Communication

Communication is the process of sending and receiving messages through verbal or

nonverbal means, including speech, or oral communication; writing and graphical
representations and signs, signals, and behavior. More simply, communication is said to
be "the creation and exchange of meaning.The receiver gives feedback to the sender of
the message, both during the message's conveyance and afterward. Feedback signals
can be verbal or nonverbal, such as nodding in agreement or looking away and sighing or
other myriad gestures. There's also the context of the message, the environment it's
given in, and potential for interference during its sending or receipt.
Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place, person or group
to another. Every communication involves (at least) one sender, a message and a recipient.

Verbal Communication

The Verbal Communication is a type of oral communication wherein the message is

transmitted through the spoken words. Here the sender gives words to his feelings,
thoughts, ideas and opinions and expresses them in the form of speeches, discussions,
presentations, and conversations. The effectiveness of the verbal communication
depends on the tone of the speaker, clarity of speech, volume, speed, body language and
the quality of words used in the conversation.
In the case of the verbal communication, the feedback is immediate since there are a
simultaneous transmission and receipt of the message by the sender and receiver
respectively. The sender must keep his speech tone high and clearly audible to all and
must design the subject matter keeping the target audience in mind. The sender should
always cross check with the receiver to ensure that the message is understood in
absolutely the same way as it was intended. Such communication is more prone to errors
as sometimes the words are not sufficient to express the feelings and emotions of a
person. The success of the verbal communication depends not only on the speaking
ability of an individual but also on the listening skills. How effectively an individual listens
to the subject matter decides the effectiveness of the communication. The verbal
communication is applicable in both the formal and informal kind of situations.
Spoken words make up verbal communication. Verbal communication may take place
face-to-face or through some media such as the telephone. The two types of verbal
communication are interpersonal and mass communication. Your everyday conversations
with friends, family and coworkers are interpersonal and make up the majority of your
verbal communication. When you address a crowd, you are engaging in public speaking
or mass communication. Examples of public speaking include delivering a toast at an
event or giving a presentation at work.
Nonverbal Communication

Is the process of conveying meaning without the use of words either written or spoken. In
other words, any communication made between two or more persons through the use of
facial expressions, hand movements, body language, postures, and gestures is called as
non-verbal communication.
The Non-Verbal Communication, unlike the verbal communication, helps in establishing
and maintaining the interpersonal relationships while the verbals only help in
communicating the external events. People use non-verbals to express emotions and
interpersonal attitudes, conduct rituals such as greetings and bring forward one’s
personality.
The non-verbal communication in the form of signals, expressions add meaning over the
verbals and help people to communicate more efficiently. It supplements whatever is said
in words, such as people nod to acknowledge and move their hands to give directions.
The non-verbal communication defines the distance between the communicators and
helps them to exchange their emotional state of mind. Also, it regulates the flow of
communication, for example, an individual can give signals to convey that he had
finished speaking or else he wants to speak.
Sometimes, the non-verbals acts as a barrier to communicating effectively as the
recipient could not understand what the sender is trying to say and may interpret it
wrongly.
Tone includes the pitch, volume and inflection of your voice. Posture is an important part
of body language; sitting up straight conveys confidence while slouching conveys apathy.
Eye contact suggests interest. Gestures are often used to emphasize a point. Facial
expressions convey emotion. Proximity can demonstrate aggression when the speaker is
too close, or fear when the speaker draws back.
Communication Process
The communication is a dynamic process that begins with the conceptualizing of ideas by
the sender who then transmits the message through a channel to the receiver, who in
turn gives the feedback in the form of some message or signal within the given time
frame. Thus, there are Seven major elements of communication process
Simply, an act of conveying intended information and understanding from one person to
another is called as communication. The sender encodes the message into words and
expresses his thoughts in proper sequence. Then heard and interpreted or
decoded by the receiver.
There are various types of communication models developed to explain how
communication happens in different ways.
1)Linear model
2)Interactive model
3)Osgood and Schramm circular model
4)Transaction model
5)Helical model
Linear model
In linear model, communication is considered one way process where sender is the only
one who sends message and receiver doesn’t give feedback or response. The message
signal is encoded and transmitted through channel in presence of noise. The sender is
more prominent in linear model of communication. into his own model known as SMCR
(Source, Message, Channel, Receiver) Model of Communication.
Interactive model

Interactive model (also known as convergence model) deals with exchange of ideas and
messages taking place both ways from sender to receiver and vice-versa. The
communication process take place between humans or machines in both verbal or non-
verbal way. This is a relatively new model of communication for new technologies like
web.

Osgood and Schramm circular model

It can happen within our self or two people; each person acts as both sender and receiver
and hence use interpretation. It is simultaneously take place e.g. encoding, interpret and
decoding. Also emphasizes that the communication is incomplete unless and until the
sender receives a feedback from the recipient. Imagine a person sharing his thoughts
with his friend and his friend not responding to him. Is the communication complete NO.
Schramm believed that communication is actually a two way process between the first
party and the second party.

Transaction model
Transactional model is the process of continuous change and transformation where every
component is changing such as the people, their environments and the medium used.
Due to this, it assumes the communicators to be independent and act any way they want.
Since both sender and receiver are necessary to keep the communication alive in
transactional model, the communicators are also interdependent to each other. For
example, transaction communication is not possible if the receiver is not listening to
sender.

Helical model

Helical model of communication introduces the concept of time where contentiousness of

the communication process and relational interactions are very important.
Communication is taken as a dynamic process in helical model of communication and it
progresses with age as our experience and vocabulary increases.

At first, helical spring is small at the bottom and grows bigger as the communication
progresses. The same effect can be seen with communication of humans, where you
know nothing about a person at first and the knowledge grows steadily as you know the
person better. It considers all the activities of the person, from the past and present.

Elements of Communication

Message

It is the in information we want to communicate with others. Message may be in the form
of verbal, nonverbal and vocal. It may be an ink on the paper, a sound wave in the air or
any other gesture capable interpreting. So here what we say, it means that a person has
either to communicate his message to the other person in the form of writing or speaking
to others so that sounds waves may reach him or he has to make some gestures etc. like
nodding, had, smiling.

Channel
Literally it means “different means of communication” and also known as medium. Example
of these channels are radio, email, Skype, television, mobile, print media any many more. So
there are a lots of channels now it depends on sender to select any channel for the message
according to his need. While selecting the channel the send should focus on the cultural or
psychological need of the persons affected by the message.

Feedback
Feedback is the response given by the receiver to the source it is also very much important in
effective communication process. If there is no feedback from receiver the communication
process will not incomplete because there must be some problems in channel or the receiver
has not fully interpreted the message according to his mental level or the message was full of
entropy so there may be possible cause of delayed feedback or no feedback.

CONTEXT

Communication does not take place in a vacuum. The context of any communication act
is the environment surrounding it. This includes, among other things, place, time, event,
and attitudes of sender and receiver. These include physical,social,psychological,and
cultural.

Participants
The source of communication is the party intending to convey information to another
party. In marketing, the message source can be an individual. Participants alternate
positions as sender and receiver and generate meaning by sending messages and
receiving feedback within physical and psychological contexts. The mental and emotional
factors in a communication encounter.

Intercultural communication

Intercultural communication is defined as situated communication between individuals or

groups of different linguistic and cultural origins. This is derived from the following
fundamental definitions: communication is the active relationship established between
people through language, and intercultural means that this communicative relationship is
between people of different cultures, where culture is the structured manifestation of
human behavior in social life within specific national and local contexts, political,
linguistic, economic, institutional, and professional.
Intercultural communication is identified as both a concept and a competence.
Intercultural competence is the active possession by individuals of qualities which
contribute to effective intercultural communication and can be defined in terms of three
primary attributes: knowledge, skills and attitudes. In the context of this document, the
acquisition of skills and human attributes likely to enhance intercultural communication is
viewed exclusively as a component of language programmed, as an accompaniment to
the practical acquisition of language itself.
knowledge of the cultures, institutions, his stories and ways of life of different
communities and the ability to recognize their impact on behavioral norms in given fields
of communication
understanding of the relationship between culture, contexts of communication and
language use
insight into the roles and conventions governing behavior within specific intercultural
environments
critical awareness of their own and others’ beliefs and values
sensitivity towards cultural stereotypes and related obstacles to successful intercultural
communication

Culture

Through communication with others,culture is created,learned and shared. In

contrast,which is also the case,our culture influence the way we communicate with
others. Hence,there exists a dynamic relationship between culture and communication.
Because the term culture is a complex concept,it has been described in many different
ways,In general,culture refers to the learned set of
knowledge,norms,behaviors,values,beliefs,attitudes,customs,and practices
that people in a particular group share at a specific point in time.
Communication and culture have a great influence on each other. The effect of these
changes is reflected in the communication behavior of people. Past experiences,
perception, and cultural background greatly affect the way people talk and
behave. Culture plays an important role in shaping the style of communication.
Gender
Men and women in general differ in the way they express themselves or in how
they communicate with others. This is referred to as communication style.

Communication Styles. In non-verbal behavior women will nod their head to show that they
are listening. Men leave the conversation thinking that a head nod means agreement and
will be surprised to find out that the woman didn’t agree at all. When a woman is
speaking to a man and he does not say anything and stays in neutral body language to
show that he is listening, a woman will interpret that as the man being bored or not
understanding what she is saying. This can lead the woman to become very
uncomfortable and repeat what she is saying or ask the man each time if he understands
what she is saying. The man then interprets that as insecurity, or talking to much and
which then lead him to think she is not assertive or confident to be a leader. Women will
actually use more direct eye contact in conversation to create relationship and
connection while many men take that as a challenge to their power or position. Women
will also approach a man from the front while men often approach from the side at an
angle, which is how each of them tends to stand or sit when talking to others. Men
interpret the face to face as too personal, or aggressive and women will interpret the
talking side to side as though he is not being upfront or even hiding something from her.
Because women are more relationship oriented, they tend to lead by consensus. Men
tend to be more hierarchical and include only the people closest to them at their level in
the decision making process when they think it is necessary.

Age

People from different ages or generation may have difficulty communicating with one
another. A person age or the generation to which he or she belongs influences the way he
or she communicates with others. “getting through” is about speaking and listening,
empathizing with others, explaining yourself clearly, and summarizing your message.

We need to start living in the Communication Age! Share your thoughts on whether
modern technology makes it easier or harder for you to truly communicate with others. In
the past, people used to communicate via hand written letters. This form of
communication gave people an alternative way to communicate, than hand written letter
delivered by horse (especially when it was long distance). Then in the 1800s major
changes came our way. The telephone and radio were invented.

Social status

Social status is the position or rank of a person or group within society and can influence
how they are perceived and heard in an organization. When considering
your communication style and strategy, your rank plays an important part.

Example; Social status refers to a position one holds in a society or group. ... Mike has
several social statuses, including father, husband, surgeon, male, American, and son.

Religion

Religion is an essential element of the human condition. Moreover, the influence

of communication in how individuals and communities understand, conceptualize, and
pass on religious and cultural beliefs and practices is integral to understanding exactly
what religion and culture are. Religious communities of communication in these actions
give expression to their obligations to and responsibility in view of their belief in a
transcendent reality.
Religion is the combination of blind faiths, beliefs, traditions, attitudes, customs, norms ,
values, principles , procedures and processes. The Culture also relates to all these. The
difference is that culture is being changed with time and the religion is pasted with them
from centuries.
Being aware of religious difference and being open to the religious views of others when
communicating foster understanding and mutual respect.

Types of nonverbal communication

Proxemics
People often refer to their need for "personal space," which is also an important type of
nonverbal communication. The amount of distance we need and the amount of space we
perceive as belonging to us is influenced by a number of factors including social norms,
cultural expectations, situational factors, personality characteristics, and level of
familiarity. For example, the amount of personal space needed when having a casual
conversation with another person usually varies between 18 inches to four feet. On the
other hand, the personal distance needed when speaking to a crowd of people is around
12 to 25 feet.

Haptics
Communicating through touch is another important nonverbal behavior. There has been a
substantial amount of research on the importance of touch in infancy and early
childhood. Henry hapni classic monkey study demonstrated how deprived touch and
contact impedes development. Baby monkeys raised by wire mothers experienced
permanent deficits in behavior and social interaction. Touch can be used to communicate
affection, familiarity, sympathy, and other emotions.
Women tend to use touch to convey care, concern, and furtherance. Men, on
the other hand, are more likely to use touch to assert power or control over
others.
Chronemics
Refers to the role of time in the communication process. Since various culture may have
different perception of time when it comes to punctuality or in interaction, In my own
understanding,chronemics refers to the time it takes for a person to respond in the
communication process. When someone is being asked a question and it takes time for
him or he to respond right, away, it may be interpreted as hesitation, disinterest or
uncertainly. For example, the teacher asked a student about what (s)he knows about the
topic being discussed but the student wasn't able to answer the teachers question
because(s) he was uncertain of his/her answer.
Paralanguage
Paralanguage is the study of nonverbal cues of the voice. Various acoustic properties of
speech such as tone, pitch and accent, collectively known as prosody, can all give
off nonverbal cues. Characterizes are emotions expressed while speaking, such as
laughing, crying, and yawning.
People normally use paralanguage multiple times per day and are sometimes not even
aware they are doing so. The ability to interpret this kind of human communication
correctly is considered an important competency in both personal and professional
settings. Body language often conveys just as much meaning as spoken words. Good
communicators also have the ability to gauge how their own paralanguage affects others
and to alter it so as to gain others' trust and to project confidence.
Various aspects of paralanguage include posture, eye contact, hand gestures, and tone of
voice.

Vocal qualities such as volume and tempo are also part of non-verbal communication. If a
speaker changes even one of these aspects, the resulting meaning can be quite different
to listeners. People who are able to adjust their non-verbal language to the needs of
various situations are generally better at diffusing troublesome interactions such as
arguments. This type of communication skill is known as metacommunicative
competence.

It is important to understand the characteristic nuances of voice. Para-language itself

means something beyond the languages. It has a great impact on the receivers. Even
Simply means how people say words or sentences differently , different speeds , tones ,
pitches and volumes . For instance, if you say ( power ) loudly , it means something but if
you say it softly it means something totally different.
Kinesics
Kinesics is the interpretation of body motion communication such as facial expressions
and gestures, nonverbal behavior related to movement of any part of the body or the
body as a whole. Nonverbal communication is any type of communication that doesn’t
involve words or language. Kinesics, a category of nonverbal communication, refers to
body language. There are many ways we use our bodies when communicating. Some are
more conscious behaviors like specific gestures. Often, though, we are less aware of the
many nonverbal signals we send with our bodies.
Most important is not only noticing the nonverbals, but then understanding the
communication signals that are conveyed. For example, what do different handshakes
say about the other person entering into a meeting with you? What does your handshake
say about your feelings towards the upcoming interaction? Are you happy? tenuous?
nervous? withholding? insecure? Hopeful.
Communication Breakdown
Communication is a process beginning with a sender who encodes the message and
passes it through some channel to the receiver who decodes the message.
Communication is fruitful if and only if the messages sent by the sender is interpreted
with same meaning by the receiver. If any kind of disturbance blocks any step of
communication, the message will be destroyed. Due to such disturbances, managers in
an organization face severe problems. Thus the managers must locate such barriers and
take steps to get rid of them.
There are several barriers that affects the flow of communication in an organization.
These barriers interrupt the flow of communication from the sender to the reciever, thus
making communication ineffective. It is essential for managers to overcome these
barriers. The main barriers of communication are summarized below.

Language barriers
However, even when communicating in the same language, the terminology used in a
message may act as a barrier if it is not fully understood by the receiver(s). For example,
a message that includes a lot of specialist jargon and abbreviations will not be
understood by a receiver who is not familiar with the terminology used.
Use of Jargons and Slang
Jargons are the technical words used in communication. It might be different according to
different professions, specialty and technical field of a person.
For example, technical words used by doctors and lawyers are extremely different. If they
start talking, both of them will not get what the other is talking about.
Some jargons like adjournment (jargon used by lawyers and police used for delaying a
trial for defendant), BP (medical jargon for Blood pressure), etc. are only used by people
in similar profession which might be a cause for language barrier.
Similarly, the use of slang also makes communication ineffective. For example, the use of
word “grass” to describe marijuana can act as a barrier for the people who do not know
the slang meaning.

Some people have low vocabulary in a particular language whereas some very high.
Though literacy and education increases the need to learn new words, it might not be the
only reason. People can increase their vocabulary by reading and with their own interest
too. Vocabulary is also less if a person uses the language as their unofficial language.
Likewise, linguistic ability is the capability of a person in a particular language. If a person
with high vocabulary and linguistic ability talks with another with low ability, the second
person will not understand the words used leading to miscommunication of whole
message.

Physical Barriers
Physical barrier is the environmental and natural condition that act as a barrier in
communication in sending message from sender to receiver. Organizational environment
or interior workspace design problems, technological problems and noise are the parts
of physical barriers.
Communication is generally easier over shorter distances as more communication
channels are available and less technology is required. The ideal communication is face-
to-face.
Although modern technology often helps to reduce the impact of physical barriers, the
advantages and disadvantages of each communication channel should be understood so
that an appropriate channel can be used to overcome the physical barriers.

Cultural barriers

Culture is all socially transmitted behavior, arts, architectures, languages, signs,

symbols, ideas, beliefs, norms, traditions, rituals, etc. which is learn and shared in a
particular social group of the same nationality, ethnicity, religion, etc.

Have you ever had trouble communicating with someone from another culture? Perhaps
you struggled to understand someone's speech or interpret their behavior. Whether in a
university or the workplace, it is common to face barriers or challenges to effective cross-
cultural communication. The global marketplace creates many opportunities for business
development, but ineffective cross-cultural communication can harm employees,
customers, and other stakeholders. It is important to understand the barriers to cross-
cultural communication and know how to overcome them. Let's take a look at some of the
cultural barriers to communication in the workplace.

Language - misunderstandings are common among people who speak the same
language, so it's not surprising that people from different cultural and linguistic
backgrounds face communication barriers. Anything from the mispronunciation of a word
to a lack of specificity can lead to misunderstandings. For example, if a sales director in
New York asks a contractor in Brazil to do something soon, the two parties may have a
different interpretation of the word 'soon.' Language is a reflection of culture, and
different cultures have very different ways of assigning meanings to words.

Prejudging
The communication barrier of prejudging and filtering is created when we view (and
judge) things a lens colored by our beliefs, our values, our opinions and our shadows.
We'll call this our point of view. We adopt a point of view and then become attached to it,
finding evidence and facts to support it. We filter what people say through our point of
view.

Take for example, the time I told a friend of mine, a senior manager in the public sector,
that he was very kind when I saw how he helped a politician stay out of trouble on a
consistent basis.
My friend, I felt, did not condemn the politician, did not let him sink, he just helped him.
To my surprise, my friend didn't like what I said, he didn't like being told he was kind as
he happened to believe that “nice guys finish last”. So he took what I said negatively,
even though I had the best of intentions.
Information overload
Receiving more information than one can process. When the information we have to work
with exceeds our processing capacity, we select, ignore or forget some information until
it’s

On the bright side if you are trying to communicate with somebody who is overloaded its
best to be specific about what you are asking. The less weighing of content they have to
do to get the conversation going the better. occasionally you can learn a lot when
unconnected dots are just flying around as they are unweighted giving you the
opportunity to consider what they mean to you.

One of the main reasons why IO occurs is when we're exposed to a lot of noise that hides
real knowledge. That knowledge is key to communicating what people really need to
know. It saves a lot of effort when we get what we need in a shorter time frame, this
conserved effort can be used in more important matters. Imagine the efficiency one could
accomplish by such a simple concept.

Lack of interest and attention

Lack of interest on the part of the receiver is another barrier to communication.

Miscommunication is likely to happen when the receiver is indifferent to the words of the
speaker. The receiver of the message does not pay any attention to the message
received.
Lack of interest of both receiver and sender may also affect in effective communication.
For example, if you talk to your friend or another person and he/she is not paying
attention towards you that what are you saying.
That mean he/she has not interested that what you saying...Hence you cannot transfer
your message to someone..so communication being stopped. Thus lack of interest may
be a major barrier in communication process.
How to avoid communication breakdown

Listen more
Be genuinely curious and interested in what is being said, even if initially you’re not. Pay
attention to cues: does the person spend a lot of time on a particular point? Does she get
more animated at specific junctures and less at others?
Listening more and with curiosity provides valuable input on how you may frame your
response and navigate the conversation. It can help you tune into the topics your
colleague is passionate about. Getting to know them will help you see their perspective
and come to an agreement that meets everyone’s needs. From this place of actively
listening, your conversation will move forward more constructively.
Be open
Communication involves the exchange of viewpoints – sometimes opposing positions.
Unless you open your mind to another perspective, common ground can be tough to find.
And finding common ground requires us to listen in order to really consider someone’s
position.
Being open-minded at times may require you to be open to being proved wrong. As
someone is speaking, notice: are you already thinking about your rebuttal? Or have you
already interrupted? Be open to another person’s perspective.
If you’re worried about not having the perfect reply, you can always say, “I haven’t
thought about it that way before. Can you give me a day or so to think it over?”
Over time, listening openly and attentively to others helps to cultivate trust. This
contributes to a sense of psychological safety, which has been found to be the key to
successful teams.
The ability to take risks and speak up can be the difference between thwarting a mistake
or learning from one. In the end, everyone benefits.
Over time, listening openly and attentively to others helps to cultivate trust.
This contributes to a sense of psychological safety

Five Basic Functions of Communication

Regulation/Control – as mentioned above

Social Interaction – we should develop and maintain bonds, relations and associations
Information – we use communication for sharing facts and knowledge
Emotional Expression – we express our emotions either verbally or non-verbally directly
or through idioms.
Motivation – language is a medium to express our desires, wants, needs, and dislikes,
choices as well as aspirations.

Regulation or control of communication

Can be used to control he behavior of human beings. It can be used to regulate the
nature and amount of activities humans engage in. Functions of Communication Social
Interaction –Communication can be used to produced social interaction.
Regulation is the controlling of an activity or process, usually by means of rules. Social
services also have responsibility for the regulation of nurseries. Some in the market now
want government regulation in order to reduce costs.
Doctors’ Prescription
“Take your medicine 3 times a day.”
Parents’ Instruction to their child
“Wash the dishes now, or else I won’t allow you to go to the party later.”
Friends giving advice on what to do
“Move on. He doesn’t love you anymore”
Social Interaction
In reality, however, communication is a social interaction with individuals constantly
altering their signals in response to the history of the immediate interaction and in
response to the history of the social relationships between individuals. In reality,
though, communication is a much more complex system.
Used to produce social relationships; used to develop bonds, intimacy, relations,; used to
express preferences, desires, needs, wants, decisions, goals, and strengths; used for
giving and getting information Encouragement Emotional Expression
“You can do it.” Invitation“Would you like some coffee, tea, or me?”

Communication and social interaction is a popular major for students interested in a wide
variety of careers including management, law, higher education, speech writing, political
communication, human resources, sales, advertising, marketing, public relations,
entrepreneurship, training and recruitment.
Information
The transmission of the message from sender to recipient can be affected by a huge
range of things. These include our emotions, the cultural situation, the medium used to
communicate, and even our location. The complexity is why good communication skills
are considered so desirable by employers around the world: accurate, effective and
unambiguous communication is actually extremely hard.
Of course, there may be more than one recipient, and the complexity of communication
means that each one may receive a slightly different message. Two people may read very
different things into the choice of words and/or body language. It is also possible that
neither of them will have quite the same understanding as the sender.
In face-to-face communication, the roles of the sender and recipient are not distinct. The
two roles will pass back and forwards between two people talking. Both parties
communicate with each other, even if in very subtle ways such as through eye-contact
(or lack of) and general body language. In written communication, however, the sender
and recipient are more distinct.

Emotional Expression
Emotional expressions in psychology are observable verbal and nonverbal behaviors that
communicate an internal emotional or effective state. Examples of emotional
expression are facial movements such as smiling or scowling, or behaviors like crying or
laughing.
Emotional expressions are necessary to enhance messages, to convey authenticity and to
develop trust. How we interact with people will determine how they will respond to us
and we can control this when we are aware of how we come across with non-verbal
communication such as facial expressions.
A simple comment or throwaway remark can do a lot of damage if delivered with a per-
occupied face that is thinking about an unrelated problem or task.
This topic is even more important when interacting in our global economy. When
speaking with people who speak different languages our expressions are vital for
effective communication.

Motivation
Motivate Others Communicate so that others understand what you want to achieve.
Adapt your communication to the audience you are speaking. Constantly communicate
your vision and goals so that there are no misunderstandings. Is an important function of
communication because managers need to motivate their employees daily in order to get
results. They also utilize motivating functions to increase positive morale throughout the
organization.
One of the most overlooked ways to motivate your team is through communication.
Through effective communication your employees feel more empowered. It also gives
them a sense of belonging, camaraderie and responsibility.
Most importantly, when the lines of communication are open, your employees feel
comfortable with the relationship they have with you. In return, their motivation
improves. Instead of overlooking communication as a motivator, start embracing these
techniques.
Basic types of Emotion
Happiness
Of all the different types of emotions, happiness tends to be the one that people strive for
the most. Happiness is often defined as a pleasant emotional state that is characterized
by feelings of contentment, joy, gratification, satisfaction, and well-being. Research on
happiness has increased significantly since the within a number of disciplines, including
the known as positive psychology.
While happiness is considered one of the basic human emotions, the things we think will
create happiness tend to be heavily influenced by culture. For example, pop culture
influences tend to emphasize that attaining certain things such as buying a home or
having a high-paying job will result in happiness. The realities of what actually contributes
to happiness are often much more complex and more highly individualized.
Conversely, unhappiness has been linked to a variety of poor health outcomes. Stress,
anxiety, depression, and loneliness, for example, have been linked to things such as
lowered immunity, increased inflammation, and decreased life expectancy.

Sadness
Sadness is another type of emotion often defined as a transient emotional state
characterized by feelings of disappointment, grief, hopelessness, disinterest, and
dampened mood.
Like other emotions, sadness is something that all people experience from time to time.
In some cases, people can experience prolonged and severe periods of sadness that can
turn into depression.
Sadness can often lead people to engage in coping mechanisms such as avoiding other
people, self-medicating, and ruminating on negative thoughts. Such behaviors can
actually exacerbate feelings of sadness and prolong the duration of the emotion.
Fear
Fear is a powerful emotion that can also play an important role in survival. When you face
some sort of danger and experience fear, you go through what is known as the fight or
flight response. Your muscles become tense, your heart rate and respiration increase,
and your mind becomes more alert, priming your body to either run from the danger or
stand and fight. This response helps ensure that you are prepared to effectively deal with
threats in your environment.

Anger
Anger can be a particularly powerful emotion characterized by feelings of hostility,
agitation, frustration, and antagonism towards others. Like fear, anger can play a part in
your body's fight or flight response. When a threat generates feelings of anger, you may
be inclined to fend off the danger and protect yourself.
While anger is often thought of as a negative emotion, it can sometimes be a good thing.
It can be constructive in helping clarify your needs in a relationship, and it can also
motivate you to take action and find solutions to things that are bothering you.
Anger can become a problem, however, when it is excessive or expressed in ways that
are unhealthy, dangerous, or harmful to others. Uncontrolled anger can quickly turn
to aggression, abuse, or violence.
This type of emotion can have both mental and physical consequences. Unchecked anger
can make it difficult to make rational decisions and can even have an impact on your
physical health.
Surprise
Surprise is another one of the six basic types of human emotions originally Surprise is
usually quite brief and is characterized by a physiological startle response following
something unexpected.
This type of emotion can be positive, negative, or neutral. An unpleasant surprise, for
example, might involve someone jumping out from behind a tree and scaring you as you
walk to your car at night. An example of a pleasant surprise would be arriving home to
find that your closest friends have gathered to celebrate your birthday.
Surprise can have important effects on human behavior. For example, research has
shown that people tend to disproportionately notice surprising events. This is why
surprising and unusual events in the news tend to stand out in memory more than others.
Research has also found that people tend to be more swayed by surprising arguments
and learn more from surprising information.

Interaction of verbal and nonverbal communication

When communicating, nonverbal messages can interact with verbal messages in six
ways: repeating, conflicting, complementing, substituting, regulating and accenting/
moderating. Repeating: consists of using gestures to strengthen a verbal message, such
as pointing to the object of discussion. Conflicting: Verbal and nonverbal messages within
the same interaction can sometimes send opposing or conflicting messages. A person
verbally expressing a statement of truth while simultaneously fidgeting or avoiding eye
contact may convey a mixed message to the receiver in the interaction. Conflicting
messages may occur for a variety of reasons often stemming from feelings of
uncertainty, ambivalence, or frustration.

Purposes in communication

Complementing: Nonverbal cues can be used to elaborate on verbal messages to

reinforce the information sent when trying to achieve communicative goals; messages
have been shown to be remembered better when nonverbal signals affirm the verbal
exchange.
Nonverbal and verbal communications tend to complement one another. If they don't,
they can lead to disappointment, mistrust and confusion. For example, if you speak to
your friend and tell her that you would love to see her more often and then never answer
her calls, there will be frustration and confusion. Your actions should complement your
words.

Substituting: Nonverbal behavior is sometimes used as the sole channel for

communication of a message. People learn to identify facial expressions, body
movements, and body positioning as corresponding with specific feelings and intentions.
It can substitute for a verbal message. For example, your facial expression often conveys
a far more vivid message than words ever can. Complementing: It may add to or
complement your verbal message.

Regulating: Nonverbal behavior also regulates our conversations. For example, touching
someone's arm can signal that you want to talk next or interrupt. are a collection of
expressions and gestures that help us control and understand conversations better . It
includes a combination of many aspects of body language such as: eye contact, touch,
hand gestures, head nods or head shakes, facial expressions and vocal cues.

Accenting/Moderating: NV signals used to alter interpretation of verbal messages.

Touch, voice pitch, and gestures used to accent or amplify, or tone down, the message
that is sent. A function of nonverbal communication.
Nonverbal communication can accent or emphasize the spoken word. ... Movements of
the body used to communicate thoughts, feelings, and/ or regulate. Our use of gestures
may be intentional or unintentional.

Various Oral text

The types of oral communication commonly used within an organization include staff
meetings, personal discussions, presentations, telephone discourse, and informal
conversation. Is not limited to daily conservation. It may take place in different forms.
Situation dictate the type of interaction that affect the topic,language,and delivery of the
message.
One-on-one Speaking
A one-on-one activity involves two people talking directly, usually with one teaching or
giving information to the other Each employee has a one-on-one performance review with
his or her boss. Communicating & keeping in touch. A hold. Back channel.

However you do it, remember that feedback is the key to improving performance. Give
them some constructive feedback and general tips on how they can improve and
remember to praise what they did well. Even native speakers hesitate, stutter and make
minor grammatical or pronunciation errors when speaking for extended periods. Speaking
naturally rather than mechanically is often a key feature in successful presentations and
over-correction is likely to result in a stilted presentation style. If the learner is willing,
suggest they repeat the presentation and see if they can incorporate your suggestions.
Because mini presentations are so short, learners generally don’t mind practicing them as
they can make mistakes and start again without wasting too much time or effort. Positive
feedback is essential and make sure the learner leaves the lesson proud of what they
have achieved but also prepared to work on improving their weaknesses.
Small Group of oral work
Small groups consists of three or more people who share a common goal
and communicate collectively to achieve it. During small group communication,
interdependent participants analyze data, evaluate the nature of the problem(s), decide
and provide a possible solution or procedure. among three or more people
and are perhaps equally active parties, who are usually in proximity and who are usually
in close proximity. A relatively small collection of individuals who are related to each
other by some common purpose.
Group communication refers to the interaction between members of a small group of
individuals. Quality communication leads to effective group decision making and project
completion. Sociologists study group communication in work and social groups.
Teams that communicate complete projects in a quicker and more efficient amount of
time than others. They also are more accurate in their work than others. Effective
communication also allows team members to understand their roles and the roles of
everyone else on the team.
Class Discussion
A classroom discussion is a sustained exchange between and among teachers and. their
students with the purpose of developing students' capabilities or skills and/or. expanding
students' understanding both shared and individual exists in three categories: verbal,
nonverbal and written. Verbal communication means anything that a teacher or student
speaks aloud. Nonverbal communication refers to body language that people express.
Students who participate in guided classroom discussions learn essential life skills as well,
including the importance of active listening. By creating an atmosphere of understanding
and encouraging students to listen with the goal of understanding, we can improve their
communication skills.

Communication within the classroom is important in order for students to learn effectively
and should be put in place from an early stage of learning. Classroom communication
exists in three categories: verbal, nonverbal, and written.
Verbal communication refers to sending or receiving a message through sounds and
languages. Teachers can address one student or the whole classroom through verbal
communication. For example, a teacher may ask a student to stand up which is verbal
communication. Non-verbal communication refers to communicating without words
through body language, gestures, facial expressions, the tone and pitch of the voice, and
posture. For example, if a teacher is nodding their head while a student is speaking, this
can be encouraging or show that they agree with the student.
Presentation
A presentation is a means of communication that can be adapted to various speaking
situations, such as talking to a group, addressing a meeting or briefing a team. Many
people feel terrified when asked to make their first public talk. Some of these initial fears
can be reduced by good preparation that also lays the groundwork for making an
effective presentation. There is a world of difference between a small room with natural
light and an informal setting, and a huge lecture room, lit with stage lights. The two
require quite different presentations, and different techniques.If somewhere new, it would
be worth trying to visit it in advance, or at least arriving early, to familiarize yourself with
the room.
Communication Strategies
Communication strategies can be verbal, nonverbal, or visual. Nonverbal communication
strategies consist of mostly visual cues, such as body language, facial expressions,
physical distance between communicators, or the tone of your voice. Communication is
the exchange of information between a sender and a receiver. It used to be that you only
had to worry about the way you communicated face-to-face or on paper. Technology has
changed this completely. It is important for people to take into account every aspect of
how they are relaying information. This is where communication strategies come into
play. Communication strategies are the blueprints for how this information will be
exchanged. Communication strategies can be verbal, nonverbal, or visual. Integrating all
the strategies together will allow you to see the most success. This allows a business to
meet employee needs and increase workplace knowledge.
Adjustment

Maybe you know exactly what I am talking about, as you have experienced a breakdown
in communication. It could be you assumed a coworker was going to complete a task, and
when it did not happen, relational tensions resulted in a blow-up. Or perhaps you have
felt hostility that escalated toward a spouse or significant other during a late night
exchange. I know for myself I have to fight against my tendency to jump to conclusions in
my many and varied conversations.

There is hope, however. Let me take you back to the football game. Fortunately, the
returners I mentioned realized what happened and made an adjustment to pick the ball
up and advance it. This represents the idea we all can make changes in our
communication patterns to lessen and even avoid failures.

Clarification
Clarification is essential in our day-to-day understanding during communication.
Clarification is a form of reflection that seeks to eliminate ambiguity, confusion or
misunderstanding. Clarifying questions are tools used by active listeners to ensure
understanding and obtain essential information. something that you said means to make
it clear. When you've said something that might be confusing or was misunderstood, you
"clarify" your statement by saying it again in a new way and adding more details. Active
listening involves listening with all senses. As well as giving full attention to the speaker,
it is important that the 'active listener' is also 'seen' to be listening otherwise the speaker
may conclude that what they are talking about is uninteresting to the listener.
Repetition
Repetition in communication is a tool that some managers use without realizing it, while
others understand its power and put it to use intentionally. Still other managers think that
repeating requests or messages is counterproductive and strive not to do it. Repetition is
sometimes cited as a way to increase persuasive abilities in these areas. A carefully
planned and executed repetition strategy can increase the effectiveness of your
message. However, small business owners who use this technique also should be aware
of its pitfalls. Repetition is when words or phrases are repeated in a literary work.
Repetition is also often used in speech, as a rhetorical device to bring attention to an
idea. Examples of Repetition: Let it snow, let it snow, let it snow.

Types of speech Context

Speech context is the way that people use to communicate and transmit message orally
or verbally. It can be interpersonal where you can talk with the other people.
Intrapersonal where you can talk to yourself especially when thinking and making
decisions. And lastly, the public communication where you can discuss things and teach
in front of many people.
Speech context is the way that people use to communicate and transmit message orally
or verbally. It can be interpersonal where you can talk with the other people.
Intrapersonal where you can talk to yourself especially when thinking and making
decisions.
Intrapersonal- It refers to the communication with one’s self.
Example: You spent the night thinking and analyzing why a student from the other class
talked to you on the way home and you decided it probably meant nothing.
Interpersonal- This refers to communication between and among people and
establishes personal relationship between and among them.
Example:
You offered feedback on the speech performance of your classmate.
You provided comfort to a friend who was feeling down.
Public- This type refers to communication that requires you to deliver or send the
message before or in front of a group
Mass communication- This refers to communication that takes place through television,
radio, newspapers, magazines,books, internet, and other types of media.