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FAQ:

WHAT IS A LED?
LED is the acronym of Light Emitting Diode and it is a semiconductor that emits visible light when electricity pass
through it. The emission of light depends on electrons flowing between anode and cathode and the color of the visual
emission (that can be Red, Green, Blue, Amber, White…) depends on the material utilized.
Colored LEDs

WHAT IS A PIXEL?
By definition, the pixel is the “luminous dot” present on every LED device, from the simple alphanumerical Single Line
display to FullColor maxi screens. This luminous dot can be formed by 1 or more LEDs depending on dimensions and
features of the device. For example, on a small-size Single Line display, the pixel is formed by 1 single LED while on the
king-size model the pixel can be formed by 20 LEDs. In some products, the pixel can be composed by up to 36 LEDs.

1 LED x Pixel 4 LED x Pixel

WHAT IS THE PITCH (OR “DOT PITCH” OR “PIXEL PITCH”)?
The pitch of a LED display defines the distance between the pixels, expressed in millimeters. This fundamental measure
determines the characteristics and the performances of a LED maxi screens: the pitch indeed is a defining factor of a
screen’s viewing distance: #1 – The smaller is the pitch, the shorter is the minimum viewing distance, the higher is the
total number of pixels present on the screen (and therefore higher is the screen’s cost per area). #2 – The bigger is the
pitch, the longer is the minimum viewing distance, the lower is the total number of pixels present on the screen (and
therefore lower is the screen’s cost per area) The pixel pitch therefore determines the LEDs density, which is usually
called Resolution. It is important to notice that while reducing the pixel pitch, the LED density increase exponentially:
for example, reducing the pitch by the 50% on the number of pixels grow of 4 times.

Pitch 20 mm Pitch 10 mm
Total pixels = 9 Total pixels = 36

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BERTWEEN SMD AND PTH LEDS ?

SMD is the acronym of Surface Mounting Device and it is the new frontier of the electronic visualization technology: the
revolution created by the SMD technology is represented by the miniaturization of all the electronic components, LEDs
included. The SMD components are mounted on the surface of the electronic board, without passing through it as any
other electronic component utilizing the former technology, called PHT (acronym of “Plating Through Holes”) The SMD
TOP LED is therefore mounted on the external part of the board (without the anode and cathode passing through
holes), as described in the image below (proportions are real): LEDs utilizing the SMD technology are different from the
PHT LEDs for another important characteristic: thanks to the miniaturization indeed it is possible to put 3 LEDs of
different colors within the same case (as in the picture on the top-right), resulting in a three colors LED. The possibility
to visualize three colors at the same time (Red, Green and Blue) on a single LED allow to create maxi-screens with an
even smaller pitch (the distance between pixels) therefore resulting in a higher resolution and quality image.

PHT technology LED PHT technology vs. SMD technology SMD technology LED
WHAT IS THE RESOLUTION OF A DISPLAY?
The resolution is nothing else but the number of pixels present on each square meter. The resolution is therefore
opposite proportional to the pixel pitch: smaller is the distance between two pixels, higher is the resolution (because on
the surface of the screen is present an higher number of LEDs). For example a 20 mm pitch screen has a resolution of
2304 pixels: this measure is obtained dividing the total length of a single module (975 mm) by the pixel pitch (in this
case 20 mm) resulting in the number of pixels on a single line: 975:20 = 48 pixels. Multiplying the number of pixels
present on a single line by the total number of lines the result is the total number of pixels present on the screen’s
surface, also called Resolution. In our example, 48 x 48 = 2304 pixel in total. Given this formula, it is possible to
calculate that a 30 mm pitch screen has a resolution of 1024 pixel per module, while a 10 mm pitch screen has a
resolution of 9216 pixels per module. It is important to notice that reducing of only few millimetres the pixel pitch, the
LED density (and therefore the resolution) increase exponentially.

Remember: Smaller is the pitch » Shorter is the minimum viewing distance » Higher is the total number of pixels
present on the screen » Higher is the quality image » Higher is the screen’s cost per area.
Module's Resolution Module's Resolution
3 x 3 = 9 pixel 6 x 6 = 36 pixel

WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF A DISPLAY?

The “definition” is the number of vertical and horizontal pixels that are on the entire screen. For example, some
standard definitions are 96x64 pixels (=low definition); 256x192 pixels (=medium definition): 640x480 pixels (=high
definition). The definition is therefore related to the pixel pitch, the distance between the pixels. To simplify and clarify
the terminology, it is possible to say that the RESOLUTION is referred to the single module, while the DEFINITION is
referred to the entire screen, once that all modules have been mounted.
Screen Definition Screen Definition
18 x 12 = 216 pixels 9 x 6 = 54 pixel
WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE AMONG SCREENS WITH SAME DIMENSIONS BUT DIFFERENT PITCH?
The difference is the optimal viewing distance. The LED maxi screen with an higher definition (therefore a the smaller
pitch and a greater number of LEDs per m2) has an higher image’s quality, ideal even for short viewing distance. The
screen with a lower definition (therefore with a bigger pitch and a smaller number of LEDs per m2) has a lower image’s
quality, ideal for greater viewing distance. It is important to clarify that the definition is determined by the screen’s
viewing distance once it will be installed: if a maxi screen will be observed from 300 meters, it doesn’t need an high
definition because of a biological reason: the human eye can not discriminate small details from larger distances
anyways. On the other side, a maxi screen observed from 30 meters needs a higher definition because from such a
short distance the human eye is able to recognize even small details. To provide a comparison, in the table below are
represented two hypothetical screens of the same dimensions but with different definition: the first (fig. 1) has a higher
definition and is therefore ideal even for short viewing distances. The second one (fig. 2) has a lower definition and it is
ideal for greater viewing distances. To better understand the “viewing distance” concept, please look at the pictures
from few centimeters and then from 3 meters: even if the images have a different definition, if observed from 3 meters
distance, they seem to have the same quality.
FIG. 1 FIG. 2
Higher Definition Lower Definition
Ideal for Short Viewing Distance Ideal for Great Viewing Distance

WHAT ARE THE MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM VIWEING DISTANCES OF A LED GIANT SCREEN?
The minimum and maximum viewing distances of a LED maxi screen are measured depending on two fundamental
characteristics of the screen: the pixel pitch and the screen’s dimension. #1 – the minimum distance is calculated
converting into meters the pixel pitch. For example, a maxi screen with 10mm pitch has a minimum viewing distance of
10 meters, while a 20mm pitch screen has a minimum viewing distance of 20 meters. #2 – the maximum distance
instead, depends on the screen’s dimension and it can be calculated multiplying x10 and converting into meters the
number of maxi-screen’s square meters. For example a 4x3 meters (=12sq) can be viewed from 120 meters distance.
While talking about maximum distance, there are two concepts to clarify, “readability” and “visibility”. “Readability”
identifies the distance within the images broadcasted on the maxi screen are readable, thus clearly recognizable.
“Visibility” identifies the distance within the images showed are able to attract the human eye’s attention, even if the
images are not perfectly identifiable. The visibility of a maxi-screen is usually the double of its readability (in our former
example: readability 120 meters = visibility 240 meters). Regarding the written texts, the readability depends on the
fonts’ size. Generally, it is possible to say that every centimetre can be read from about 5-meter distance. For example,
10 cms texts can be read from about 50 meters.
IS IT POSSIBLE TO VISUALIZE A VIDEO ON THE LED DISPLAY?
Of course yes. LED displays have their main application field in the live video visualization during concerts, sports
events and TV shows (only later such an advanced technology entered the advertising field too). For the video
visualization it is important to be aware of the fact that, to obtain a satisfactory quality of the images, it is necessary to
utilize a display with a minimum resolution of 192 x 128 pixels. Euro Display’s graphic screens function as huge
monitors and they are able to visualize in real-time anything is visualized on the PC monitor, from the mouse cursor to
a video downloaded from internet, from the icons on the desktop to a DVD or a live performance

WHAT ARE THE COLOR’S LEVELS?

Color’s levels are the touches that any color can have. In the LED visualization field are kept into consideration the
color’s levels of the three primary colors: Red, Green and Blue. The number of color’s levels define the number of
touches needed to pass from the lowest level (turned off) to the highest (lighted at maximum power). It is obvious that
higher are the number of touches available, higher is the quality and the naturalness of the visualized image.

9 color’s levels 90 color’s levels

WHAT IS THE 16 BIT TECHNOLOGY?

Displays utilizing a 8 bit technology, that degrades the image during the video elaboration phase, are able to visualize
256 color’s levels for each of the three primary colors. This means that are able to visualize 256 x 256 x 256 = 16,8
millions colors in total. Euro Display’s maxi-screens instead utilize a 16 bit technology for each color that allows to
manage the video without altering the quality in a perceptible way (so the human eye does not notice it). After this
elaboration (called Gamma Correction) it is possible to visualize 65.000 color’s levels for each of the three primary
colors. This means that it is possible to visualize 65.000 x 65.000 x 65.000 = 280 trillions colors in total.
8 bit technology 16 bit technology
256 color’s levels 65.000 color’s levels
16,8 million colors 280 trillion colors
WHAT IS THE COLOR’S TEMPERATURE AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?
As an international convention defined by the CIE (International Commission of Illumination) states, while evaluating
the properties of any source of light, it is used a measure that it takes into account their chromatic content. Such
measure of reference is called “color’s temperature” and it is expressed in Kelvin degrees (°K). Low levels of color’s
temperature correspond to color’s tones stretching out to the red, while high levels correspond to color’s tones
stretching out to the blue. In LED maxi-screen is fundamental to keep constant this measure to visualize high quality
and naturalness pictures.

WHY IS THE PURE WHITE CREATED WITH THREE LEDS OF DIFFERENT COLORS?
Because the human eye has three types of receptors for the vision during the day and each one of them correspond to
a primary color. Any other color is the result of the simultaneous stimulation of these three types of receptors, after a
phenomenon called addition synthesis (that mix the chromatic components captured by the eye). The mix of the three
primary colors, in different percentages, therefore generates each color. The color of reference, the pure white, is
obtainable mixing the primary colors in the percentage of about 50% green, 30% red and 20% blue Euro Display’s
technology allows, varying these values, to obtain 280 billion colors. This huge palette is guarantee of a superior image
quality and unbeatable visualization capacity.
Chromaticity Diagram RGB visualization system SMD TOP LED real picture
CIE 1931 Red-Green-Blue

WHAT IS THE VISIBILITY ANGLE?

The visibility angle of a screen is by convention the angle within which the brightness of a display is equal to the 50%
of the frontal luminosity. For example, a maxi-screen with 5000 NIT frontal luminosity (NIT = millicandels/sq) has a
visibility angle equal to the angle by which the brightness is reduced to 2500 NIT. This visibility angle can vary
depending on the LED and the technical features of the display.

Observation Point: Frontal = 5000 NIT; Lateral = 2500 NIT

WHAT IS THE IP RATE (ACRONYM OF INGRESS PROTECTION) AND WHAT DOES IT MEASURE?
The IP rate identifies the Ingress Protection against humidity and dust. The IP level is described by 2 two figures: the
first one is referred to the protection level against dust, the second against water. The Ingress Protection level is an
international standard and it is utilized to measure the waterproofness of any electronic products. Devices with a higher
IP level keep the internal components safe and clean. EuroLED’s maxi screen guarantee a IP65, the highest reachable
in the LED visualization field.

WHAT IS THE VIRTUAL PIXEL TECHNOLOGY?

The Virtual Pixel is a technology of image management that allows visualizing pictures of a definition higher than the
physical one, thanks to a technique called “pixel interpolation”. Euro Display’s Virtual Pixel technology is able to control
every single LED: this particular and exclusive screen management feature allows overlying every single pixel to the
next one, creating a so-called “virtual pixel” (a pixel that does not exist but is perceptible by the human eye). The
screen’s definition is one of the characteristics that define images’ quality and naturalness: higher is the resolution,
higher is the picture’s quality. Euro Display’s maxi-screens with virtual pixel technology can visualize images with a
definition four times higher than the physical definition of the display; therefore, images are more detailed and realistic.
Physical Definition
Without Virtual Pixel Technology

Virtuall Definition
With Virtual Pixel Technology
WHAT IT IS AND WHY IT IS IMPORTANT THE REFRESH RATE?
The refresh rate indicates the number of times that the image refreshes every second. For example, a PC monitor has a
refresh rate of 72 Hertz (Hz) and therefore refresh all the pixels of the screen, from top to bottom, 72 times every
second. The refresh rate is fundamental because determines the image’s quality: if it is too low, the human eye can see
a flicker that causes headache and eye’s damages. To provide a comparison, most of the TV monitors have a refresh
rate of 50Hz and only few products of the last generation have a 100Hz refresh rate. Euro Display’s screens have a 240
Hz refresh rate, which is almost triple of the most advanced cathode tube technologies.

WHAT IS THE CONTRAST LEVEL?

It’s the difference between the light emitted by the display and the environmental light reflected by the screen’s
surface. Minor is the light reflected, higher is the contrast and therefore the cleanliness and naturalness of the images.
To increase the contrast Euro Display’s solutions are provided with particular anti-reflex flyers that split the light and
reflect it in different directions, increasing the visibility of the screen even in direct Sun light.

DOES LED REALLY HAVE A LIFE OF 100.000 HOURS (OVER 11 YEARS)?

To guarantee 100.000 hours lifetime, LED producers state clearly two fundamental conditions that must be met, the
internal temperature and the power intensity. These measures have different values depending on LED type, but to
provide a limit of comparison we can say that: #1 – the LED internal temperature must be below 120 °C (measured in
a 25°C environment) #2 – the power must be below 20 mA If both these conditions are met, the LED producer
guarantees that after 100.000 hours (about 11 years always turned on) the LED brightness will be reduced by 50% of
the initial value. Being aware of the importance of these parameters, during the years Euro Display invested in
technological solutions able to manage automatically and keep constant both these values with a series of devices and
controls as: #1 a special forced ventilation electronic system, #2 a specific chip that manage every single LED and #3
a special system of heat sinks.

IS IT POSSIBILE TO PURCHASE A CUSTOM SIZE MAXI-SCREEN?

Of course, yes. Thanks to the Euro Display’s modular design and state-of-the-art technology, there are no limits in
shape, dimensions and definition. The only difference is the cost. That is the reason why Euro Display always suggests
its customers to optimize the screen’s size following the recommendations of our technical department.

WHERE CAN I FIND THE SPARE PARTS?

For each maxi-screen, Euro Display provides a number of spare parts sufficient to cover the ageing due to the normal
usage, without any cost for the customer. Moreover, if it is the case, any reparation made within the warranty period
will be totally free.
WHAT IS THE MODULAR SYSTEM?
It is a system that allows to build LED screens of big dimensions mounting together several base-modules, depending
on thee customer’s specific needs. EuroLED’s base modules have different sizes, depending on the sizes of LED
modules. Euro Display’s modular system offer huge vantages: it allows an easy transportation and a simple mounting
procedure, it permits an easy maintenance, doesn’t put any limit in shape, size and resolution and moreover allows the
future upgradeability of the maxi screen.

Base Module 975 x 975 x 125 mm Modular System

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INDOOR AND OUTDOOR MAXI-SCREENS?

From a general point of view the difference between indoor and outdoor screens are the following: #1 – Resolution: as
the outdoor screens are usually watched from greater distances, they do not need the highest resolution (from great
distance the human eye do not discriminate small details anyways). The cost due to the big dimensions is therefore
compensated by the lower resolution needed to provide a good image quality. #2 – IP level and cooling system:
outdoor screens are treated with a particular “tropicalization” technique that grants an excellent resistance to water,
salty air and corrosive intrusions typical of the outdoor installations. Moreover a particular forced-ventilation system
guarantees that the temperature inside the module remains constant and does not pass the critical levels. #3 –
against-sun and against-vandalism protection system: outdoor LED maxi screens are provided of a special protection
system that has the double function of protecting the screens from the sun (increasing the contrast levels and obtaining
a better image) and from vandalism acts. #4 – Brightness: the outdoor usage requires high brightness components in
order to be visible from greater distances and most of all to contrast the direct sunlight.

CAN YOU SEE THE IMAGES ON BOTH SIDES?

Not on a single screen. On LED maxiscreen, LEDs are mounted on a support called printed circuit and they are fixed on
one single side. To see the images on both sides it is necessary to have two screens, standing one against the other by
the rear side.
WHAT IS THE CARRYING STRUCTURE OF A LEDWALL?
LED graphic displays are installed with different carrying structure dependin on the applications. They can be installed
on:

ƒ truck
ƒ on the side of a building or structure
ƒ on streestanding feet
ƒ on a pole
ƒ on goal post structure
ƒ hanging (for indoor applications)

DO YOU NEED A PERMISSION FROM THE CITY HALL?

Most probably, yes. In most of the European and American countries thoug, its not difficult to get this permission. In
most cases it is enough to present a plan for the installation (taking into account the evironmental impact) and simply
paying the related "public installation" fee which is usually paid yearly.

HOW MUCH IS THE LED CONSUMTION?

The LED consumption depends on the Manufacturer, on the color and on the power that we supply to the diode. As
indication we can say that a LED consumption is between 15 and 100 ma (milliampere) and its power can vary from 0,1
and 1 Watt.