Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
The wide availability of essential precursors and chemicals, their free trafficking
through international trade channels, and the many legitimate ways in which they can be
used, particularly in the case of essential chemicals of cocaine, make it difficult to control
the diversion of these chemicals into illicit drug production.
Governments of the countries of the hemisphere are concerned over the serious
problems caused by drugs in our societies and recognize that the widespread availability
of precursors and specific chemicals for preparing psychotropic substances, particularly
in the Americas, exacerbates the situation.
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE……………………………..2 Ergonovine
Ergotamine
INTRODUCTION…………………….5 Ethyl Acetate
Ethyl Alcohol
EXPLANATORY NOTES……………7 Ethylamine
N-Ethylephedrine
TECHNICAL DEFINITIONS………...8 Ethyl Ether
Ethylidene Diacetate
COCAINE PRODUCTION………….10 N-Ethyl-pseudoephedrine
Formamide
HEROIN PRODUCTION……………14 Formic Acid
Hexane
CLANDESTINE MANUFACTURE OF Hydriodic Acid
AMPHETAMINES AND Hydrochloric Acid
METHAMPHETAMINES…………..18 Hydrogen Peroxide
Iodine
REGULATED CHEMICAL Isobutyl Alcohol
SUBSTANCES………………………23 Isopropyl Acetate
Isopropyl Alcohol
Acetic Anhydride Isosafrole
Acetone Kerosene
N-Acetylanthranilic Acid Lysergic Acid
Acetyl Chloride Methyl Alcohol
Ammonium Chloride Methylamine
Ammonium Formate Methylene Chloride
Ammonium Hydroxide 3,4-Methylene Dioxyphenyl-2-
Anthranilic Acid Propanone
Benzaldehyde N-Methylephedrine
Benzene Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Benzyl Chloride Methyl Isobutyl Ketone
Benzyl Cyanide N-Methylpseudoephedrine
N-Butyl Acetate Nitroethane
N-Butyl Alcohol Norpseudoephedrine
Sec-Butyl Alcohol Petroleum Ether
Calcium Carbonate Phenylacetic Acid
Calcium Hydroxide Phenylpropanolamine
Calcium Oxide Phenyl-2-Propanone
Chloroform Piperidine
Cyclohexane Piperonal
Cyclohexanone Potassium Carbonate
Diacetone Alcohol Potassium Cyanide
Diethylamine Potassium Dichromate
Ephedrine Potassium Hydroxide
3
Potassium Permanganate Toluene
Propionic Anhydride O-Toluidine
Pseudoephedrine Trichloroethylene
Red Phosphorus Urea
Safrole Xylenes
Sodium Bicarbonate
Sodium Carbonate REFERENCES………………………79
Sodium Cyanide
Sodium Dichromate APPENDIX I: Model Regulations to
Sodium Hydroxide Control Chemical Precursors and
Sodium Hypoclorite Chemical Substances, Machines and
Sodium Sulfate Materials
Sodium Thiosulfate
Sulfuric Acid APPENDIX II: Clandestine Chemical
Tartaric Acid Laboratories
Thionyl Chloride
4
INTRODUCTION
The illicit trafficking in and use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances is
one of the most serious problems affecting many countries today. None of these drugs
except marijuana can be produced without the aid of chemical substances. In most cases
such substances have legitimate industrial uses, and so can be freely acquired in the
market.
Two types of chemicals are used to manufacture narcotic drugs and psychotropic
substances. Precursor chemicals are defined as substances that can be used in the
production, manufacture, and/or preparation of narcotics, psychotropic substances, or
substances with a similar effect, and that incorporate their molecular structure to the final
product, and so are fundamental to those processes. Essential chemicals are defined as
substances other than precursor chemicals that may be used in the production,
manufacture, extraction, and/or preparation of narcotics, psychotropic substances, and
substances with a similar effect, as a solvent, reagent, or catalyst.
Many rules and verification mechanisms are in place with respect to the
acquisition of such precursors, but it was not until the late 1980s that emphasis was
placed on national and international control of the production, manufacture, preparation,
import, export, and distribution, of precursor chemicals and other specific chemical
products for the production and manufacture of narcotics, psychotropic substances, or
other substances with a similar effect.
5
group was entrusted with drawing up regulations that the governments could adopt or
amend with a view to establishing genuinely uniform laws to control chemicals in the
nations of the hemisphere.
6
EXPLANATORY NOTES
1. ABBREVIATIONS USED:
2. SOURCES OF INFORMATION:
For the purposes of this publication, such information has been edited by
CICAD’s Executive Secretariat.
7
TECHNICAL DEFINITIONS
DENSITY:
Mass per unit of volume, generally expressed in grams per cubic centimeter or
kilograms per cubic meter or per liter. Apparent density is weight per unit of volume in
powder, and is generally expressed in grams per cubic centimeter, determined by a
specific method. Overall density is an alternative term for apparent density.
CHEMICAL FORMULA:
A written expression, using symbols, of a chemical entity or a relationship. There
are several types of formulas:
(1) Empirical formula: expresses in simple terms the relative number and type of
atoms that form a molecule; it indicates only the composition, not the structure.
(2) Molecular formula: shows the real number and the type of atoms of a
chemical entity (i.e., molecule, radical, or ion).
(3) Structural formula: indicates the location of the atoms, radicals, or ions in
relation to one another, as well as the number and location of the chemical bonds.
(4) Generic formula: expresses a general type of organic compound, in which the
variables are the number of atoms or the class of radicals in a homologous series.
(5) Electrical formula: a structural form in which the bonds are replaced by
points that indicate the electrical pairs, with a simple bond being a pair of electrons
shared by two atoms.
ATOMIC WEIGHT:
The mass of an atom of an element compared to the mass of the carbon 12
isotope, which is used as the standard, with a value of 12.
MOLECULAR WEIGHT:
The molecular weight of a chemical compound is the sum of the atomic weights
of the atoms that constitute it. By agreement, all the atomic weights, and thus all the
molecules as well, are expressed with respect to the arbitrary value 16, which is assigned
to the oxygen atom. The value of the molecular weight is naturally expressed in arbitrary
units, but it may be expressed in grams, in which case it is defined as gram molecular
weight, or mole.
PRECURSOR CHEMICAL:
A substance that may be used in the production, manufacture, and/or preparation
of narcotics, psychotropic substances, or substances with similar effect, and whose
molecular structure is incorporated into the final product.
BOILING POINT:
The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is slightly higher than the
external pressure. For water, at sea level it is 100¼ C (212¼F).
8
MELTING POINT
The melting of a pure substance is the temperature at which its crystals are in
equilibrium with the liquid phase at atmospheric pressure. Normally it is called melting
point when the equilibrium temperature is reached by heating the solid. Consequently, in
ordinary circumstances melting points refer to temperatures greater than 0¼ C, the
melting point of ice.
SUBLIMATION POINT
The sublimation point is the point at which a substance changes from solid to gas
directly, and returns to the solid form, without it ever assuming liquid form.
9
CHEMICALS USED IN THE ILLICIT PRODUCTION
OF COCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Cocaine is a naturally occurring alkaloid obtained from the coca plant of the
Genus Erythroxylon by the extraction of the leaves followed by a number of purification
steps. The coca plant used in the illicit production of cocaine is principally grown in
Bolivia and Peru. The alkaloid content of the leaves of the South American coca plant is
between 0.5 and 1.5 percent with cocaine being the principal alkaloid.
It is important to note that these processes require only modest equipment and
relatively few chemicals. The most critical of these chemicals are used in the final steps
of the production of cocaine hydrochloride and are the oxidizing agent, potassium
permanganate, and the organic solvents ethyl ether, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and
toluene.
These chemicals have legitimate uses worldwide and are involved in
international commerce. By controlling the diversion and trafficking of these chemicals
by cocaine producers, the production and availability of cocaine hydrochloride can be
effectively curtailed.
The following is a description of the procedures and chemicals used in the
clandestine production of cocaine hydrochloride:
10
Step 1. (Production of Coca Paste)
None of the chemicals used in this first step is regulated under the United
States Chemical Diversion and Trafficking Act. They are readily and widely available
throughout the world including in the countries in which cocaine is produced and there
are practical substitutes for each of the chemicals.
In order to refine the cocaine, the coca paste is purified to cocaine base and then
converted to cocaine hydrochloride. The coca paste is dissolved in a dilute sulfuric acid
solution which converts the cocaine base and other alkaloids in the paste to water soluble
sulfate salts. A dilute solution of an oxidizing agent, most often potassium permanganate,
is added to the acid solution. Hydrogen peroxide can also be used as an oxidizing agent
and has occasionally been identified in clandestine cocaine laboratories. Oxidizing agents
are used to convert (oxidize) cinnamoylcocaine and other unwanted alkaloids to water
insoluble forms, which can be removed from the cocaine containing acid solution by
filtering. The removal of these impurities aids in the crystallization of cocaine
hydrochloride in the final step and promotes the formation of the clean white product
sought after by cocaine distributors and users. Potassium permanganate is the preferred
oxidizing agent and the one most frequently used by clandestine laboratory operators. Its
violet pink color in solution makes it useful as an indicator to determine when the
alkaloidal impurities have been completely oxidized. Potassium permanganate, because
11
of its importance to the production of a high quality cocaine hydrochloride product, is
regulated under the United States Chemical Diversion and Trafficking Act.
The impurities are filtered from the sulfuric acid solution which is then
made alkaline with ammonia water or other previously mentioned alkaline material. This
converts the cocaine to its base form, which is insoluble in water. The solution is filtered
and the water insoluble cocaine is separated and dried. This product is cocaine base.
Substitutes for the regulated solvents which meet some but not all of these criteria
include benzene, ethyl acetate, hexane, methylene chloride, chloroform, isopropyl alcohol
and methyl isobutyl ketone. For example, cocaine base is soluble in methylene chloride
and chloroform but so is cocaine hydrochloride. Analysis of powder cocaine
hydrochloride samples by Drug Enforcement Administration laboratories since 1986
show that the solvents most commonly used are acetone, ethyl ether, methyl ethyl ketone
and toluene. Seizures of chemicals at South American clandestine cocaine hydrochloride
laboratories substantiate the almost exclusive use of these solvents. Thus, although there
are a number of alternatives to the regulated solvents, the limitations described above
make them less practical and desirable.
12
13
14
CHEMICALS USED IN THE ILLICIT
PRODUCTION OF HEROIN
15
Further, their use in the heroin process requires no properties unique to any one of them
and thus there are many practical substitutes for them. For these reasons they are not
regulated under the CDTA or the 1988 Vienna Convention.
The following is a description of the procedures and chemicals used in the
production of morphine from opium, its purification, and ultimate conversion to heroin
hydrochloride:
This step involves the chemical reaction of morphine with an acetylating agent to form
heroin (diacetylmorphine). Dried morphine base is mixed with acetic anhydride (excess
quantities) and heated until the morphine base is completely dissolved. The solution is
further heated to a near boil and retained at that temperature for approximately 1 hour. A
chemical reaction takes place between morphine and acetic anhydride which converts
morphine base to heroin base. Acetic anhydride is an essential chemical regulated by the
CDTA and the 1988 Vienna Convention.
It is a readily available industrial chemical involved in international commerce.
Acetic anhydrideÕs main application is in the chemical process industry in the
16
manufacture of plastics and synthetic fibers (cellulose acetate). Acetic morphine and
acetic anhydride which converts morphine base to heroin base.
Acetic anhydride is an essential chemical regulated by the CDTA and the 1988
Vienna Convention. It is a readily available industrial chemical involved in international
commerce. Acetic anhydrideÕs main application is in the chemical process industry in
the manufacture of plastics and synthetic fibers (cellulose acetate). Acetic anhydride is
the reagent of choice in the conversion of morphine to heroin. Acetyl chloride is another
acetylating agent which is readily available, however, it is extremely corrosive, more
volatile and difficult to handle. For these reasons, it is seldom substituted for acetic
anhydride.
The solution is cooled and water is added to rid the solution of unreacted acetic
anhydride. With the addition of water, the heroin base is converted to heroin acetate
which is soluble in the aqueous solution. The solution is filtered and made alkaline with
sodium carbonate. Other alkaline material such as sodium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate
or ammonium hydroxide may be substituted for the sodium carbonate. The dissolved
heroin acetate is converted to heroin base, a water insoluble form. The contents are
filtered and the heroin base is retained and dried.
The purity of the heroin base depends on the purity of the morphine base and on
the completeness of the acetylation process.
Heroin base is dissolved in hot acetone and activated charcoal is added. The activated
charcoal again is used as a decoloring agent. The solution is mixed and filtered. The
liquid portion is retained and contains heroin base. Hydrochloric acid (concentrated) is
added to the acetone solution which is mixed and allowed to sit. This converts the heroin
base to heroin hydrochloride. The solution is filtered and the heroin hydrochloride is
retained and dried. This product can have a range of purity of 80-95 percent. Some of the
major impurities may be monoacetylmorphine and acetylcodeine. The ultimate purity of
heroin hydrochloride is dependent on the effort put forth to purify morphine base. The
solvents acetone, ethyl ether, methyl ethyl ketone, and hydrochloric acid have been used
in the heroin hydrochloride process and are regulated under the CDTA and the 1988
Vienna Convention. The critical property of these solvents is their ability to dissolve
heroin base but not heroin hydrochloride.
17
18
CLANDESTINE MANUFACTURE OF
AMPHETAMINES AND METHAMPHETAMINES
19
reducing agents can also be used, rarely have they been found in the clandestine
laboratories. Some laboratories produce their own hydriodic acid from iodine, red
phosphorus, and a strong acid.
The Leuckart reaction is used to produce amphetamines or
methamphetamines from 1- phenyl-2-propanone using a somewhat more complicated
procedure. The 1-phenyl-2- propanone is refluxed in ammonium formide or formamide
(for amphetamine) or N- methylformamide (for methamphetamine) for several hours.
Then hydrochloric acid is added
to the mixture (which contains the formate derivative) and this is refluxed for
several more hours to produce amphetamine or methamphetamine; it is then purified and
converted into amphetamine sulfate or methamphetamine hydrochloride.
The reductive amination of 1-phenyl-2-propanone is another relatively
simple method that is used in clandestine laboratories to produce amphetamines and
methamphetamines. 1- phenyl-2-propanone is reacted with ammonium (to produce
amphetamine), or with methylamine (to produce methamphetamines) in the presence of
mercuric chloride and aluminum foil for a few hours. Then the base is purified and
converted to amphetamine sulfate or methamphetamine hydrochloride.
A common method to synthesize 1-phenyl-2-propanone is using
phenylacetic acid, acetic anhydride and acetate as starting materials. These three
ingredients are refluxed together for 18 hours, cooled, and basified. The resulting 1-
phenyl-2-propanone is purified by distillation or extraction. Distillation of phenylacetic
acid and lead acetate also produces 1- phenyl-2-propanone. Sometimes, phenylacetic
acid is synthesized in clandestine laboratories from benzoic chloride and sodium cyanide
or benzyl cyanide.
If certain modifications are introduced into these syntheses, a variety of
stimulant and hallucinogenic analogs of amphetamine and methamphetamine can be
produced. For example, the substitution of ethylamine for methylamine during reductive
amination of 1-phenyl-2-propanone produces ethamphetamine (ethylamphetamine), a
central nervous system stimulant. If, in place of 1-phenyl-2-propanone, 3,4-
methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone is used in the synthesis, MDA, MDMA, or MDE
may be obtained; all are controlled substances with stimulant and hallucinogenic
properties.
20
21
22
23
24
25
CHEMICALS USED IN ILLICIT DRUG
PRODUCTION
ACETIC ACID
ACETIC ANHYDRIDE
26
Density: 1,08
Boiling point: 139¼C
Description: Colorless liquid with a penetrating, strong acetic odor. Fumes in moist air.
Hazards: Flammable; vapors are irritating to respiratory system and eyes; liquid may
burn eyes and skin severely; ingestion causes irritation, pain and vomiting.
Illicit use: Acetylating agent in the production of heroin, P2P and N-acetylanthranilic
acid.
Where controlled or regulated: CSA, United Nations, Organization of American States
(OAS).
Legitimate uses: Acetylating and dehydrating agent; acetylation of cellulose (80%);
production of polymethylacrylamide (Hard Foam); acetylated plastic auxiliaries;
explosives; production of certain types of brake and drilling fluids; production of cold-
bleaching activators; dyeing, chiefly with nitric acid; preparation of organic
intermediates; productions of pharmaceuticals, e.g., aspirin, acetanilide, phenacetin,
theophylline; acetylation of animal and plant fats; production of flavors, fragrances and
herbicides.
Manufacturing process: Dehydration of acetic acid and carbonylation of methylacetate.
Shipping and storage: Containers lined with stainless steel or polyethylene.
Manufacturers: North America: United States. Europe: Germany, France, United
Kingdom, Switzerland. Asia: Japan. Central America: Mexico. South America: Brazil.
Remarks: Acetic Anhydride reacts with morphine to yield heroin. It also reacts with
anthranilic acid to form N-acetyl-anthranilic acid, the immediate precursor of
methaqualone and mecloqualone. It reacts with phenylacetic acid to give P2P, a precursor
of amphetamine and methamphetamine.
ACETIC ANHYDRIDE
27
theophylline; acetylation of animal and plant fats; production of flavors, fragrances and
herbicides.
Manufacturing process: Dehydration of acetic acid and carbonylation of methylacetate.
Shipping and storage: Containers lined with stainless steel or polyethylene.
Manufacturers: North America: United States. Europe: Germany, France, United
Kingdom, Switzerland. Asia: Japan. Central America: Mexico. South America: Brazil.
Remarks: Acetic Anhydride reacts with morphine to yield heroin. It also reacts with
anthranilic acid to form N-acetyl-anthranilic acid, the immediate precursor of
methaqualone and mecloqualone. It reacts with phenylacetic acid to give P2P, a precursor
of amphetamine and methamphetamine.
ACETONE
28
in the presence of a catalyst such as zinc or aluminum oxide. It may also be produced
from isopropyl alcohol at cocaine laboratory sites.
N-ACETYLANTHRANILIC ACID
ACETYL CHLORIDE
29
Shipping and storage: Polyethylene lined drums in cool dry area with adequate
ventilation.
Manufacturers: North America: United States. Europe: Germany, United Kingdom,
Switzerland. Asia: India, Japan.
Remarks: This chemical can be substituted for acetic anhydride which is the most widely
used acetylating agent in converting morphine to heroin. Acetyl chloride however is more
hazardous to use in this procedure than acetic anhydride and has rarely been encountered.
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
AMMONIUM FORMATE
30
Legitimate uses: Chemical analysis, especially to precipitate base metals from salts of
the ÒnobleÓ metals (gold, platinum, etc.).
Manufacturing process: Prepared from formic acid and ammonia; from methyl formate
and ammonia.
Shipping and storage: Tightly closed containers.
Manufacturers: Europe: Germany, Italy, United Kingdom. Asia: Japan. North America:
United States.
Remarks: It is a precursor in the clandestine production of amphetamine and MDA from
P2P and 3,4-MDP2P respectively. Formic acid and ammonia are sometimes substituted
for ammonium formate.
AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE
ANTHRANILIC ACID
31
Molecular weight: 137,13 (C7H7NO2)
CSA Code: 8530
Harmonized code: 2922.49.3700
Density: 1,41
Melting point: 144-146¼C
Description: White to pale yellow crystalline powder with sweetish taste.
Hazards: Harmful is swallowed.
Illicit use: Production of methaqualone and mecloqualone by forming N-
acetylanthranilic.
Where controlled or regulated: CSA, Organization of American States (OAS), United
Nations.
Legitimate uses: Chemical intermediate in the manufacture of dyes (indigo),
pharmaceuticals and perfumes; in general organic syntheses.
Manufacturing process: Reaction of isatoic anhydride and alkalis; reduction of ortho-
nitrobenzoic acid.
Shipping and storage: Shipped in 150 lb. (68.2 kg) fiber drums and as bulk powder;
stored in tightly closed containers in cool dry areas.
Manufacturers: North America: United States. Europe: Germany, Denmark. Asia:
Japan.
Remarks: Anthranilic acid along with acetic acid is used to synthesize N-
acetylanthranilic acid which is used in the clandestine production of methaqualone and
mecloqualone. Esters of anthranilic acid such as pindocaine are now controlled under the
CSA.
BENZALDEHYDE
32
This intermediate can then be converted into P2P or amphetamine. This reaction has been
encountered in clandestine P2P and amphetamine labs.
BENZENE
BENZYL CHLORIDE
33
Hazards: Vapor is irritating to respiratory system, mucous membranes, eyes and skin;
liquid can cause burns; ingestion causes severe internal irritation and damage.
Where controlled or regulated: CSA, Organization of American States (OAS).
Legitimate uses: Manufacture of plasticizers, benzyl alcohol and phenylacetic acid;
production of quaternary ammonium salts for disinfectants and catalysts; benzyl ester for
the flavor and perfume industry; dyes of the triphenylmethane series; dibenzyl disulfide
(antioxidant) for lubricants; benzylphenol and benzylamines.
Manufacturing process: Chlorination of toluene.
Manufacturers:North America: United States. Europe: Germany, Belgium, Spain,
United Kingdom. Asia: Japan.
Remarks: It is used in one of the methods to manufacture P2P, a precursor of
amphetamine and methamphetamine. This method is not the primary method used to
produce P2P.
BENZYL CYANIDE
n-BUTYL ACETATE
34
Hazards: Vapors may irritate respiratory system and cause headache and nausea; liquid
irritates the eyes and may cause conjunctivitis; liquid irritates the skin and causes
dermatitis; if ingested may act as a central nervous system depressant.
Illicit use: Solvent used during the conversion of cocaine to cocaine hydrochloride.
Where controlled or regulated: Colombia.
Legitimate uses: Manufacture of lacquer, artificial leather, photographic film, plastics and
safety glass.
Manufacturing process: Reaction of acetic acid and n-butyl alcohol.
Manufacturers: Europe: Germany, Belgium, Spain, France, Italy, United Kingdom,
Switzerland. Asia: Japan, Taiwan. North America: United States.
Remarks:This chemical has been identified in cocaine hydrochloride samples seized in
the U.S. Its solvent properties are similar to ethyl ether except that it is less volatile.
n-BUTYL ALCOHOL
35
Hazards: Flammable; vapor may irritate the respiratory system and eyes , liquid irritate
eyes and may irritate the skin; if ingested may cause headache, dizziness, drowsiness and
narcosis.
Illicit use: Solvent used in the conversion of cocaine base to cocaine hydrochloride.
Where controlled or regulated: Unknown.
Legitimate uses: Synthesis of MEK, flotation agents, flavors, perfumes dyestuffs,
wetting agents; production of industrial cleaners, paint removers, solvent for natural
resins, linseed and castors oils.
Manufacturing process: Hydration of 2-butene.
Shipping and storage: Untreated mild steel or enameled steel drums; stainless steel may
also be used.
Manufacturers: North America: United States. Europe: Germany, France, The
Netherlands, United Kingdom. Asia: Japan, Taiwan.
Remarks: Approximately 95% of U.S. produced sec-butyl alcohol is used to manufacture
methyl ethyl ketone by dehydrogenation and 5% is used for solvents and chemical
intermediates. This chemical has been identified in cocaine hydrochloride samples seized
in the United States.
CALCIUM CARBONATE
Other names: Carbonic acid calcium salt; Calcichew; Calcidia; Ligth Carbonate.
Molecular formula: CaCO3
Molecular weight: 100,09
Harmonized code: 2836.50.0000
Melting point: 825¼C (decomposes)
Description: Odorless, tasteless powder or crystals. Practically insoluble in water but
soluble in dilute acids.
Hazards: Severely irritating to eyes and moderately irritating to skin.
Illicit use: Alkaline material in the processing of cocaine base.
Where controlled or regulated: Unknown.
Legitimate uses: Antacid; calcium supplement; manufacture of paint, rubber, plastic,
paper; insecticides; inks; filler in the production of adhesives, matches, pencils, crayons,
linoleum, insulating compounds and welding rods; cosmetics, pharmaceuticals,
antibiotics and for removing acidity of wines.
Manufacturing process: Commercial calcium carbonate is produced from limestone.
Native mineral is purified by elutriation.
Manufacturers: North America: United States. Europe: Germany, Austria, Belgium,
Denmark, Spain, Finland, France, Ireland, Italy, Norway, The Netherlands, Portugal,
United Kingdom, Sweden. Asia: South Korea, Malaysia, Japan, Thailand, Taiwan.
Remarks: Calcium carbonate is one of a number of alkaline substances such as
potassium or sodium carbonate which may be used in the production of cocaine and other
substances.
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE
Other names: Calcium hydrate; Slaked lime; custic lime, hydrated lime.
36
Molecular formula: Ca(OH)2
Molecular weight:74,1
Harmonized code: 2825.90.9000
Density: 2,34
Melting point: Decomposes
Description: Crystals or soft, odorless granules or powder with bitter alkaline taste;
slightly soluble in water; readily absorbs carbon dioxide forming calcium carbonate.
Hazards: Mildly toxic by ingestion; severely irritating to eyes, skin, mucous membranes
and respiratory system; causes dermatitis.
Illicit use: Alkaline material in the production of coca paste, cocaine base, morphine and
other substances.
Where controlled or regulated: Bolivia.
Legitimate uses: In mortar, plaster, cement and other building and paving materials;
lubricants, drilling fluids, pesticides, fireproof coatings, water based paints; water
treatment; manufacture of paper pulp.
Manufacturing process: Hydration of lime ( calcium oxide).
Shipping and storage: Tightly closed and dry containers.
Manufacturers: Europe: Germany, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, Finland, France, Ireland,
The Netherlands, United Kingdom, Sweden. Asia: Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia. North
America: United States.
Remarks: This chemical has been found at cocaine laboratory sites in South America.
Although it is used in the production of cocaine, many other alkaline materials can be
substituted in its place.
CALCIUM OXIDE
37
Manufacturers: Europe: Germany, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, Finland, France, Ireland,
Italy, The Netherlands, Sweden, United Kingdom, Switzerland. Asia: Japan, Taiwan.
North America: United States.
Remarks: This material has been found at cocaine laboratory sites in South America. It is
an alkaline material which has been used in the production of cocaine. Many other
alkaline materials can be substituted in its place.
CHLOROFORM
CYCLOHEXANE
38
Description: Flammable liquid with a solvent odor.
Hazards: May irritate the eyes, skin and respiratory system; inhalation of high
concentrations may cause narcosis; assumed to be an irritant and narcosis if ingested.
Illicit use: Solvent used in the conversion of cocaine base to cocaine hydrochloride.
Where controlled or regulated: Unknown.
Manufacturing process: Hydrogenation of benzene.
Shipping and storage: Glass carboys, metal barrels or drums, tank cars, cargo tanks with
pressure relief valves.
Manufacturers: North America: United States. Europe: Germany, Belgium, Spain,
France, Italy, The Netherlands, United Kingdom. Asia: South Korea, Japan, Taiwan.
Central America: Mexico. South America: Brazil.
Remarks: This chemical has been identified in cocaine hydrochloride samples seized in
the United States. It has solvent properties similar to toluene for use in the cocaine
production process.
CYCLOHEXANONE
DIACETONE ALCOHOL
39
Boiling point: 164-169¼C
Description: Colorless liquid with a mild odor.
Hazards: Highly flammable; vapor irritates eyes and respiratory system; liquid irritates
eyes and mucous membranes and is absorbed by the skin; liquid if ingested has a narcotic
effect.
Illicit use: Solvent used to produce acetone for cocaine production.
Where controlled or regulated: Colombia.
Legitimate uses: Solvent for cellulose acetate, nitrocellulose, fats, oils, waxes, resins;
preservative in pharmaceutical preparations; antifreeze solutions and hydraulic fluids;
intermediate for making mesityl oxide, methyl isobutyl ketone and hexylene glycol.
Manufacturing process: Condensation of acetone in the presence of a basic catalysts such
as barium hydroxide of calcium hydroxide.
Shipping and storage: Tank car or truck.
Manufacturers: North America: United States Europe: Germany, France, Italy, The
Netherlands, United Kingdom. Asia: Japan, Taiwan. South America: Brazil.
Remarks: There is substantial evidence that diacetone alcohol has been used to produce
acetone. This can be accomplished by the reaction of diacetone alcohol with an alkaline
material or with a catalyst such as aluminum or zinc oxide.
DIETHYLAMINE
40
EPHEDRINE
ERGONOVINE
41
Hazards: In large quantities it is highly toxic and may cause vomiting,diarrhea,
unquenchable thirst, confusion, and unconsciousness; chronic poisoning from ingestion
of grain contaminated with fungus, ergot.
Illicit use: Production of LSD.
Where controlled or regulated: CSA, United Nations, Organization of American States
Legitimate uses: An oxytocic for obstetrical use and as a vasoconstrictors particularly in
the treatment of migraine headaches.
Manufacturing process: Extraction from ergot (fungus that grows on grain); synthesis
from dextrolysergic acid and levo (+)-2-amino-1-propanol.
Shipping and storage: In tightly closed ambar colored containers in cool dry area.
Manufacturers: Europe: Switzerland. Asia: India.
Remarks: Ergonovine can be used to produce lysergic acid which in turn is used to
synthesize LSD or it can be used in a direct synthesis of LSD. Small amounts (less than
100 micrograms) of LSD produce significant hallucinogenic activity therefore very little
ergonovine is needed to yield a substantial number of dosage units of LSD.
ERGOTAMINE
ETHYL ACETATE
Other names: Acetic ether; acetic acid ethyl ester; vinegar naptha; ethyl acetic ester;
ethyl ethanoate; acetidin.
42
Molecular formula: CH3COOCH2CH3
Molecular weight: 88,1 (C4H8O2)
Harmonized code: 2915.31.0000
Density: 0,90
Boiling point:77¼C
Description: Clear, volatile, liquid with a fruity pleasant odor.
Hazards: Highly flammable; vapor may irritate the eyes and respiratory system; liquid
irritates the eyes and mucous surfaces; prolonged inhalation may cause kidney and liver
damage.
Illicit use: Solvent used in the conversion of cocaine base to cocaine hydrochloride.
Where controlled or regulated: Colombia
Legitimate uses: Solvent for nitrocellulose, varnishes and lacquers; artificial fruit
essences; manufacture of smokeless powder, artificial leather, artificial silk, perfumes.
Manufacturing process: Oxidation/reduction reaction of acetaldehyde in the presence of
aluminum or sodium alkoxide; by-product in oxidation of butane or formation of
polyvinylbutral (PVB); direct esterification of acetic acid.
Shipping and storage: Glass carboys, metal barrels or drums, tank cars, cargo tanks with
pressure relief devices.
Manufacturers: North America: United States. Europe: Germany, Belgium, Spain, Italy,
United Kingdom, Sweden, Switzerland. Asia: South Korea, Indonesia, Japan, Taiwan.
Central America: Mexico. South America: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Peru.
Remarks: From 1989 to 1993, this chemical has been found in a significant number of
cocaine hydrochloride samples seized in the United States. It is usually found in
combination with other solvents. It has properties similar to ethyl ether for use in the
cocaine production process. Ethyl acetate can easily be produced by a combination of
acetic acid, ethyl alcohol and sulfuric acid.
ETHYL ALCOHOL
43
Shipping and storage: Railroad tank cars, tank trucks, drums and smaller glass or metal
containers; some drums may be lined with phenolic resin.
Manufacturers: North America: United States. Europe: Germany, France, United
Kingdom. Asia: Japan, South Korea. South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile.
Remarks: This chemical has been identified in the cocaine hydrochloride samples seized
in the U.S. This solvent is not essential to the cocaine hydrochloride since other alcohols
such a methyl isopropyl, etc. can be used. This solvent is used in combination with water
insoluble solvents. Ethanol can be used in a process with sulfuric acid to produce ethyl
ether.
ETHYLAMINE
N-ETHYLEPHEDRINE
44
Harmonized code: 2939.40.0050
Melting point: 183-184¼C
Illicit use: Production of N-ethyl-N-methylamphetamine.
Where controlled or regulated: Removed from CSA 04/16/1994.
Manufacturers: Europe: Germany.
Remarks: There have been no documented purchases or seizures of this precursor or
seizures of this precursor or its potential illicit product, N-ethyl-N-methylamphetamine,
in the U.S. There were also no manufacturers or suppliers of this precursor located in the
U.S.
ETHYL ETHER
45
ETHYLIDENE DIACETATE
N-ETHYLPSEUDOEPHEDRINE
FORMAMIDE
46
Illicit use: Precursor in the production of amphetamine and MDA.
Where controlled or regulated: Unknown.
Legitimate uses: Ionizing solvent; manufacture of formic esters; as softener for paper;
used in animal glues and water soluble gums.
Manufacturing process: Produced from carbon monoxide and ammonia at high
temperature and pressure.
Manufacturers: North America: United States. Europe: Germany. Asia: Japan.
Remarks: It is used with ammonia in place of formic acid in a reaction with P2P or 3,4-
MD P2P to form amphetamine of MDA.
FORMIC ACID
HEXANE
47
Hazards: Flammable; vapors may irritate respiratory system and in high concentrations
have a narcotic effect; may cause chronic effects; such as loss of sensation in hands and
feet.
Illicit use: Solvent used in the conversion of cocaine base to cocaine hydrochloride.
Where controlled or regulated: Colombia.
Legitimate uses: Determining refractive indices of minerals; filling for thermometers;
quick drying adhesives and rubber cement; vegetable oil extraction.
Manufacturing process: Refined from petroleum.
Manufacturers: Europe: Germany, Belgium, Spain, France, Portugal. Asia: South Korea,
Japan, Taiwan. North America: United States.
Remarks: This chemical has been identified in cocaine hydrochloride samples seized in
the U.S, and has been reported by authorities in Latin American countries. It has solvent
properties similar to toluene in the cocaine production process except that it is more
volatile. Hexane must be used in conjunction with water miscible solvent such as
acetone.
HYDRIODIC ACID
48
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
49
Molecular formula: H2O2
Molecular weight: 34.02
Harmonized code: 2847.00.0000
Density: 1.11 (30% solution)
Boiling point: 152¼ C
Freezing point:-0.4¼C
Description: Colorless, bitter tasting and rather unstable liquid. Marketed as a solution
in water in concentrations of 3-90% by weight. Strong oxidizing agent.
Hazards: Irritating and caustic in high concentrations to mucous membranes, eyes and
skin; ingestion may cause acute distension of the stomach, nausea, vomiting and internal
bleeding; may cause burns to skin and mucous membranes.
Illicit use: Oxidizing agent in the production of cocaine.
Where controlled or regulated: Unknown
Legitimate uses: 90% solution is used in rocket propulsion; bleaching agent in food;
strong oxidizer; topical antiseptic and cleansing agent (dilute solution); in pharmaceutical
preparations; mouthwashes, sanitary lotions (dilute solutions).
Manufacturing process: Catalytic reduction of 2-ethylanthraquinone.
Shipping and storage: Preserve in partially-filled containers having a vent in the closure
and store in a cool place; glass bottles, aluminum drums with vented closure in the top
head, not over 30 gallons; polyethylene containers with vent closures; tank cars and cargo
tanks fabricated of aluminum.
Manufacturers: Europe: Germany, Austria, Belgium, Spain, Finland, France, Italy,
Norway, The Netherlands, Portugal, United Kingdom, Sweden. Asia: South Korea,
Indonesia, Japan, Thailand, Taiwan. North America: United States.
Remarks: Hydrogen peroxide is commonly referred to as peroxide. It can be used as a
substitute for potassium permanganate to oxidize cinnamoylcocaine in the illicit cocaine
process. It is harder to use due to lack of color change as with potassium permanganate. It
has been found at cocaine laboratory sites.
IODINE
Molecular formula: I2
Molecular weight: 253,82
Harmonized code: 2801.20.0000
Density: 4,93
Melting point: 113.6¼C
Description: Bluish-black scales or plates. It has a characteristic odor, a sharp acrid taste
and produces a violet corrosive vapor.
Hazards: Vapor is irritating to respiratory system and eyes, solid irritates the eyes and
may burn the skin; if ingested there may be severe internal irritation and damage.
Illicit use: Production of methamphetamine and PCP.
Where controlled or regulated: Unknown.
Legitimate uses: Manufacture of iodine solutions; germicides, fungicides and antiseptics;
reduces friction of hard surfaces including stainless steel and glass; reagent in analytical
chemistry; manufacture of iodide salts.
50
Manufacturing process: Extracted from Cholean nitrate-bearing earth (Caliche) and from
seaweed.
Manufacturers: Europe: The Netherlands, United Kingdom. Asia: Japan, Indonesia.
North America: United States.
Remarks: Iodine and water can be mixed with hydrogen sulfide to produce hydriodic
acid which, in turn, is the primary reducing agent for methamphetamine synthesis. This is
a hazardous procedure. Iodine is also mixed with red phosphorus and water to make
hydriodic acid. In a clandestine laboratory setting, a little acid may be added to this
reaction mixture
ISOBUTYL ALCOHOL
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
51
Hazards: Flammable; inhalation of the vapor in high concentrations and ingestion of the
liquid may result in headache, dizziness, mental depression, nausea, vomiting, narcosis,
anesthesia, and coma; liquid may damage eyes severely.
Illicit use: Recrystallization of hydrochloride salts of some clandestinely produced
controlled substances; solvent used in the conversion of cocaine base to cocaine
hydrochloride.
Where controlled or regulated: Colombia.
Legitimate uses: Solvent, extractant, dehydration, and defrosting agent; disinfectant; feed
stock for manufacture of acetone and other compounds; premium grade IPA is formulated
into skin lotions, hair care products, nail polish and other personal care products.
Manufacturing process: Sulfuric acid oxidation of propylene; hydrogenation of acetone.
Shipping and storage: Polyethylene bottles and drums, metal tanks.
Manufacturers: North America: United States. Europe: Germany, Spain, France, The
Netherlands, United Kingdom. Asia: South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Taiwan. Central
America: Mexico. South America: Argentina, Brazil, Peru, Venezuela.
Remarks: Isopropyl alcohol can be used to incorporate hydrochloric acid into the
solvents used in the production of cocaine hydrochloride. IPA is not essential in cocaine
hydrochloride production, since other alcohols (ethyl, isobutyl, and methyl) can be used.
Isopropyl alcohol has been found in combination with other solvents in liquid samples
obtained from South America and in cocaine hydrochloride samples seized in the United
States. It can be used as a starting material in the production of acetone.
ISOPROPYL ACETATE
ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
52
Molecular weight: 60,09 (C3H8O)
Harmonized code: 2905.12.0050
Density: 0,78
Boiling point: 82,5¼C
Description: Colorless, liquid with a slightly bitter taste.
Hazards: Flammable; inhalation of the vapor in high concentrations and ingestion of the
liquid may result in headache, dizziness, mental depression, nausea, vomiting, narcosis,
anesthesia, and coma; liquid may damage eyes severely.
Illicit use: Recrystallization of hydrochloride salts of some clandestinely produced
controlled substances; solvent used in the conversion of cocaine base to cocaine
hydrochloride.
Where controlled or regulated: Colombia.
Legitimate uses: Solvent, extractant, dehydration, and defrosting agent; disinfectant; feed
stock for manufacture of acetone and other compounds; premium grade IPA is formulated
into skin lotions, hair care products, nail polish and other personal care products.
Manufacturing process: Sulfuric acid oxidation of propylene; hydrogenation of acetone.
Shipping and storage: Polyethylene bottles and drums, metal tanks.
Manufacturers: North America: United States. Europe: Germany, Spain, France, The
Netherlands, United Kingdom. Asia: South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Taiwan. Central
America: Mexico. South America: Argentina, Brazil, Peru, Venezuela.
Remarks: Isopropyl alcohol can be used to incorporate hydrochloric acid into the
solvents used in the production of cocaine hydrochloride. IPA is not essential in cocaine
hydrochloride production, since other alcohols (ethyl, isobutyl, and methyl) can be used.
Isopropyl alcohol has been found in combination with other solvents in liquid samples
obtained from South America and in cocaine hydrochloride samples seized in the United
States. It can be used as a starting material in the production of acetone.
ISOSAFROLE
53
Manufacturing process: Reaction of safrole with alcoholic potassium hydroxide .
Manufacturers: Unknown.
Remarks: Isosafrole is used either to synthesize 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone
or piperonal, both of which are intermediates in the synthesis of MDA, MDMA, MDE
and N-hydroxy-MDA. Isosafrole has been identified in U.S. clandestine laboratories
producing MDA or MDMA. It is available from U.S. chemical suppliers such as Aldrich.
KEROSENE
LYSERGIC ACID
54
Manufacturers: Unknown.
Remarks: Lysergic acid is the main precursor in at least two methods of synthesizing
LSD; often it is synthesized or obtained from ergot or ergot alkaloids. Lysergic acid can
be found in U.S. and Japanese chemical supply catalogues. There was no identified U.S.
production, importation or exportation of lysergic acid during 1992 or 1993.
METHYL ALCOHOL
Other names: Methanol; carbinol, wood spirit, wood alcohol, methyl hydroxide.
Molecular formula: CH3OH
Molecular weight: 32,04 (CH4O)
Harmonized code: 2905.11.1000 / 2905.11.2000
Density: 0,79
Boiling point: 64,7¼C
Description: Clear, colorless, mobile liquid; burns with a bluish flame.
Hazards: Flammable, inhalation of high concentrations of vapor may cause dizziness,
stupor, cramps and digestive disturbances; lower concentrations may cause headache,
nausea, vomiting, and irritation of the mucous membranes; vapor and liquid are very
dangerous to the eyes; ingestion damages the central nervous system especially the optic
nerve causing temporary or permanent blindness; ingestion also injures kidneys, liver,
heart and other organs; unconsciousness may develop after some hours and may be
followed by death.
Illicit use: Recrystallization of hydrochloride salts of some clandestinely produced
controlled substances; solvent in the conversion of cocaine base to cocaine hydrochloride.
Where controlled or regulated: Colombia.
Legitimate uses: Industrial solvent; antifreeze; octane booster; to denature ethanol; raw
material for making formaldehyde and methyl esters of inorganic and organic acids;
solvent used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals.
Manufacturing process: Destructive distillation of wood; from hydrogen and carbon
monoxide or carbon dioxide; oxidation of hydrocarbons. By-product in the manufacture
of polyethylene terephthalate when dimethyl terephthalate is used.
Shipping and storage: Preserve in tight containers, remote from heat, sparks and open
flames.
Manufacturers: North America: United States. Europe: Germany, Greece, Italy, The
Netherlands, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Russia. Asia: Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia,
Thailand, Taiwan. South America: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Venezuela.
Central America: Mexico.
Remarks: Methanol can be used to dissolve hydrochloric acid in the manufacture of
cocaine hydrochloride. This solvent is not essential to cocaine hydrochloride production,
since other alcohols such as ethyl, isopropyl, etc. can be used. This solvent is used in
combination with water insoluble solvents. It has been identified in cocaine
hydrochloride samples.
METHYLAMINE
55
Molecular formula: CH3NH2
Molecular weight:31,06 (CH5N)
Harmonized code: 2921.11.0000
Description: Gas at ordinary temperature and pressure, corrosive liquid when liquefied
by cooling in ice and salt mixture; commonly sold as 33-40% aqueous solutions. The
hydrochloride exist as deliquescent tetragonal crystals.
Hazards: Gas and liquid are flammable; gas irritates the skin, eyes and respiratory
system; sustained contact may cause burns; highly corrosive to the skin, mucous
membranes and respiratory tract.
Illicit use: Used with P2P to produce methamphetamine and with 3,4-
methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone to produce MDMA.
Where controlled or regulated: CSA, covers mono-methylamine. Dimethylamine and
trimethylamine are not included.
Legitimate uses: Production of bactericides, insecticides (36%), explosives (31%) and
N-methylpyrrolidine (lube oil additive) (15%).
Manufacturing process: Produced from methanol and ammonia; by heating methanol,
ammonium chloride and zinc chloride; by heating ammonium chloride and
formaldehyde.
Shipping and storage: Stored in carbon steel or stainless steel containers; small amounts
are stored in glass or ceramic vessels. Methylamine must be stored under pressure at
room temperature. It should be kept under nitrogen to avoid contact with carbon dioxide
(forms carbonates) and moisture.
Manufacturers: Europe: Germany, Belgium, Spain, Italy, The Netherlands, United
Kingdom. Asia: South Korea, Japan. North America: United States.
Remarks: The P2P/methylamine process to manufacture methamphetamine is used in less
than one third of the clandestine laboratories seized in the U.S. Methylamine is a
necessary chemical in these processes. It is also a necessary chemical for the production
of MDMA. Is readily available from U.S. chemical supply houses.
METHYLENE CHLORIDE
56
Manufacturing process: Chlorination of methane and methyl chloride.
Shipping and storage: Preserve in tightly sealed glass, metal or plastic containers; or
metal drums.
Manufacturers: North America: United States. Europe: Germany, Spain, France, Italy,
The Netherlands, United Kingdom. Asia: South Korea, Japan.
Remarks: Methylene chloride is found in combination with other solvents in cocaine
samples. Due to its properties, this solvent does not appear to be usable by itself in the
manufacture of cocaine because cocaine hydrochloride is soluble in methylene chloride.
It could probably be used in a mixture of solvents. Methylene chloride can also be used
in the separation and purification of other controlled substances.
3,4-METHYLENEDIOXYPHENYL-2-PROPANONE
N-METHYLEPHEDRINE
57
Where controlled or regulated:CSA.
Legitimate uses: Organic syntheses.
Manufacturing process: Levo isomer of this chemical occurs naturally in several species
of the plant genus “Ephedra”.
Manufacturers: Europe: Germany.
Remarks: This chemical is available from many specialty chemical suppliers in the
United States.
58
Description: Colorless liquid, faint ketonic and camphor odor.
Hazards: Flammable; inhalation of vapors may cause dizziness, headache and nausea;
liquid irritates the eyes and may cause severe damage; if ingested may cause gastric
irritation and narcosis.
Illicit use: Solvent used in the production of cocaine hydrochloride.
Where controlled or regulated: Colombia.
Legitimate uses: Solvent for gums, resins, nitrocelullose, etc.
Manufacturing process: Controlled catalytic reduction of mesityl oxide.
Shipping and storage: Carbon steel containers for short term storage and transportation;
stainless steel or tin lined containers for long term storage.
Manufacturers: Europe: Germany, France, The Netherlands, United Kingdom. Asia:
South Korea, Japan, Taiwan. North America: United States.
Remarks: Found in combination with other solvents in cocaine samples. It has solvent
properties suitable for use in the conversion of cocaine base to cocaine hydrochloride.
N-METHYLPSEUDOEPHEDRINE
NITROETHANE
59
MDA/MDMA or reacted with benzaldehyde derivatives to produce other amphetamine
analogues.
NORPSEUDOEPHEDRINE
PETROLEUM ETHER
PHENYLACETIC ACID
60
Molecular weight: 136,14 (C8H8O2)
Harmonized code: 2916.33.1000
Density: 1,09
Melting point: 76-77¼C
Boiling point: 265,5¼C
Description: White powder with a very disagreeable pungent odor; salts usually sold as
50% aqueous solutions; available as sodium or potassium salts.
Hazards:Moderately toxic by ingestion; teratogen in experimental animals; when heated
to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.
Illicit use: Production of amphetamine, methamphetamine and P2P.
Where controlled or regulated: CSA, Organization of American States(OAS), United
Nations.
Legitimate uses:
Manufacture of perfumes, phenylacetic acid esters, herbicides, penicillin and other
pharmaceutical products; flavoring agent for beverages and sweetened foods.
Manufacturing process: Hydrolysis of benzyl cyanide using dilute sulfuric or
hydrochloric acid.
Shipping and storage: Solutions sold in 4000 gallons lots, shipped by bulk tank car or
truck; also sold in 55 gallon (208.2 liter) drums as the potassium or sodium salts in
carbon steel tanks; sodium salt requires heating since it freezes at 10¼C; non-salt form
should be stored in dark bottles in a cool dry area.
Manufacturers: Europe: Germany, Denmark, Spain, France, United Kingdom. Asia:
Japan.
Remarks: Phenylacetic acid is used in the two most frequently employed methods to
synthesize P2P in clandestine laboratories. P2P is then used in the clandestine production
of amphetamine and methamphetamine. Esters of phenylacetic acid (e.g. phenylacetic
acid ethyl esters) can be easily converted to the parent compound by heating with an
aqueous acid or base and now are regulated under the CSA.
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE
61
Manufacturing process: Reaction of propiophenone with an alkyl nitrite, followed by
catalytic (palladium or platinum) hydrogenation.
Manufacturers: North America: United States. Europe: Germany. Asia: Japan, Taiwan.
Remarks: Phenylpropanolamine is the main precursor in an infrequently used synthesis
for amphetamine; it is also the primary precursor in the synthesis of 4-methylaminorex,
an amphetamine-like central nervous system stimulant.
PHENYL-2-PROPANONE
PIPERIDINE
62
Hazards: Toxic by inhalation; may cause burns to skin; keep away from sources of
ignition; strong irritant.
Illicit use: Synthesis of PCP.
Where controlled or regulated: CSA, OAS, UN
Legitimate uses: Manufacture of local anesthetics, analgesics and other pharmaceutical
products, wetting agents and germicides; intermediate for rubber vulcanization
accelerators; hardening agent for epoxy resins; solvent; catalyst and complexing agent.
Manufacturing process: Electrolytic reduction of pyridine; heating piperine with
alcoholic potassium hydroxide; small amounts in black pepper.
Shipping and storage: Shipped in drums and stored in tightly closed containers in cool
dry area.
Manufacturers: Europe: Germany, France y United Kingdom. Asia: Japan. North
America: United States
Remarks: Piperidine is used along with sodium cyanide, cyclohexanone and sodium
metabisulfite in the first step of the most widely used method to make PCP. It can be
replaced by other chemicals (morpholine, pyrrolidine)to produce pharmacologically
similar analogues such as PCM or PCPy.
PIPERONAL
63
lithium aluminum hydride. Piperonal is available from United States suppliers. The U.S.
imports substantial quantities from China and other countries.
POTASSIUM CARBONATE
POTASSIUM CYANIDE
64
Legitimate uses: Similar to sodium cyanide; electroplating; metal surface hardening;
organic and inorganic synthesis; extracting gold and silver from ores; fumigating citrus
and other fruit trees.
Manufacturing process: Reaction of a solution of potassium hydroxide with liquid or
gaseous hydrogen cyanide (Costner Process).
Shipping and storage: Steel drum stored in a dry place and protected from corrosion;
solutions must be stored in steel/stainless steel containers.
Manufacturers: North America: United States. Europe: Germany, Italy, United
Kingdom. Asia: Japan.
Remarks: Potassium cyanide is used along with piperidine, cyclohexanone and sodium
metabisulfite to produce the PCP intermediate (PCC) which is reacted with a Grignard
reagent (phenylmagnesium bromide) to synthesize PCP. Sodium cyanide is more
commonly used.
POTASSIUM DICHROMATE
POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE
65
Melting point: 360¼C; 380¼C, when anhydrous
Description: White or slightly yellow lumps, rods or pellets which rapidly absorb
moisture and carbon dioxide when exposed to air.
Hazards: Extremely corrosive to the eyes, skin and mucous membranes; poisonous by
ingestion; eye irritant and severe skin irritant.
Illicit use: Alkaline material used in the production of coca paste, cocaine base and other
controlled substances.
Where controlled or regulated: Organization of American States (OAS)
Legitimate uses: Manufacture of liquid soap, printing inks, paint and varnish removers; in
electroplating, photo engraving; as a pharmaceutical aid (alkalizer), carbon dioxide
absorbent, mordant for wood.
Manufacturing process: Electrolysis potassium chloride.
Shipping and storage: Containers of glass, metal, plastic or fiber board, fiberboard boxes
with inside paper bags not over 50 pounds, fiberboard with plastic bags, metal drums,
fiber drums, plastic drums, fiberglass or rubber tanks, metal sift-proof cargo tank or tank
car, or hopper type bulk vehicle.
Manufacturers: Europe: Germany, Belgium, Spain, France, Italy, United Kingdom,
Sweden. Asia: South Korea, Japan, Taiwan. North America: United States.
Remarks: Potassium hydroxide has been found at clandestine cocaine production sites.
An alkaline material is essential for the production of cocaine. Potassium hydroxide is
one of a number of alkaline substances such as sodium, calcium or potassium carbonate,
which may be used in the production of cocaine.
POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE
66
Manufacturing process: Electrolytic oxidation of manganese ore.
Shipping and storage: Bottles and drums; preserved in well closed containers at ambient
temperature with open vents.
Manufacturers: Europe: Germany, Spain. Asia: Japan, Taiwan. North America: United
States.
Remarks: It is used to remove cinnamoylcocaine and other oxidizable alkaloids from
cocaine. Potassium permanganate is still the most commonly used oxidizing agent due to
its violet pink color in solution which is used as an indicator. It can be used to oxidize
ephedrine to ephedrone (N-methylcathinone), a central nervous system stimulant. Other
permanganate salts such as calcium and sodium, are strong oxidizing agents which can be
substituted for potassium permanganate.
PROPIONIC ANHYDRIDE
PSEUDOEFEDRINE
67
Melting point: 117-119¼C
Description: Base and salts (hydrochloride and sulfate) are crystalline materials.
Hazards: Harmful if swallowed in large quantities; do not breathe dust; avoid contact
with skin and eyes.
Illicit use: Production of methamphetamine and methcathinone.
Where controlled or regulated: CSA, Organization of American States (OAS), United
Nations.
Legitimate uses: Pharmaceutical preparations as nasal decongestants (d-form) and
bronchodilators (l-form).
Manufacturing process: Extracted from several species of the plant genus ephedra;
produced from ephedrine.
Shipping and storage: Keep in well-closed container and protected from light.
Manufacturers: Europe: Germany. North America: United States.
Remarks: Pseudoephedrine is used in the same way as ephedrine in the clandestine
synthesis of methamphetamine. It is not seen as often as ephedrine. It is produced in the
U.S. from ephedrine which is imported into the U.S. Pseudoephedrine is an ingredient in
over-the-counter preparations such as Sudafed and is sold by generic firms. D-
Pseudoephedrine is the preferred form since this is converted to d-methamphetamine.
RED PHOSPHORUS
Atomic symbol: P
Atomic weight: 30,97
Harmonized code: 2804.70.0000
Density: 2,34
Description: Red to violet powder. Insoluble in organic solvents.
Hazards: Vapor from ignited phosphorous irritates the nose, throat, lungs and eyes.
Illicit use: Manufacture of methamphetamine.
Where controlled or regulated: Unknown.
Legitimate uses: Pyrotechnics; manufacture of safety matches; organic synthesis;
manufacture of phosphoric acid, phosphine, phosphoric anhydride and phosphorous
hydrochloride; manufacture of fertilizers, pesticides, incendiary shells, smoke bombs and
tracer bullets.
Manufacturing process: Purified from mineral phosphates: chlorapatite, vivianite and
phosphorite.
Manufacturers: Europe: Germany, France, Italy, The Netherlands. Asia: Japan. North
America: United States.
Remarks: Phosphorus exists in three allotropic forms: white, black and red. Only the red
form is used. It is a catalyst in the Hl reduction of ephedrine to methamphetamine. It
also catalyzes the formation of Hl from iodine and water.
SAFROLE
68
Molecular weight: 162,18 (C10H10O2)
Harmonized code: 2932.90.37000
Density: 1,10
Boiling point: 232-234¼C
Freezing point: 11¼C
Description: Colorless or slightly yellow liquid with sassafras odor.
Hazards: Poisonous by intraperitoneal and intravenous routes; moderately toxic by oral
ingestion and subcutaneous routes; produces carcinogenic and adverse effects on the
reproductive system in experimental animals; a skin irritant; combustible when exposed
to heat or flame; when heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.
Illicit use: Production of MDA, MDMA, MDE or N-hydroxy-MDA.
Where controlled or regulated: CSA, United Nations, Organization of American States.
Legitimate uses: Flavoring and fragrance industry; soap manufacturing; production of
piperonal.
Manufacturing process: Extraction of several essential oils, notably sassafras (75%);
from 3,4-methylenedioxybenzene through a 1-bromo-intermediate.
Shipping and storage: Keep in cool place and protected from light.
Manufacturers: Asia: Taiwan. North America: United States.
Remarks: Safrole can be used to synthesize 3,4-metilenodioxifenil-2-propanona, isoafrole
or piperonal, each of which can be converted to MDA, MDMA, MDE y N-hydroxy-
MDA. Safrole has been identified in clandestine laboratories producing MDA or its
analogues in the U.S. It’s also obtained from sassafras oil which contains greater than
70% safrole and is considered regulated.
SODIUM BICARBONATE
Other names: Baking soda, Sodium hydrogen carbonate; sodium acid carbonate.
Molecular formulas: NaHCO3
Molecular weight: 84,00
Harmonized code: 2836.30.0000
Melting point: Begins to lose carbon dioxide at 50¼C and is converted to sodium
carbonate at 100¼C.
Description: White crystalline powder or granules; commercial U.S.P. product is 99,9%
pure.
Illicit use: Alkaline material used in the production of coca paste, cocaine base and other
substances.
Where controlled or regulated: Unknown.
Legitimate uses: Manufacture of sodium salts; source of carbon dioxide; ingredient in
baking powder, effervescent salts and beverage; in fire extinguishers and cleaning
materials; antacid, urinary and systematic alkalizer in humans and animals; used locally
on burns and to dissolve mucus, exudates and scabs in animals.
Manufacturing process: Prepared from sodium carbonate, water and carbon dioxide.
Shipping and storage: Non-hazardous material available in 50 and 100 pound bags; 25
and 50 kilogram drums; bulk sold in hopper cars.
Manufacturers: North America: United States. Europe: Germany, Austria, Spain, France,
Italy, Portugal, United Kingdom Asia: South Korea, Japan, Taiwan.
69
Remarks: Sodium bicarbonate has been identified at some cocaine processing
laboratories. An alkaline material is essential for the production of cocaine. Sodium
bicarbonate is one of a number of alkaline substances such as sodium hydroxide or
calcium oxide, which may be used in the illicit production of cocaine and other
substances.
SODIUM CYANIDE
SODIUM DICHROMATE
70
Description: Reddish to bright orange, somewhat deliquescent crystals; becomes
anhydrous with prolonged exposure to heat.
Hazards: Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin.
Illicit use: Oxidizing agent in the manufacture of methcathinone.
Where controlled or regulated: Unknown.
Legitimate uses: Oxidizing agent in the manufacture of dyes, synthetic organic
chemicals and inks; in chrome-tanning of hides; electric batteries; bleaching fats, oils,
sponges and resins; refining petroleum; manufacture of chromic acid, other chromates
and chrome pigments; corrosion inhibitors and corrosive inhibiting paints; metal
treatments; electroengraving of copper; mordant in dyeing; for hardening gelatin; for
defoliation of cotton plants and other plants and shrubs.
Manufacturing process: From sodium chromates and sulfuric acid.
Shipping and sorage: Keep in tightly closed containers and away from heat.
Manufacturers: North America: United States. Europe: Germany, Italy, United
Kingdom. Asia: Japan.
Remarks: Sodium dichromate is a strong oxidizing agent in acid and is stronger than
potassium dichromate. It is used to oxidize ephedrine to methcathinone.
SODIUM HYDROXIDE
71
pound drums; bulk sold as 50% solutions in 15 and 55 gallon drums, tank cars and tank
trucks.
Manufacturers: Europe: Germany, Austria, Belgium, Spain, Finland, France, Greece,
Ireland, Italy, Norway, The Netherlands, United Kingdom, Sweden, Switzerland. Asia:
Indonesia, Philippines, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan. North America: United
States.
Remarks: An alkaline material is essential for the production of cocaine. Sodium
hydroxide has been found in clandestine cocaine laboratories. Sodium hydroxide is one
of a number of alkaline substances such as sodium, calcium or potassium carbonate or
calcium oxide, which may be used in the production of cocaine and other substances.
SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE
SODIUM SULFATE
Other names: Occurs in nature as the minerals mirabilite, thenardite. Salt cake
(anhydrous); Glauber’s salt (decahydrate).
Molecular formula: NaSO4 (anhydrous); Na2SO410H2O (decahydrate)
Molecular weight: 142,06
Harmonized code: 2832.30.0000
Density: 2,7
Melting point: 800¼C
72
Description: The anhydrous form is a white powder or ortho-rhombic bipyramidal
crystals; the decahydrate is odorless, efflorescent crystals or granules.
Hazards: Moderately toxic by intravenous routes; mildly toxic by ingestion.
Illicit use: Used in clandestine operations to remove water during recycling of organic
solvents.
Where controlled or regulated: Organization of American States (OAS).
Legitimate uses: Drying and printing textiles; standardizing dyes; freezing mixtures;
laboratory use; manufacture of glass and paper pulp; anhydrous form used to dry organic
liquids.
Manufacturing process: Naturally occurring; by-product of hydrochloric acid production;
sodium dichromate by-product; rayon by-product.
Shipping and storage: Glass containers, polyethylene containers, fiber drums.
Manufacturers: Europe: Germany, Austria, Belgium, Spain, Finland, France, Greece,
Italy, Norway, The Netherlands, Portugal, United Kingdom, Sweden. Asia: South Korea,
Indonesia, Japan, Thailand, Taiwan. North America: United States.
Remarks: Sodium sulfate is occasionally found in clandestine cocaine laboratories in
South America. It is not a critical chemical in the cocaine manufacturing process. It
could be used to remove water from solvents (ether, acetone, etc.) in one form of
recycling.
SODIUM THIOSULFATE
73
SULFURIC ACID
74
TARTARIC ACID
THIONYL CHLORIDE
75
Manufacturers: North America: United States. Europe: Germany, Switzerland. Asia:
Japan.
Remarks: Thionyl chloride is used in a two step synthesis of methamphetamine
occasionally seen at clandestine laboratories. Ephedrine or pseudoephedrine is reacted
with thionyl chloride to form an intermediate which is reduced with hydrogen gas in the
presence of a catalyst (palladium or platinum) to yield methamphetamine. Phosphorus
pentachloride can be substituted for thionyl chloride in this synthesis.
TOLUENE
ORTHO-TOLUIDINE
76
Harmonized code: 2921.43.8000
Density: 1,01
Boiling point: 200-202¼C
Description: Light yellow liquid becoming reddish-brown when exposed to air and light.
Hazards: Excessive breathing of vapor, ingestion or absorption through the skin may
cause headaches, drowsiness, cyanosis, mental confusion and in severe cases,
convulsions; vapor is dangerous to the eyes; it is a suspected carcinogen.
Illicit use: Clandestine manufacture of methaqualone.
Where controlled or regulated: Unknown.
Legitimate uses: Manufacture of various dyes; printing textiles blue-black; making color
fast to acids.
Manufacturing process: Amination of toluene with methylhydroxylamine or
hydroxylammonium salts in the presence of aluminum trichloride.
Shipping and storage: Keep well closed and protected from light or air.
Manufacturers: Europe: Germany, France, Italy, United Kingdom. Asia: Japan. North
America: United States.
Remarks: Ortho-toluidine is reacted with N-acetylanthranilic acid in the presence of a
catalyst to produce methaqualone.
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
77
Shipping and storage: Stored in sealed, light-resistant ampoules or glass tubes; avoid
prolonged exposure to excessive heat; shipped in 55 gallon drums, tank cars, trucks,
barges and ships.
Manufacturers: Europe: Germany, France. Asia: Japan. North America: United States.
Remarks: There have been no documented reports of the use of trichloroethylene in
cocaine hydrochloride laboratories. Its general solvent characteristics indicate that it
could be used, either alone or in combination with other solvents, in cocaine
hydrochloride laboratories. It is being replaced by less toxic substances (trichloroethane,
methylene chloride) in industrial and household applications.
UREA
XYLENES
78
Other names: Dimethylbenzene; xylol; mixed xylenes. Ortho-xylene; o-xylene; (1,2-
dimethylbenzene);meta-xylene; m-xylene; (1,3-dimethylbenzene);para-xylene; p-
xylene; (1,4-dimethylbenzene).
Molecular formula: C6H4(CH3)2
Molecular weight: 106,16 (C8H10)
Harmonized code: Ortho 2902.41.000 / 2707.30.0020meta 2902.42.0000 /
2707.30.0010para 2902.43.0000 /2707.30.0030
Density: Ortho: 0,880 / Meta: 0,868 / Para: 0,861
Boiling point: Ortho: 144¼C / Meta: 139¼C / Para: 138¼C
Description: The xylene are flammable. Xylene refers to either a mixture of the ortho,
meta and para isomers of xylene or any of the individual isomers. Commercial xylene is a
mixture of the three isomers and generally contains small amounts of toluene,
ethylbenzene, phenol, trimethylbenzene and other substances. Mixed xylenes-mobile
liquid; ortho-xylene and meta-xylene-colorless liquids; para-xylene colorless plates or
prisms at low temperature, colorless liquid at 13-14¼C.
Hazards: Inhalation of the vapor may cause dizziness, headache, nausea and mental
confusion; vapor and liquid irritate the eyes, skin, mucous membranes and respiratory
tract; absorption through the skin and ingestion causes poisoning; repeated breathing of
vapor over long periods may cause blood disease; prolonged skin contact may cause
dermatitis; they are respiratory depressants which produce nausea, headache and ataxia at
low doses and confusion, respiratory depression and coma at high doses .
Illicit use: Solvent used in the conversion of cocaine base to cocaine hydrochloride.
Where controlled or regulated: Unknown.
Legitimate uses: Mixed xylene are used as octane boosters in gasoline and for aviation
fuel. Ortho-xylene is used in the production of phthalic anhydride for use in the
manufacture of polyester fibers and in the manufacture of pesticides. Meta-xylene is used
in the production of isophthalic acid which is used for paints, finishes and resin
manufacture and for the production of isophthalonitrite used in the manufacture of
agricultural chemicals. Para-xilene is the most important xylene commercially; it is
primarily used to produce terephthalic acid which is used in the manufacture of polyester;
small amounts are used as solvents and in the manufacture of coatings and pesticides.
Manufacturing process: Mixed xylene are obtained from aromatic streams in oil
refineries for further refinement into individual isomers (ortho, 16%; meta, 3%; para,
81% based on end use). They are converted to the individual isomers through a metal-
catalyzed process using high temperature and a hydrogen environment. Toluene and
other aromatics can be converted to xylene .
Shipping and storage: Flammable liquid; shipped in glass carboys, metal barrels and
drums and fiberboard boxes lined with glass or earthenware. Sold in 55-gallon drums,
tank cars, tank trucks, barges, tankers and ocean vessels.
Manufacturers: Europe: Germany, Austria, Belgium, Spain, France, Italy, The
Netherlands, Portugal, United Kingdom. Asia: South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Taiwan.
North America: United States. Central America: Mexico.
Remarks: Xylene, usually in combination with other solvents, has been identified by
DEA laboratories in cocaine samples. The xylenes have solvent properties similar to
those of toluene. They have not been specifically reported at cocaine laboratories except
possibly as aviation fuel.
79
REFERENCES
4.- Directory of Chemical Producers, Western Europe, Vol. II, SRI International, Menlo
Park, California, 1994
5.- Directory of Chemical Producers, South America, SRI International, Menlo Park,
California, 1994
7.- Chemical Used in the Clandestine Production of Drugs, U.S. Department of Justice,
Drug Enforcement Administration, Office of Diversion Control, Drug and Chemical
Evaluation Section, 1995.
8.- Química General, James Kendall, FRS, Edit. Nacional, México, 1989.
9.- Hazards of Chemical Laboratories, Wayne Jeffery, Royal Canadian Mounted Police.
80
Appendix I
SECRETARY GENERAL
ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES
WASHINGTON, D.C.
1999
81
MODEL REGULATIONS TO CONTROL CHEMICAL
SUBSTANCES USED IN THE ILLICIT
PRODUCTION OF NARCOTIC DRUGS AND
PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES
`
PART I
PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF APPLICATION
ARTICLE 1
The purpose of these Model Regulations is to monitor and control the production,
manufacture, preparation, transformation, storage, importation, exportation, marketing,
transportation or other type of transaction involving chemical substances used in the
production, manufacture, preparation, or extraction of narcotic drugs, psychotropic
substances or other substances having a similar effect.
ARTICLE 2
ARTICLE 3
PART II
DEFINITIONS
ARTICLE 4
The following definitions shall be applicable throughout the text of the Model
Regulations except when another is expressly indicated or the context calls for another
interpretation:
82
Customs transit: Customs procedure whereby goods are transported
under customs control from one customs jurisdiction to another, whether
within the same country or to another.
Production and Manufacturing: As the case may be, whether carried out
by industrial or non-industrial means.
PART III
TABLES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES
ARTICLE 5
Chemical substances shall be identified by the names and corresponding
numeric codes under which they are listed in the Harmonized Commodity Description
and Coding System (HS) of the World Customs Organization (WCO). These
classification systems should also be used in statistical records and in documents
pertaining to importation, exportation, transit and transshipment and apply to other cus-
toms operations and in free trade zones and free ports.
ARTICLE 6
The competent authorities of each Member State may add, delete or
relocate chemical substances in the pertinent tables under their internal
norms, in accordance with national needs and circumstances.
ARTICLE 7
83
Countries that have identified the need to add, delete or relocate chemical
substances included in Tables I or II, shall send a request to that effect to the Executive
Secretariat of CICAD accompanied by the reasons underlying its proposal.
The Executive Secretariat will distribute the proposal to the member states for
comments, which must be returned to the Secretariat within three months. The
Secretariat will prepare a paper summarizing these comments for consideration by the
Commission at its next Session.
The decision of the Commission will be communicated to the Member States and
where the change proposed is adopted, it shall be duly reflected in the applicable table
or tables of the Model Regulations.
PART IV
SUBSTANCES UNDER SURVEILLANCE
ARTICLE 8
There is hereby established a Table III containing substances not found in Tables
I and II that, in the experience of some member countries, are being diverted to or are
being used as substitutes in the production, manufacture, preparation, or extraction of
narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances or other substances having similar effects.
ARTICLE 9
PART V
MIXTURES
ARTICLE 10
Mixtures of substances included in the tables to these Model Regulations shall
be subject to the control or monitoring measures set out in Parts VI, VII, VIII and IX. In
determining the controls or measures of surveillance to be applied, countries shall take
into consideration the following:
84
b) A mixture that contains chemical substances included in Table II at
a level of concentration above 30%, shall be subject to the controls
applicable to Table II substances. When a mixture contains two or
more of the substances included in this table, the applicable
controls shall be applied when the level of concentration of each of
the substances added together exceeds the percentage as
determined by each country.
ARTICLE 11
When a mixture contains one or more substances included in Table III, the
applicable measures shall be applied when the level of concentration of the substance
alone, or the substances in combination, as the case may be, exceeds the percentage
as determined by each country.
ARTICLE 12
Notwithstanding the foregoing, a mixture that contains substances included in
Tables I, II or III that are not likely to be used as such in the illicit production,
manufacture, preparation, or extraction of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or
others having a similar effect, or from which it is difficult or impractical to extract those
substances, shall not be subject to the controls or measures mentioned above.
I. PART VI
II. CONTROL MEASURES
ARTICLE 13
85
ARTICLE 14
Whosoever produces, manufactures, prepares, transforms, stores, imports,
exports, markets, uses or engages in any other type of transaction involving substances
included in Table II, shall register with the competent authorities so that the scope and
nature of the activities they conduct may be known.
The licenses, permits and registration to which this Part refers shall be updated
periodically.
ARTICLE 15
Member States may stipulate exceptions to the licensing, permit or registration
requirements of this Part in accordance with their national needs and circumstances,
provided that such exceptions are not inconsistent with the objectives of these
Regulations.
ARTICLE 16
In addition, with respect to the issuance of licenses, permits or other forms of
authorization, Member States may take into account background information relating to
the applicant, such as evidence of his ability to maintain effective controls over the
chemical substances, his compliance with applicable national laws for the control of
chemical substances, whether he has been convicted of an offence relating to the
trafficking of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances or whether there have been
convictions for such offences of senior managers in his employ.
In accordance with national law, factors such as the foregoing may be taken into
account in order to suspend or revoke an existing license, permit or other authorization.
IV. B. RECORDS
ARTICLE 17
The persons referred to in Articles 13 and 14 shall keep, for a period of not less
than two years, a complete, accurate and up-to-date record of each of the substances
listed in Tables I and II, including the following information at a minimum:
86
(7) Existing stocks;
ARTICLE 18
Records of the amounts of substances referred to in items 1, 3, 5 and 6 of the
preceding article shall include the following information, at a minimum:
PART VII
IMPORT, EXPORT TRANSIT AND TRANSSHIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
ARTICLE 19
In addition to the license and registry requirements, but without prejudice to any
other authorizations required by the respective foreign trade system, importers and
exporters of the substances listed in Table I shall obtain an import, export, transit or
transshipment permit from the competent authorities.
The competent authorities may subject all or some of the substances listed in
Table II to the same system as above.
ARTICLE 20
The competent authorities may also determine which of the substances included
in Tables II and III shall be subject to an import, export, transit or transshipment
notification.
ARTICLE 21
87
In all cases, the importer or exporter shall make the application for a license or
the notification referred to above at least 15 days prior to the anticipated date of
importation, exportation, transit or transshipment.
ARTICLE 22
Import or export permits shall expire not later than 180 days after the date of their
issue. Such permits shall be issued for a single substance only and may not be used
more than once.
If the 180-day period has passed and no importation or exportation has occurred,
application for a new permit must be made.
ARTICLE 23
The application for a permit or notification shall contain the following information,
at a minimum:
2. The name and address and telephone, telex, and fax numbers and e-mail
address, where available, of the agent of the importer or exporter and of
the forwarder, if any;
3. The name and corresponding numeric codes under which they are listed
in the Commodity Description and Coding System of the WCO for each
substance included in each of the Tables, and the description appearing
on the drums, barrels or other containers or packaging in which the
substance is contained;
7. Scheduled shipping and import or export date. Place of origin, and the
points of shipment, stopover ports, place of entry into the country, and
final destination;
9. Names, addresses and telephone, telex and fax numbers and e-mail
addresses, where available, of the supplier and purchaser;
10. Name, address and telephone, telex and fax numbers and e-mail
address, where available, of the end-user or consignee, if known, or
ascertainable through reasonable inquiry.
88
ARTICLE 24
The competent authorities may deny the permits, licenses or authorizations
referred to herein or suspend a transaction when there exists a substantiated reason to
believe that such items may be used for illicit production, manufacture, preparation or
extraction of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, or other substances having similar
effects.
PART VIII
PRE NOTIFICATION OF INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENTS
ARTICLE 25
Before exporting a substance included in Table I, a country intending to export
such a substance shall provide, through its competent authorities the information
required under Article 23 to the competent authorities of the importing country.
ARTICLE 26
The information requirements of the preceding article shall also be applied to
acetic anhydride and potassium permanganate. Such requirements may also be applied
to some or all of the remaining substances in Table II, where countries participating in
the respective transactions so decide.
ARTICLE 27
Within 15 days of receipt of pre notification by the importing country, the
competent authority of the importing country shall advise the exporting country whether
or not the transaction is legitimate. Failure by the competent authority of the importing
country to advise the exporting country within the above-noted time frame, shall signify
acceptance of the transaction.
ARTICLE 28
The state receiving the pre notification shall preserve the confidentiality of any
industrial, trade, commercial or professional information contained therein and any shall
observe any other requirement made by the competent authority with respect thereto.
PART IX
REPORTS OF IRREGULAR MOVEMENTS
ARTICLE 29
89
Persons engaged in the production, manufacture, preparation, processing,
storage, importation, exportation, marketing or transportation of chemical substances
listed in Tables I, II or III shall immediately report to the competent authorities any
transaction or proposed transaction to which they are parties when they have
reasonable grounds to suspect that such substances may be used in the production,
manufacture, preparation or extraction of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or
other substances with similar effects.
It will be considered that there are reasonable grounds particularly when the
quantity of the above-mentioned chemical substances involved in a transaction, the
method of payment or the personal characteristics of the purchaser are extraordinary or
unusual.
ARTICLE 30
The report shall contain all available information and shall be made to the
competent authorities, as soon as the circumstances that warrant suspicion are known,
by the quickest means and as far in advance of the completion of the transaction as
possible.
After the information has been confirmed, the competent authorities shall notify
those authorities of the country of origin, destination or transit as soon as possible and
provide them with all available information.
ARTICLE 31
All information provided shall be treated as confidential and not divulged to any
person save and except for law enforcement, judicial or internal control purposes, or for
international cooperation.
PART X
OFFENCES
ARTICLE 32
The following acts will be considered to constitute punishable offences:
90
2. The organization, management, or financing of the offences cited in the
preceding paragraph.
3. The use of any means to induce or publicly incite the commission of any
of the activities offences stipulated in this article.
PART XI
INVESTIGATION AND PROOF OF OFFENCES
ARTICLE 33
In accordance with national law, Member States may employ the following
techniques, among others, in the investigation of the offences referred to in the
preceding paragraph:
(1) controlled deliveries of the chemical substances listed in Tables I and II;
ARTICLE 34
Any evidence obtained by employing the techniques referred to in the previous
article shall be admissible in criminal proceedings and will be afforded the evidentiary
value afforded to such evidence by national law.
PART XII
EXTRADITION AND MUTUAL LEGAL
ASSISTANCE
ARTICLE 35
The offences referred to in Part X of these Regulations shall be extraditable, in
accordance with the constitutional and legal principles of each respective Member State.
91
ARTICLE 36
Such offences shall be afforded the widest possible mutual legal assistance
under the international treaties and agreements subscribed to by each respective
Member State.
PART XIII
CIVIL, ADMINISTRATIVE AND OTHER CRIMINAL OFFENCES
ARTICLE 37
Contraventions of the control measures set out in these Model Regulations may
result in the application of the following measures:
PART XIV
COMPETENT AUTHORITIES FOR INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
ARTICLE 38
Member States shall designate a competent authority to attend to requests for
international cooperation and information pursuant to these Model Regulations or to
convey them to the authority responsible for their execution.
The authorities designated for these purposes and any changes of such
authorities shall be identified to the Secretary General of the OAS and the Secretary
General of the United Nations.
PART XV
COOPERATION WITH THE PRIVATE SECTOR
ARTICLE 39
Member States shall promote the creation and application of cooperation
measures in collaboration with the entities of the private sector who carry out activities
related to the subject matters covered by these Model Regulations such as, for example,
92
the establishment of joint task forces or the creation of a voluntary code of cooperation
and conduct.
2. Improve its national and international communication systems for the exchange
of information on transactions of chemical substances.
4. Ensure that the authorities entrusted with border control exercise a close watch
over any large quantities of chemical substances held there that are not used for
consumption in the area or for a licit transaction.
5. Enact or update its pertinent legal norms to prevent and control the diversion of
tableting and encapsulating machines from legitimate purposes to the illicit
manufacture of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances or other substances
having similar effect.
7. In accordance with its concerns, incorporate safety measures into national laws
relating to the handling and storage of chemical substances taking into account
their physical-chemical properties and grouping them separately to prevent
contact between those that produce toxic gases that could cause harm to the
environment.
93
9. That the competent authorities investigate alleged diversion and illicit uses of
precursors or other chemical products, machines and materials at another count-
ry's request and report their findings promptly.
94
TABLE I / CUADRO I
95
TABLE II / CUADRO II
96
97
Harmonized Product/Producto Synonym/Sinónimo
Code/
Código
Armonizado
290110 Hexane/Hexano N-Hexane/Hexano
Normal
290220 Benzene/Benceno
290230 Toluene/Tolueno Methylbenzene/Metilbenc
eno
290241 Xylenes/Xylenos o-Xylenes, m-Xylenes, p-
Xylenes/1,2-
Dimeltibenceno, 1,3
Dimeltibenceno, 1,4
Dimeltibenceno
290312 Methylene Chloride/Cloruro de Dichloro-
Metileno metane/Diclorometano
290911 Ethyl Ether/ Eter Etílico Sulfuric Ether, Ethyl
Oxide,
Diethyl Ether/ Ether
Sulfúrico,
Oxido de Etilo, Eter
Dietílico
291411 Acetone/Acetona Propane/Propanona
291412 Methyl Ethyl Ketone/Metil Etil Cetona Butanone/Butanona,
MEK
291413 Methyl Isobutyl Ketone/ Metil Isobutil Isopropilacetone/Isopropil
Cetona acetona, MIBK
291521 Acetic Acid/Acido Acético
291524 Acetic Anhydride/Anhídrido Acético Acetic Ether, Acetic Acid,
Ethyl Ether/Acetato de
Etilo, Eter Etílico del
Acido Acético
291531 Ethyl Acetate/ Acetato Etílico
291634 Phenylacetic acid and its salts/Acido
Fenilacético y sus sales
293332 Piperidine/Piperidina
98
TABLE III / CUADRO III
Harmonized Product/Producto Synonym/
Code/ Código Sinónimo
Armonizado
290329 Acetyl Chloride/Cloruro de Acetilo Ethanoyl Chloride/
Cloruro de Etanoílo
282710 Ammonium Chloride/Cloruro de Amonio Ammonium
Muriate/Muriato de
Amonia
99
Harmonized Product/Producto Synonyms/
Code/ Sinónimo
Código
Armonizado
281590 Calcium Hidroxide/ Hidróxido de Calcio Calcium Hidrate,
Caustic
Lime/Hidrato
Calcácico, Hidrato
de Cal
282590 Calcium Oxide/Oxido de Calcio Lime, Burnt
Lime/Cal, Cal viva
291422 Cyclohexanone/Ciclohexanona Pimelic Ketone,
Nadone/Cetona
Pimélica,
Cetohexametileno
292112 Diethylamine/Dietilamina N-Ethyletamine/
Amina Dietílica
220710 Ethyl Alcohol/ Alcohol Etílico Ethanol, Ethyl
Hidroxide/Etanol,
Alcohol Anhidrido
100
2207700 Methyl Alcohol/Alcohol Metilico Methanol, Carbinol,
Wood Alcohol/
Metanol;
Carbinol, Alcohol de
Madera
291211 Methylamine/Metilamina Methanamine/
Monometilamina
290420 Nitroethane/Nitroetano
290300 Trichloroethylene/Tricloroetileno
101
Appendix II
1. Hazard Assessment.
2. Knowledge Requirements.
3. Types of Booby Traps.
4. Safety Equipment
5. Chemicals and Safety
- safety concerns in a lab.
- health, flammability, reactivity rating of chemicals.
- general considerations for safe handling of chemicals
- acids
- bases
- solvents
6. Toxic effects of chemicals.
7. Disposal of Hazardous Material
- re-cycle, re-use.
- disposal:
- incineration of flammables
- dilution, then incineration
- neutralization
- landfill.
8. Toxic Effects of Chemicals.
- Factors Influencing Toxicity
- Toxic Effects of Various Chemicals
- First Aid in Chemical Exposure
1. The most immediate dangers in the lab are from fires, explosions,
inhalations of chemicals and skin contact with chemicals.
102
HAZARD ASSESSMENT:
The hazard assessment is difficult even when chemicals are labeled and the route of
manufacture known because the hazards may not have been determined. You must treat
all labs as potentially dangerous until proven otherwise. You need minimum safety
standards. Don't overlook safety precautions because they are inconvenient,
cumbersome, or you think they are unnecessary. They may safe your life.
KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENTS:
a. The Police.
b. The Police Scientist.
c. Health and Safety Officers.
d. The Fire Department.
e. Other Agencies
- Utilities;
- Gas, power, electrical, telephone
- Armed Forces
- SPCA
BOOBY TRAPS:
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
SAFETY EQUIPMENT USED IN CLANDESTINE
LABORATORIES
LEVELS OF PROTECTION:
Coveralls or fatigues rated as chemical and flame resistant, (Saranex, Nomex, Chemklos,
Cellulosic). Chemical Splash Impact Goggles, (Encon 160, Monogoggles). Chemical
resistant gloves, (neoprene, nitrile, PVC/nitrile). Chemical resistant safety boots.
110
Respirators (chemical cartridge, canister gas mask, self-contained breathing apparatus).
Safety line, hard hat and explosion proof flashlight.
RESPIRATORS
CHEMICAL CARTRIDGES:
These are used in poorly ventilated areas, especially indoors if chemicals are not sealed
and they are in high concentrations. They are also used if you are unsure of what type of
chemicals are present, or you are working in an oxygen deficient area (trenches).
Tyvek suits (full body), hats shoe and boot covers; PVA gloves; Neoprene gloves; latex
and vinyl gloves; cartridges for respirators (acid gas, organic, combination), disposable
respirators; spare safety goggles, hard hat and spare respirators (all types).
Barricade tape, TLV sniffer, Matheson/kitagawa detector and tubes, non-sparking tools,
no smoking signs, fire extinguishers, (Co2, halon, dry chemical), fire blanket, first aid kit,
eye wash, explosion proof fluorescent light, caps for all types of containers, army knife,
safety line, and explosion proof flashlight.
GASTECH 314:
It only detects flammable organic chemicals, and the percentage of oxygen. It
does not detect low concentration of flammable and toxic chemicals.
DRAGER TUBES:
These tubes allow for the detection of chemicals not detected by the GASTECH.
111
DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES:
SAFETY CONCERNS:
COMMON HAZARDS:
112
DEFINITIONS:
Reagent: A substance used for various purposes because it takes part in one or more
chemical reactions or biological processes.
DEA DEFINITIONS:
Reagent: A reagent reacts chemically with one or more precursors, but does not
become part of the finished product.
Precursor: Is raw material for a controlled substance that becomes part of the finished
product.
Solvent: Do not react chemically with a precursor or reagent and does not become
part of the finished product. Solvents are used to dissolve precursors or
reagents, to dilute reaction mixtures, and to separate and purify other
chemicals.
HEALTH RATINGS:
4. A few whiffs of the gas or vapor could cause death. The gas vapor or liquid could
be fatal on penetrating the protective clothing.
3. Material is extremely hazardous to health, area may be entered with extreme care.
Full protective clothing must be used. No skin surface should be exposed.
2. Material is hazardous to the health, but area may be entered freely with SCBA.
1. Material only slightly hazardous to health, it may be desirable to wear face piece
SCBA.
0. No hazard.
REACTIVITY RATINGS:
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4. Materials which in themselves are readily capable of detonation or of explosive
decomposition or explosive reaction at normal temperature and pressure.
2. Materials which are normally unstable and readily undergo violent chemical
change but do not detonate. Includes materials which react violently with water
or which may form potentially explosive mixtures with water.
1. Materials which are normally stable but may become unstable at elevated
temperatures and pressures. May react with water with some release of energy
but not violently.
0. Materials which are normally stable even under fire exposed conditions and
which are not reactive with water.
FLAMMABILITY RATINGS:
4. Very flammable gases and very volatile liquids and materials that in the form of
dust or mist, readily form explosive
mixtures when dispersed in air.
3. Liquids which can be ignited under almost all normal temperature conditions.
Any material that ignites spontaneously at normal temperatures in air.
1. Explosives 6. Poisons
2. Gases 7. Radioactive Material
3. Flammable liquids 8. Corrosive
4. Flammable Solids 9. Diverse Dangerous Substances
5. Oxidizing Agents
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GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR SAFE HANDLING OF CONFISCATED
CHEMICALS: FIVE HAZARD CATEGORIES:
Many of the chemicals in clandestine laboratories are mislabeled or not labeled to prevent
identification. Exercise extreme caution in handling unknown material.
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16. Have proper safety equipment available.
MARKINGS ON CONTAINERS:
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INORGANIC ACIDS:
ORGANIC ACIDS:
NOTE: The organic acids are less dangerous than the inorganic acids.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ACIDS:
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BASES:
1. They are corrosive and cause severe burns to the skin. Washing with water just spreads
the burn. Therefore must wash with dilute vinegar solution.
CHARACTERISTICS OF BASES:
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PROPERTIES OF ETHER:
- Highly flammable.
- Vapors for explosive mixtures with air.
- Toxic if inhaled or absorbed through skin.
- If stored for a long time, it forms explosive and shock sensitive peroxides.
- Boils at 95 F, the air temperature in hot climates may be above this.
PROPERTIES OF ACETONE:
CHARACTERISTICS OF OXIDIZERS:
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however treat with the same caution. Destroy very carefully with Ether saturated with
water!
They have a strong odour of vinegar. It is incompatible with the following compounds:
acids, bases, moisture, alcohol, oxidizing and reducing agents. It has the following
toxicity: destructive to tissues of the mucous membrane, upper respiratory tract, eyes and
skin. Inhalation may be fatal. The symptoms of exposure are as follows: burning
sensation, coughing, wheezing and laryngitis. The first aid treatment is flush with water.
IT HAS A HEALTH RATING AND FLAMMABILITY RATING OF 2.
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2. Ammonia + Chlorine, Bromine or Iodine.
3. Diethyl Ether + Chlorine.
4. Ethanol + Calcium Hypochlorite.
RECYCLING:
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- Government
- Industrial
INCINERATION:
CHEMICAL H F R
Acetone 1 3 0
Benzene 2 3
N-Butyl Acetate
2-Butyl Acetate
2-Butyl Alcohol
Carbon Disulfide
Cyclohexane
Diacetone Alcohol
Ethyl Acetate 1 3
Ethyl Alcohol 0 3 0
Ethyl Ether 2 4 1
Hexane 1 3 0
Isobutyl Alcohol 1 3 0
Isopropyl Alcohol 1 3 0
Kerosene 0 2
Methyl Alcohol 1 3 0
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone
Petroleum Ether 1 4
Toluene 2 3
Xylenes 1
CHEMICAL H F R
Chloroform 2
Methylene Chloride 2 3
Oxalic Acid
Potassium Carbonate
Trichloroethylene
Urea.
CHEMICAL H F R
Ammonium Hydroxide
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Hydrochloric Acid 3
Potassium Hydroxide 3 0 1
Sodium Bicarbonate
Sodium Carbonate
Sodium Hydroxide 3 0 1
Sodium Sulfate
Sulfuric Acid 3 0 2
SPECIAL PROCEDURES:
Acidify to pH 2 with Sulfuric Acid and add 50% excess of aqueous Sodium Bisulfite.
The temperature will start to increase, if not add more Sodium Bisulfite. Adjust pH to 7
and flush down drain.
CHEMICAL H F R
Calcium Hydroxide
Hydrogen Peroxide 2
Potassium Permanganate 1
CHEMICAL H F R
Calcium Oxide
1. Recycle if new
2. Waste Hauler
3. Up to 4 litres may be evaporates
4. Larger volumes may be incinerated
- must dilute with a less volatile liquid
(see procedure for trench incineration)
5. Must test ether for peroxide
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YELLOW COLOUR = Low concentration of peroxides.
BROWN COLOUR = High concentration of peroxides.
TRENCH INCINERATION:
2. Prepare trench. If possible use 45 gallon drums, if not dig a trench and clear
burnable material.
4. Ignite the material, using flare, long wick, blasting cap, etc.
LARGE QUANTITIES:
1. Dilute concentrated acids with water 10:1, dilute acids are less dangerous.
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3. Neutralization Procedure: Add dilute acid to a solution selected on #2, add
slowly, watch for build up of heat and always check the pH.
SMALL QUANTITIES:
1. Dilute 1 gallon with 100 gallons of water. If pH not 6-8 dilute a further 1:10 with
water.
3. Place green leafy material in trench. Do not use dry or combustible material.
1. The Chemical:
-Composition -Properties
-Concentration -Interactions
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2. Exposure:
-Route -Duration
-Quantity -Number of Exposures
-Time
3. The Individual:
-Age -Sex
-State of Health
4. The Environment:
-Chemical Interactions
-Environmental Conditions
1. CYANIDES:
Solid cyanides in contact with acid release Hydrogen Cyanide Gas, which is responsible
for the toxic effects.
- respiratory failure
- coma and possibly death
Volatile Vapors:
- eye irritation - lacrimation
- conjunctivitis - corneal damage
Inhalation:
- irritation of nose and throat - lung irritation
- chest pain - shortness of breath
- pulmonary edema - coughing up blood
- chronic lung disease.
Other Effects
- headache - dizziness
- nausea - anxiety
SPECIFIC IRRITANTS:
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- Tetrahydrofuran and - form explosive crystals.
- Perchloric acid
3. SOLVENTS:
INHALATION:
- Benzene - Chloroform
- Carbon Tetrachloride. - Dioxane
- O-Toluidine - Methylene Dichloride
a. Sodium and Potassium Metal and Sodium and Lithium Hydroxide produce
extreme corrosiveness in the presence of moisture.
c. Thorium is radioactive.
5. OTHER HAZARDS:
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d. P-2-P, Phenyl acetone, Phenyl-2-Propanone is an irritant.
e. Piperidine is an irritant
f. Cylcohexanone is an irritant
1. Irritation of eyes, ears, nose, throat, skin or respiratory tract producing a burning
sensation.
6. Tightness in chest.
8. Behavioral changes
9. Irritability
1. INHALATION:
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- treat for shock - monitor pulse and respiration
2. INGESTION:
- loosen clothing
- If unconscious
- lay victim down
- prevent aspiration of vomit
- monitor pulse and respiration
- call ambulance.
3. SKIN EXPOSURE:
- call ambulance.
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- nausea - profuse sweating
Little is known about long term health hazards or reproductive risks resulting
from exposure to street drugs and precursor chemicals used in clandestine laboratories.
Certain precursors, chemicals and drugs have been implicated in lasting disabilities to
law enforcement officers.
PAP and its' precursors cause neurological disorders to children born to women
who were occupationally exposed to or users of PAP. Therefore, extreme precaution
must be used at all times. The wearing of protective clothing and equipment is crucial for
all workers.
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