strength Design.

1. Calculate the factored shear force Vu at critical

Section, or at any section you want the spacing bo

determined.

2. Calculate the shear strength provided by concrete Vc .

3. If Vu > ∅Vc - Stirrups are necessary.

1
If Vu < ∅Vc ; but Vu > ∅Vc - Proceed to step 6
2

1
If Vu < ∅Vc - Stirrups are not needed
2

4. Calculate the shear strength Vs to be provided by

the stirrup.

5. Spacing of stirrups:
bw s
6. Minimum Area Stirrup, Av = 3fy
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Design of Slabs

The following are the steps in designing of slabs both

in one way slab and two way slab of the Proposed Culasi

Seaport Terminal using the Ultimate Strength Design.

a. One Way Slab

1. Identify the load to be carried by the slab.

Ls
2. Identify the type of slab, if < 0.50, design as one
LL

way slab.

3. Compute the minimum thickness of slab.

4. Compute for ultimate load.

5. Compute for Moment.

6. Compute value for ρmin , ρmax and ρ.

7. Use the value of ρ if ρmin < ρ <ρmax .

8. Compute the steel requirements.

9. Compute for the spacing of bars.

10. Compute for the area of temperature bars.

11. Compute for the spacing of temperature bars.

b. Two way Slab

1. Identify the loads to be carried by the slab.

L
2. Identify the type of slab, if Ls > 0.50, design as
L

two way slab.

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3. Compute the minimum thickness of the slab.

4. Compute for ultimate load.

5. Analyze the slab using Coefficient Method, obtain

the value of Coefficient Method, obtain the values of

coefficient of moments in the table below.

6. Compute the Moments along short direction, long

direction and continuous side.

7. Design the reinforcement spacing along short

direction

7.1 Compute the spacing at the midspan.

 Compute the steel requirements.

 Compute for the spacing of bars.

 Check for the spacing limits for reinforcement:

7.2 Design the spacing at the discontinuous side.

7.3 Design the spacing at the continuous side.

 Compute the steel requirements.

 Compute for the spacing of bars.

8. Design the reinforcement along long direction.

(the same procedure in solving along short direction)

The following are the values of the coefficients for

negative moments, dead load positive moments and live-load

positive moments in designing of slabs.

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Figure 3.1. Coefficients for Negative Moments in Slabs

Figure 3.2. Coefficients for Dead-Load Positive Moments in Slabs

 35

Figure 3.3. Coefficients for Live-Load Positive Moments in Slabs

Design Procedure of Eccentrically loaded Columns

Using Interaction Diagrams

The following are the steps in designing of

eccentrically loaded columns using interaction diagram of

the Proposed Culasi Seaport Terminal.

1. Determine the axial load Pu and factored moment Mu.

Assume diameter of bars.

2. Use 60 mm concrete cover, fć = 20.7MPa and fy = 414MPa.

3. Assume average compressive stress of 0.5fć.

 36

4. Solve for eccentricity.

5. Using interaction diagram determine the ρg .

Figure 4 Interaction Diagram

6. Solve the numbers of bars.

7. Solve the spacing of ties.

Design Procedure of Axially loaded Columns

The following are the steps in designing of axially

loaded columns of the Proposed Culasi Seaport Terminal.

 37

1. Determine the axial loads to be carried by the

columns.

2. Assume Ast = 0.10Ag to 0.06Ag .

3. Compute the axial load capacity of the column.
4. Compute for the ultimate load.
5. Compute for the number of bars.
6. Compute the spacing of ties.

Design of Pile Foundation

The following are the steps in designing of pile

foundation of the Proposed Culasi Seaport Terminal.

1. Assume pile cap dimension.

2. Assume no. of piles.

3. Solve the depth using the formula given in Reinforced

Concrete by Reynolds.

4. Solve for the ultimate load per pile incliding its

self weight.

5. Check the depth “d” using one way shear (beam shear).

6. Check also for the two-way shear (punching shear).

7. Solve for the maximum bending moment on the pile cap.

8. Compute for ω:

9. Compute ρ, ρmin and ρmax . Use the value of ρ if ρmin <ρ<ρmax .

10. Compute for the steel requirements.

11. Compute for the number of bars needed.

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Design of Wall Footing

The following are the steps in designing of wall

footing of the Proposed Culasi Seaport Terminal.

1. Compute the service load.

2. Compute qeff .

3. Compute the required area. (Assume base of footing

1.0m)

4. Compute the ultimate upward pressure, qu .

5. Compute Vu . (Check in terms of Shear)

6. Compute for Mu :

7. Compute for ω:

8. Compute ρ, ρmin and ρmax . Use the value of ρ if

ρmin < ρ < ρmax .

9. Compute for the steel requirements.

10. Compute for the number of bars needed.

11. Compute for the spacing of bars.

12. Compute for the area of temperature bars.

13. Compute for the spacing of temperature bars.

Design of Stairs

The following are the steps in designing of pile

foundation of the Proposed Culasi Seaport Terminal.

 39

1. Identify the loads carried by the stairs.

2. Compute for run

3. Compute the number of steps.

4. Compute the required effective of slab.

5. Check for the relation of rise and thread.

6. Compote the weight of slab along horizontal surface.

7. Compute for the weight of step.

8. Compute for the total load.

9. Compute for Moment:

10. Compute for ω.

11. Compute for ρ, ρmin and ρmax . Use the value of ρ if

ρmin < ρ < ρmax

12. Compute for steel requirements.

13. Compute for the spacing of bars.

14. Compute the area required for temperature bars.

15. Compute for the spacing of temperature bars.

Design Procedure in the Design of Tension Member for Truss

The following are the steps in designing of tension

member for truss of the Proposed Culasi Seaport Terminal.

A. Single angle with leg angle at end connection

1. Determine the tensile load of the member.

2. Determine the required net area.

 40

T
Required An = Ft

3. Approximate gross area

Ag = 9/8 An for one gage angle

Ag = 5/4 An for two gage angle

4. Determine the minimum connection leg.

bmin = 4∅

5. Minimum radius of gyration

L
rmin = (For main member)
240

L
rmin = (For secondary member)
300

6. Trial section, approximate Ag, rmin & bmin .

7. Compute for the net supplied area by the section.

An (supplied) = Ag – BHA ≥ required An

COST ANALYSIS

Assumption of the total cost of the project is what

cost analysis is all about. Before acquiring the overall

amount of the project, the researchers must know the

boundary of its proposal and the maintenance services to be

done. Excavation and its maintenance services will be

included in this analysis. Most importantly, the

researchers will also comprise the materials and equipment

needed to summarize all the expenditures of the proposal.

 41

The method used for calculating the cost of the project is

the method use by the book, Simplified Construction

Estimate 3rd Edition (Fajardo, M.B., 1995).

Estimating Labor Cost

In construction industry, aside from the materials and

equipment, there is one element that should not be taken

for granted for it cost a lot. The labor cost is not a

small entity to be neglected by the contractors. Nowadays,

it almost costs half of the material cost and it’s a great

problem during construction when it is not estimated

properly. The researchers estimated the labor cost by

multiplying the total project cost by 40%.

Duration of the Project

The Critical Path Method (CPM) network diagram is an

engineering tool that helps the contractors to track the

program of works that should be followed. It is a way to

know the sequence of the activities involved in the project

and anticipates the duration of the project in the right

time or even in the earliest possible time. In a PERT

diagram, activities are represented by arrows with circles

at each end of the arrow. The circles are to be numbered

 42

and then called the I-J node representing the start and the

end of the project. The circle at the beginning of the

activity represents the start of the activity while the

circle at the end of the arrow represents the finish of the

activity.