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Securing
1.1 Securing principles
1.1.1 Definitions
The following terms and definitions are used in this chapter. They are mainly based on
the IMO CSS-Code.
Kilo Newton (kN) suitable unit of force under the SI-System for securing
considerations; it replaces the traditional tonne or
kilogram, which should be used for the mass only; the
force of 1 kN corresponds to about 0.1 tonne or 100 kg,
taken as weight or force in the old fashion
securing element single piece of securing equipment like a deck ring,
shackle, turn buckle, chain, wire, wire clip or securing
point on the cargo unit
securing device suitable combination of securing elements forming a
lashing, a shore or a welded stopper
homogeneous securing consists of elements having the same values of MSL
device
securing arrangement a suitable composition of securing devices
homogeneous securing consists of securing devices of suitably adapted strength
arrangement and geometrical configuration to achieve, that in case of
an extreme external load all the devices carry their share
and are not loaded beyond their MSL
breaking load (BL) nominal force at which a securing element will break;
or breaking strength information to be supplied by manufacturer or chandler;
for some securing materials BL is available by rules of
thumb
Annex 13 method calculation method for evaluating a securing arrangement
supplied in the Annex 13 to the IMO CSS-Code; latest
edition from 2003, MSC/Circ. 1026
maximum securing load maximum acceptable force in a securing element or
(MSL) securing device; the Annex 13 shows a table with MSL as
percentage of BL for different materials
calculation strength (CS) MSL reduced by a factor of safety; figures of CS for
securing devices are only used in balance calculations
according to the Annex 13
CS = MSL / 1.5 for the standard method
CS = MSL / 1.35 for the alternative method
cross-stowage stowage pattern where the cargo is tightly stuffed
between and supported by the ship's sides or other fixed
structures like longitudinal bulkheads; minimal securing
effort necessary in general; securing against longitudinal
forces required in fore or aft holds, because friction may
be reduced due to temporary vertical forces; compacting
of surface of cargo may be required if units may jump out
side-stowage support against transverse forces is given by fixed ship's
structure from one side only; there is a need for
transverse securing to the other side and also longitudinal
securing
single stowage stowage pattern applicable to single cargo units stowed
on deck or in the hold; unit needs securing from all sides
0.8 g
0.6 g
0.5 g
0.3 g
0.8 g
0.6 g
0.4 g
0.1 g
MSL =
18% W to aft
port stbd
c.o.g.
h
c.o.g.
aft fwd
l
Figure 3.2.4: Risk of longitudinal tipping with h > 1.2 l
Securing against tipping may be effected by the same lashings intended for the prevention
of sliding, provided the lashings act with a suitable lever with regard to the relevant
tipping axis.
levers
c
tipping
axis
aft
Figure 3.2.5: Ideal securing arrangement against transverse and longitudinal sliding
and transverse tipping
f
ri
cti
onl
oop
s
s
i
ll
y l
oop
s
Figure 3.2.11: Securing a wooden box by half loops and head loops
port stbd
Figure 3.2.12: Heavy unit secured against transverse tipping and longitudinal sliding
by lashings and against transverse sliding by timber shore constructions
port
stbd
Figure 3.2.13: Heavy unit secured against transverse sliding and tipping by lashings
and against longitudinal sliding by welded stoppers
Other equipment
Item dimensions BL MSLBeluga MSLIMO
Lashing chain & lever 13 mm , 6 m 200 kN 100 kN 100 kN
Lashing belt & 50 mm width, 8 m 50 kN 25 kN 25 kN
tensioner
Turnfoot D-ring LE 3 353 kN 176 kN 176 kN
Galvanised wire rope 16 mm (on coils of 220 m) 141 kN 80 kN 99 kN
Wire rope clips for 16 mm wire rope --- --- ---
The MSLIMO of the galvanised wire rope is taken as one-way material with 70% BL.
6 x 12 + 7 FC 6 x 19 + 1 FC
2 2
BL = 25 x d BL = 50 x d
25%
25%
2 x 25% 2 x 25%
2 x 25%
2 x 25%
20% BL
friction
"
L
a-
Pa
lo
ma
"
l
ash
i
ng
2
This lashing has been given the name "La-Paloma" lashing in memory of the lucky sailor presented by the
performer and vocalist Hans Albers.
Figure 3.4.11: Correct assembly of Type A wire rope lashings
Figure 3.4.12: Wrong clips setting and MSL reduced due to single lay at sharp corners
The MSLs of stoppers of different design or clips with other dimensions of the clips shall
be determined with approval from the Engineering Department of Beluga Shipping.
shore
shore
steel view
crossbeam
crossbeam
cramps from
in place the top
shore
shore
overlap of
crossbeams
diagonal
braces
shore
shore
benches
horizontal
crossbeams uprights
shore
diagonal
braces
shore
benches
additional tipping
moment from inertia ordinary tipping
moment = Fya
transverse
force Fy
z
tipping lever a
tipping axis
centre of ship
rotation acceleration
h
ip
ip
l l
h
w w
Figure 3.5.2: Polar radius of inertia ip for a full square shaped body (left)
and a hollow square shaped body (right)
Longitudinal tipping
A similar consideration for tipping in the longitudinal direction should consider a pitching
period T = 0.5 Lpp seconds and a pitching amplitude of 15°. This includes a
moderate slamming shock. The additional tipping moment in longitudinal direction may
become significant due to the generally short pitching periods of 5 to 6 seconds.
Figure: 3.5.3: Cargo units with large polar radius of inertia