Q. Briefly explain the evaluation of scientific management and its development?

Outline:
 Evolution of scientific management.
 Time theory by Fredrick Winslow Taylor.
 Motion study by Fredrick & Gilbert.
 Implementation of scientific management by Henry Ford.
Introduction:-
Modern management theory was ban 1911, might be logical choice. That’s why the year Fredrick
Winslow Taylor’s “Principles of Science management” was published. Its contents widely accepted by
managers around the world. The scientific management era brought wide spread change to management
of factories. Taylor believed in scientific management “based on observation, measurements, analysis and
improvement of methods and economies incentives.” Taylor also believe that management should be
responsible for planning, carefully starting & training workers, finding the best way to perform each job,
achieving corporation between management and workers and separating management activities from
work activities.
Industrial Revolution:-
The industrial revolution was a period from ‘18th’ to ‘19th’ century where major change in
organization, transportation and technology had a deep effect on socio-economic and cultural conditions
of Britain. The revolution spread from Britain to throughout Europe and North America and eventually the
world.
Definition:-
“It is the art of knowing exactly what is to be done in the best and the cheapest way.”
Founder and Developer:-
 Fredrick W. Taylor
 Henry L. Gantt
 Frank & Lillian
1. Time Theory Major Contribution to Scientific Management:
Fredrick Taylor (mechanical engineer) published “Principle Scientific Management” (1911) “One best
way to do job” appropriate solution of workers training and environment.
“Experiments with loading iron blocks and shovel size, financial incentives; the fundamentals are:
1. Find a best practice and use a benchmarking.
2. Decompose the task into constituents- new called business process redesign.
3. Get rid of things that don’t add value.
 Scientific Management Principles:-
1. Scientific Job Analysis:-
Replacing the rule by thumb scientific method. The job requirements and skills required to perform
that very job should analyzed scientifically.
2. Solution of Personnel:-
Selecting, training and develop the workman according to scientifically.
3. Management corporation:-
Divisions of work and responsibility methods are being followed.
4. Functional Supervision:-
Cooperation between management and worker divide work equally.
Explanation:-
Scientific studies show that a person can be handled between 47 – 48 tons per day (1st p). We
observed a ------- for 3-4 days. Selected the best for finally selected Schmidt____________, Dutchman 2 nd P
SALARY WAS INCREASE FROM $1.15 to $ 1.85 per day. Schmidt had to load 47 tons per day and
management world provide a man instruct him in attaining this goal 3P. a man from management
accomplished him, instructed him, corporates him. 4P.
Result:-
Schmidt Loaded 47.5 tons per day, increment of more than 200 1/2 , Schmidt got high salary maximum
benefit to both employees and employee.
Limitation of Theory by Fredrick Time Theory:-
The following are the limitations of Fredrick time theory;
1. Exploitation of Workers:-
Taylor’s scientific management put unnecessary pressure on the employees to perform the work
faster.
2. Problem of Unity of Command:-
Taylor used functional foremanship so the workers have to report eight bosses.
3. Mechanical Report:-
He gave too much importance to efficiency; he did not consider the human elements.
4. Problem of Separation of Planning from doing:-
He believed in separation, where as we cannot separate planning from doing. The planner should be
engaged.
5. Individualistic Approach:-
The successes of organization depend not only on individual performance of worker but also on group
performance.
6. Workers Assumption:-
He assumed that workers are only motivated by money. However in reality workers are motivated not
only financial incentives but by some needs and personal ego.
7. Narrow Application:-
His studies can be applied only when the performance of workers can be measured quantitatively.
Motion Study by Bunker Gilbert
Motion study is the study of individual human motions that are used in a job tasks. The purpose of motion
study is to try ensure that the job does not include any unnecessary motions or movements by workers
and to select sequence of motion that ensure the job is being carried out in the most efficient manner
possible.
Frank & William Gilbert (used camera and micro chronometer to analyze the motion of bricks laying;
fatigue and motion studies.
Definition:-
“Analyzing an activity into its smallest possible element, and from the result synthesizing a
method of performing the activity that shall be more efficient.”
Principles of Motion Economy:-
The following are the four principles of motion economy.
1. Reduce the Number of Motion:-
Eliminate or reduce the number of motion.
2. Perform Motion Simultaneously.
Design improvement in methods and tools which allows both hand to be used at the same time.
3. Shorten Motion Distance:-
Reduce working; reduce stretching, squatting and troy.
4. Make Motion Easier:-
Work should be smooth and rhythmical reduce fatigue and promote safety.
Motion Economy Types:-
Principles concerning the economy of movement which have been developed from direct
experimentation and form goods basis for the development of improved method as the work place
they are classified as three main types.
a) Use of human body.
 b) Arrangement of workplace.
c) Design tool and equipment.
A. Use of Human Body:-
When possible:
1. The two hands should begin and complete their movement at the same time.
2. The two hands should not be idle at the same time except during period of rest.
3. Motion of body arms should be made at the best lowest classification at which it is possible to
work.
4. Work should be managed so those eye movements are confined to a comfortable area without
the need for frequent change of forces.
B. Arrangement of the Workplace:-
1. Definite and fixed station should be provided for all tools and material to permit formation.
2. Tools and material should be pre-positioned to reduce searching.
3. Material and tools should be arranged to permit the best sequence of motion.
4. The colors of workplace should contrast with that of the work and thus reduce eye fatigue.
C. Design of Tools and Equipment:-
1. The hand should be relieved of all work of holding the work price.
2. Two or more tools should be combined whatever possible.

Location 2

Location 3 Location 1

Workers

Implementation of Scientific Management by Henry Ford:-

Greatest industrialist, employed scientific management techniques in his factories.
 Henry Ford was a “Pioneer in mass production”.
 Implemented the “assembly line”.
 Increase production ten-fold (ten times).
 Product price reduction led to increase market which led to increase profit.
 Replaced workers with machine for heavy lifting and moving.
 Applied to total car assembly, improving car efficiency and reducing work hours required to
produce a model-t Ford to less than two.