CEY6496 GROUP PROJECT

CEY6496 GROUP PROJECT
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF
STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE STRUCTURES
WITH TRADITIONAL REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES IN SRI LANKA
M. F. M. Abdullah (Reg. No. 111088520)

M. S. Sandaruwan (Reg. No. 511089538)
A. M. Faheer (Reg. No. 311089324)
“A project report submitted for the partial fulfillment of the Degree of Bachelor of
Technology (Engineering) in the Department of Civil Engineering – Faculty of Engineering
Technology in the Open University of Sri Lanka”
November 2016
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY
“We hereby declare that this submission is our own work and that, to the best of our knowledge
and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material
which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of
a university or other institute of higher education, except where due acknowledgement is made in
the text.”
Signature………………………………………
Name of the candidate: M. F. M. Abdullah
Signature………………………………………
Name of the candidate: M. S. Sandaruwan
Signature………………………………………
Name of the candidate: A. M. Faheer
II
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
Steel-concrete composite construction has gained wide acceptance worldwide as an alternative to
pure steel and pure concrete construction. The use of steel in construction industry is not common
in Sri Lanka compared to reinforced concrete construction.
The present work deals with the comparative study of steel-concrete composite versus
conventional reinforced concrete constructions in Sri Lanka. Multi-storey commercial building
(three storey) is analysed and designed according to British Standard code of practice. Numerical
tools (ETABS, MASTER SERIES, PROKONE, and SAFE) were used throughout the project.
Further the study and design of same building with the same load combinations were conducted
based on steel-concrete composite building. Comparative study was conducted theoretically and
compared the results of both types of structures.
The team investigates several different issues and study materials to review their implications on
the economics, performance, and constructability of the structure. To study about the local
practice in regards to construction of both types of structure, interviews were conducted among
structural engineers, site visits and questionnaire survey has been carried out.
Design and cost estimation is carried out to compare between reinforced concrete and composite
structure for economical solution. According to the investigation, it has been observed that the
conventional reinforced concrete building is economical than steel-concrete composite building.
Decision matrix was constructed with the data gathered from questionnaire survey. It has been
found that steel-concrete composite building is a better option when mainly considering the
construction time. As well as when considering the overall performance such as including the
time, cost, quality, reliability, functional performance, aesthetic appearance and environment
friendly both types of structures are mostly having same capability for low rise commercial
building in Sri Lanka.
III
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to everyone who supported and contributed in
many ways to make our project to be a success. Initially, we wish to express our deep sense of
gratitude to our project supervisor Mr. D.I Fernando, who had been a source of inspiration,
strength and for his guidance to conduct our project work on time.
We would like to take this opportunity to record our grateful acknowledgement to our project
examinors Prof. K. S. Weerasekara, Eng. L. S. S. Wijewardena and all the lectures in the
Department of Civil Engineering for providing us good theoretical background to successfully
complete our project.
We profoundly thank Eng. Balraj Kiriparan, Structural Engineer in Civil and Structural
Engineering Consultants (Pvt) Ltd and, who was an excellent guide and also great source of
inspiration to our work.
Also we were able to thank Eng. Ravindra Meewaddana, Chartered Engineer and RN
constructions (Pvt) Ltd for their great guidance and time for the study and information obtained
for the project.
The satisfaction that accompany the successful completion of the task would be great but
incomplete without the mention of the people who had made it possible with their constant
guidance and encouragement crowns all the efforts with success. In this context, we would like
thank all the other staff members, friends, our dear parents, who has extended their timely help
and efforts.
IV
TABLES OF CONTENTS
TABLES OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT III
ACKNOWLEDGMENT IV
TABLE OF CONTENT V
LIST OF FIGURES X
LIST OF TABLES XII
ABBREVIATIONS XIII
CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION 01

1.1 Reinforced Concrete Building 01
1.2 Steel - Concrete composite building 01
1.3 Aim 02
1.4 Objectives 03
1.5 Scope 03
CHAPTER 02: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 04

2.1 Structural Elements of a Reinforced Concrete Building 04
2.1.1 Reinforced concrete slab 04
2.1.2 Reinforced concrete beam 04
2.1.3 Reinforced concrete column 05
2.2 Structural Elements of a Composite Building 06
2.2.1 Composite slab 06
2.2.2 Composite beam 07
2.2.3 Composite column and stanchion 10
2.2.4 Connections 10
2.2.5 Shear connector 12
2.2.6 Bracing 13
2.3 Design Philosophy 14
2.3.1 Limit state design 14
2.3.2 Ultimate and serviceability limit state 14
2.4 Structural Loadings 15
2.4.1 Dead load 15
2.4.2 Imposed load 15
2.4.3 Wind load 16
2.4.4 Partial safety factors 16
V
TABLES OF CONTENTS
2.5 Analysis and Design of Reinforced Concrete Building Using Manual Method 17
2.5.1 Design of a two way slab 17
2.5.2 Design of a continuous beam 19
2.5.3 Design of a column 23
2.5.4 Design of a footing 24
2.6 Analysis and Designing of Composite Structures Using Manual Method 26
2.6.1 Composite slab 26
2.6.2 Simply supported composite beam 26
2.6.3 Steel stanchion (steel column) 30
2.6.4 Design of connection 31
2.6.5 Steel lateral force resisting system 32
2.7 Software Aids 33
2.7.1 ETABS 33
2.7.2 MASTER SERIES 33
2.7.3 PROKONE 34
2.7.4 SAFE 34
CHAPTER 03: METHODOLOGY 35

3.1 Investigate the Current Trend in Steel-Concrete Composite Building
in Sri Lanka 35
3.1.1 Introduction 35
3.1.2 Site visit 36
3.1.3 Interviews and questionnaire survey 37
3.2 General Details and Design Philosophy for Conventional RC and
Composite Option in Sri Lanka 39
3.2.1 Building data 39
3.2.2 Structural loading 40
3.2.2.1 Gravity load 40
3.2.2.2 Wind load 40
3.2.3 Standard code of practice 40
3.2.4 Global analysis 41
3.3 Design of Reinforced Concrete Building 42
3.3.1 Analysis and design by manual method 42
3.3.1.1 Design of a slab 42
3.3.1.2 Design of a beam 42
3.3.1.3 Design of a column 43
VI
TABLES OF CONTENTS
3.3.1.4 Design of a pad footing 43

3.3.2 Analysis and design by software 44
3.3.2.1 Design of a slab 44
3.3.2.2 Design of a beam 44
3.3.2.3 Design of a column 44
3.4 Design of Steel-Concrete Composite Building 46
3.4.1 Analysis and design by manual method 46
3.4.1.1 Design of a composite beam 46
3.4.1.2 Design of a stanchion 46
3.4.1.3 Design of a connection 47
3.4.2 Analysis and design by software 48
3.4.2.1 Design of a composite beam 48
3.4.2.2 Design of a stanchion 48
3.4.2.3 Design of a connection 49
3.5 Investigation of Costing 49
3.5.1 Estimating and costing of RC structure 49
3.5.2 Estimating and costing of composite structure 51
CHAPTER 04: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 53

4.1 Maximum and Minimum Member Sizes 53
4.2 Comparison of Analysis and Design Result for RC Structure 54
4.3 Comparison of Analysis and Design Result for Steel–Concrete
Composite Structure 55
4.4 Summary of Estimate 56
4.4.1 Analysis of cost for RC building 56
4.4.2 Analysis of cost for composite building 57
4.5 Decision Matrix 58
4.5.1 Data collection & analysis 58
4.5.2 Results of decision matrix 62
CHAPTER 05: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 63

5.1 Conclusion 63
5.2 Recommendations 64
VII
TABLES OF CONTENTS
REFERENCE 65
APPENDICES
Appendix A - Analysis and design of RC structural element by manual method
Appendix A.1 - Design of a two way slab using spread sheet A1
Appendix A.2 - Design of a continuous beam using spread sheet A5
Appendix A.3 - Design of a column using spread sheet A8
Appendix A.4 - Design of a pad footing using spread sheet A10
Appendix B - Design of RC structural element by software method

Appendix B.1 - Analysis of a two way slab by using SAFE B1
Appendix B.2 - Design of a continuous beam by using PROKON B3
Appendix B.3 - Design of column by using PROKON B14
Appendix B.4 - Design of footing by using SAFE B21
Appendix C - Analysis and design of steel concrete composite structural elements

by manual method
Appendix C.1 - Design of a secondary composite beam using spread sheet C1
Appendix C.2 - Design of a primary composite beam using spread sheet C11
Appendix C.3 - Design of a steel stanchion in simple construction using
spread sheet C22
Appendix C.4 - Beam to beam bolted connection design using spread sheet C27
Appendix C.5 - Design of a Pad footing using spread sheet C30
Appendix D - Analysis and design of steel concrete composite structure using

Master Series software
Appendix D.1 - Design of a secondary composite beam by MASTER SERIES D1
Appendix D.2 - Design of a primary composite beam design by
MASTER SERIES D4
Appendix D.3 - Design of steel stanchion by MASTER SERIES D6
Appendix D.4 - Beam to column bolted connection design by MASTER SERIES D7
Appendix D.5 - Beam to beam bolted connection design by MASTER SERIES D12
Appendix E - Wind load on Structure E1

Appendix F - Bill of quantities
VIII
TABLES OF CONTENTS
Appendix F.1 - Bill of quantities for proposed RC structure F1

Appendix F.2 - Bill of quantities for proposed steel concrete composite structure F6
Appendix G - Questionnaire survey G1
ANNEXES
Annex 1 - Reinforcement detail of slab for RC structure
Annex 2 - Layout of beam for RC structure
Annex 3 - Reinforcement detail of beam RC structure
Annex 4 - Layout of foundation and column RC structure
Annex 5 - Reinforcement detail of foundation and column RC structure
Annex 6 - General arrangement of beams at first, second and third floor for composite structure
Annex 7 - Elevation for composite structure
Annex 8 - Connection details for composite structure
Annex 9 - Layout of foundation for composite structure
Annex 10 - Foundation detail for composite structure
IX
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 - RC Building 2

Figure 1.2 - Composite building 2
Figure 2.1 - Types of beams by cross section 5
Figure 2.2 - Types of beams by reinforcement position 5
Figure 2.3 - Column sections 6
Figure 2.4 - Cross section of a conventional profile deck 7
Figure 2.5 - Part plan of a composite structure 8
Figure 2.6 - Composite beam with decking sheet 8
Figure 2.7 - Geometrical requirement for placing of studs 9
Figure 2.8 - Composite action 9
Figure 2.9 - Types of steel-concrete composite columns 10
Figure 2.10 - Beam to column simple connection 11
Figure 2.11 - Beam to column moment connection 11
Figure 2.12 - Shear connectors 13
Figure 2.13 - Load distribution on beam by two way slab 20
Figure 2.14 - Section properties of profile sheet 26
Figure 2.15 - Effective breath of concrete 27
Figure 2.16 - Plastic neutral axis position 28
Figure 2.17 - Initial details of a connection 32
Figure 3.1 - Methodology 35
Figure 3.2 - Nawaloka hospital car park 37
Figure 3.3 - Colombo municipal council building 37
Figure 3.4 - Sample details from questionnaire survey 38
Figure 3.5 - Beam and column layout of the proposed building 39
Figure 3.6 - Finite element model of steel–concrete composite building 41
Figure 3.7 - Plan view of RC slab panel 42
Figure 3.8 - Plan view of RC beam 43
Figure 3.9 - Plan view of RC column 43
Figure 3.10 - Bending moment contours for RC slab 44
Figure 3.11 - RC beam elevation 44
Figure 3.12 - Design parameter of RC column 45
Figure 3.13 - Bending moment contours of pad footing 45
Figure 3.14 - Plan view of steel - concrete composite beams 46
Figure 3.15 - Plan view of steel stanchion 47
X
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.16 - Plan view of connection 47

Figure 3.17 - Composite beam design from Master Series 48
Figure 3.18 - Steel stanchion design from Master Series 48
Figure 3.19 - Fin plate connection design from Master Series 49
XI
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 - Partial factors of safety for material 16
Table 2.2 - Partial safety factor for loads 17
Table 3.1 - Gravity loads 40
Table 3.2 - Cost estimation for RC structure 50
Table 3.3 - Cost estimation for composite structure 51
Table 4.1 - Maximum and minimum member sizes 53
Table 4.2 - Comparison of results for RC structure 54
Table 4.3 - Comparison of results for composite structure 55
Table 4.4 - Analysis of cost for RC structure 57
Table 4.5 - Analysis of cost for composite structure 57
Table 4.6 - Data collection for weighting 59
Table 4.7 - Data collection for rating of RC structure 60
Table 4.8 - Data collection for rating of composite structure 61
Table 4.9 - Results of decision matrix 62
XII
ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
ABBREVIATIONS
A Area of steel section

Ac Area of concrete section
Asv Area of transverse reinforcement per unit length of beam
Be Total effective width of concrete flange
be Effective breath of concrete flange, one side of steel beam
B.M Bending Moment
br Breath of concrete rib
BS British Standard
CP Chapter
D Depth of steel section
Dp Overall depth of profiled sheet
Ds Overall depth of slab
etc et cetera
fcu Characteristic cube strength of concrete
fy Characteristic strength of reinforcement
G+2 Ground Plus Two Storey
h Overall height of rib
Ig Second moment of area uncracked composite section
k Reduction factor depending on profile shape
L Length of span
M Moment
Mc Moment capacity of section
Ms Moment capacity of steel beam
N Number of shear connectors in a group
Na Actual number of shear connectors between intermediate point and adjacent support
Ni Number of shear connectors required between intermediate point and the adjacent support
Nn Number of shear connectors for negative moments
Np Number of shear connectors for positive moments
py Design strength of structural steel
Qk Characteristic resistance of shear connector
Qn Capacity of shear connector in negative moments
Qp Capacity of shear connector in positive moments
RC Reinforced Concrete
Rc Resistance of concrete flange
XIII
ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
Rf Resistance of steel flange

Rq Resistance of shear connector
Rw Resistance of overall depth of slab
s Longitudinal spacing center to center of groups of shear connectors
sqft Square feet
t Web thickness
v Longitudinal length per unit length
δ Deflection
XIV
CHAPTER 01 INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION
Reinforced concrete structures are widely available in Sri Lanka for decades. Hence those are
very common with local construction industry comparing with steel-concrete composite
structures. At present, construction of steel-concrete composite structure is becoming popular for
commercial buildings. This project study is interested to gain a better knowledge of the
comparative study of both type of structures to find out the most suitable structure for the
commercial buildings in Sri Lanka.
1.1 REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING

Concrete is an “Artificial stone” obtained by mixing cement, sand and aggregates with water.
Steel bars are embedded in concrete to form a composite material called reinforced concrete to
overcome the poor tensile strength of concrete. This combination works very well, as concrete is
very strong in compression, easy to produce at site, an inexpensive, and steel bar is very strong in
tension. Fresh concrete can be molded into almost any shape, giving it an inherent advantage over
other materials. Reinforced concrete structures can be applicable for all low, medium to high rise
buildings.
1.2 STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE BUILDING

The most important and most frequently encountered combination of construction materials is
that of steel and concrete, with applications in multi-storey commercial buildings. Composite
structure consists of profile steel decking with an in-situ reinforced slab with profile sheet. The
decking is acts as a permanent formwork as well as it provides sufficient shear bond with the
concrete so that, when the concrete has gained strength, the two materials act together
compositely. Steel members joined together by bolted or welded connections, which may be in
the form of a pin-connected or rigid frame.
Steel and concrete materials can be used in mixed structural systems, for example concrete cores
encircled by steel tubes, as well as in composite structures where members consisting of steel and
concrete act together compositely. These essentially different materials are completely
compatible and complementary to each other; they have almost the same thermal expansion; they
have an ideal combination of strengths with the concrete efficient in compression and the steel in
tension; concrete also gives corrosion protection and thermal insulation to the steel at elevated
temperatures and additionally can restrain slender steel sections from local or lateral torsional
buckling in multi-storey buildings.
Comparative Study of Steel-Concrete Composite Structures 1|Page

with Traditional Reinforced Concrete Structures in Sri Lanka
Figure 1.1 – RC Building Figure 1.2 – Composite building
 Advantages of steel-concrete composite structures

 Ease of erection because no formwork needed, many parts of the structure can be
prefabricated away from the site.
 Either extensions or strengthening is relatively straightforward.
 Permits large clear span without intermediate columns.
 Prefabrication in the workshop ensures accurate work and quality control.
 Steel members can carry high loads and can be conveniently handled and transported
because of their small sizes.
 The steel members have long service life.
 The steel structures may be inspected quickly relative to RC structures.
 The existing steel structures and structural components may be strengthened by
connections.
 Encased steel beam or column sections have improved fire resistance and corrosion.
 Composite sections have higher stiffness thus the deflection is lesser.
 Disadvantages of steel-concrete composite structures

 The steel members are susceptible to corrosion. The corrosion necessitates their painting or
the use of other methods of their protection.
1.3 AIM
Investigation on steel-concrete composite structure comparing with equivalent reinforced
concrete structure.

1.4 OBJECTIVES
 Study the current practice in adaption of steel concrete composite structures in Sri Lanka.
 Investigate in advantages and limitations in steel concrete composite structures against
RC structure.
 Conduct feasibility comparison of steel concrete composite structure versus conventional
RC structure for low rise building.
1.5 SCOPE
 Study the basic theory and computation techniques of structural elements.
 Learn the available analysis and design software such as ETABS, MASTER SERIES,
PROKON.
 Develop suitable finite element model for steel-concrete composite and reinforced
concrete building.
 Analysis and designed of elements by manual method and verified with appropriate
design software.
 Compare the cost, time constructability of steel concrete composite versus RC structure.

CHAPTER 02 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
CHAPTER 02: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL

BACKGROUND
2.1 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF A REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING

Reinforced concrete is a type of composite material, consisting of steel reinforcing bars embedded
in concrete. Steel bars are used in the zones within a concrete member, which will be subjected
to tensile stresses. Concrete is one of the most important building material, it is also very durable
and fire resistant when specification and construction procedures are correct. The primary
structural components use in reinforced concrete construction consist of the following elements.
 Reinforced Concrete Slab
 Reinforced Concrete Beam
 Reinforced Concrete Column
2.1.1 REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB

A slab is a flat two dimensional planar structural element having thickness small compared to its
other two dimensions. It provides a working flat surface or a covering shelter in buildings. It
primarily transfers the load by bending in one or two directions. Reinforced concrete slabs are
used in floors and roofs of buildings. The floor system of a structure can take many forms such
as in-situ solid slab, ribbed slab or pre-cast units. Slabs may be supported on monolithic concrete
beam, steel beams, walls or directly over the columns. Concrete slab behave primarily as flexural
members and the design is similar to the beams.
Slabs are generally divided into,
• Suspended slabs
• Slabs supported on edges of beams and walls
• Supported directly on columns without beams and known flat slabs.
• Supported slabs.
• One-way slabs (slabs supported on two sides and with main reinforcement in
one direction only).
• Two-way slabs (slabs supported on four sides and reinforced in two directions).
2.1.2 REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM

Beams are horizontal members carrying loads in roofs, floors etc and resist the loading in bending,
shear and bond. During the design operation every beam must be design against bending moment
resistance, shear resistance and deflection.

 Types of beams by cross section
Figure 2.1 - Types of beams by cross section
• L-section and T-section beams are produced due to monolithic construction

between beam and slab. Part of slab contributes to the resistance of beam.
• Under certain conditions, L-beam and T-beam are more economical than
rectangular beams.
 Types of beams by reinforcement position
Figure 2.2 - Types of beams by reinforcement position
• Singly reinforced – reinforcement to resist tensile stress.

• Doubly reinforced – reinforcement to resist both tensile and compressive stress.
Compressive reinforcement increases the moment capacity of the beam and can be used to reduce
the depth of beams.
2.1.3 REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN

Columns act as vertical supports to beams and slab, and transmit the loads to the foundations.
Columns are primarily compression members, although they may also have to resist bending
moment transmitted by beams. Columns may be classified as short or slender, braced or unbraced
depending on various dimensional and structural factors.

 Column sections
Figure 2.3 - Column sections
 Common column cross sections are: (a) square, (b) circular, (c) rectangular
section.
 The greatest dimension should not exceed four times its smaller dimensions (h<=b) or
else member should be regarded as wall for design purpose. (BS 8110-1: 1997)
2.2 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF A STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE

BUILDING
The design of structures for buildings are mainly concerned with the provision and support of
load-bearing horizontal surfaces. Floors or decks are made of reinforced concrete, for no other
better combination of high strength, and resistance to corrosion, fire, etc. The primary structural
components used in composite construction consist of the following elements.
 Composite slab
 Composite beam
 Steel stanchion
 Connections
 Bracing
2.2.1 COMPOSITE SLAB

Composite floor system consists of steel beams, steel decking and concrete. They are combined
in a very efficient way so that the best properties of each material can be used to optimize
construction techniques. The most common arrangement found in composite floor systems is a
rolled or built-up steel beam connected to a formed steel deck and concrete slab. Composite floors
using profile sheet decking have become very popular for medium to high-rise buildings.
Composite deck slabs are generally competitive and the concrete floor has to be completed
quickly, where medium level of fire protection to steel work is sufficient.

Figure 2.4 - Cross section of a conventional profile deck

(Source: http://tatabluescopesteel.com/cms/Media/file/SMARTDECK-Brochure.pdf)
The decking may also be used to stabilize the beams against lateral torsional buckling during
construction, and to stabilize the building as a whole by acting as a diaphragm to transfer wind
loads to the walls and columns (where it is designed to do so, and in particular there are adequate
fixings). The decking with welded fabric reinforcement placed in the top of the slab or
steel/synthetic fibers throughout the slab, which also helps to control cracking of the concrete
caused by shrinkage effects.
Steel reinforcement is necessary to control shrinkage and temperature effect, as flexural negative
reinforcement over supports and in some instances for the fire engineering purposes.
2.2.2 COMPOSITE BEAM

Composite beams are similar to concrete T-beams where the flange of the T-beam is made of
concrete slab and the web of the T-beam is made of the steel section. Composite beam has an
advantage that the concrete in the slab takes all or most the compression, while the steel beam
takes all the tension in the overall system. In buildings, steel beams often support concrete slabs.
Under load, each component acts independently with relative movement or slip occurring at
interface, thus slip is eliminated by connecting the components (SCI, 1989). The slab may be
solid in-situ concrete or the composite deck slab. Design of composite beams in buildings is now
covered by BS 5950: Part 03, although guidance was formerly available in an SCI publication.

Figure 2.5 – Part plan of a composite structure
Figure 2.6 – Composite beam with decking sheet

(Source: http://tatabluescopesteel.com/cms/Media/file/SMARTDECK-Brochure.pdf)
Composite beam construction has a number of advantages over non composite construction. They
are,
 Saving steel weight are typically 30% to 50% over non composite beams.
 The greater stiffness of the system means that the beams can be shallower for the same
span, leading to lower storey heights and savings in cladding.
Steel beams and slab must be structurally tied to act compositely and also to prevent separation
of the two elements under load. This is normally achieved by providing shear connectors in the
form of headed studs such as shown in Fig 2.7. The general form of shear connector is the welded
headed stud ranging in diameter from 13 to 25 mm and from 65 to 125 mm in height. All shear
connectors should be capable of resisting uplift forces, hence the use of headed rather than plain
studs.

The number of shear connectors placed along the beam is usually sufficient to develop the full
flexural resistance of the member. There are two types of connection they are full shear connection
and partial shear connection.
Figure 2.7 – Geometrical requirement for placing of studs

(Source: Steel Designers' Manual - 6th Edition, 2003)
 Full shear connection

Full shear connection means that sufficient shear connectors are provided to develop the full
plastic capacity of the section. Beams designed for full shear connection result in the lightest beam
size.
Figure 2.8 – Composite action

 Partial shear connection

Partial shear connection is most attractive, where the number of shear connectors is placed in a
standard pattern, such as one per deck trough or one per alternate trough of profile decking. The
number of shear connectors placed along the beam is usually sufficient to develop the full flexural
resistance of the member. However, it is possible to reduce the number of shear connectors in
cases where the moment of resistance exceeds the applied moment and shear connectors have
adequate ductility.
2.2.3 COMPOSITE COLUMN AND STANCHION

Composite columns are important structural members, which are used to support heavy axial
loads as compression members or gravity and lateral loads as beam-columns in moment resisting
composite frames. Practical composite columns are often subjected to the combined actions of
axial load and bending moments. A steel concrete composite column is comprising either of a
concrete encased hot rolled steel section or a concrete filled hollow section of hot rolled steel. If
it is not encased with concrete generally it refers as steel stanchion.
Figure 2.9 – Types of steel-concrete composite columns
2.2.4 CONNECTIONS
The basis of the design of connections must reflect the identified load paths throughout a
framework, assuming a realistic distribution of internal forces, and must have regard to local
effect on flanges and webs. The design of connections requires analysis to determine the
magnitude and nature of the forces, which are to be transmitted between members. In the present
work, it’s dealing with the bolded connections for steel frame building according to the BS codes
of practice.
There are basically two types of connections,
1. Simple connections
2. Moment connections
Comparative Study of Steel-Concrete Composite Structures 10 | P a g e
 Simple connections
Simple connections are most frequently used for pin-joined frames and braced structures. Simple
connections are defined as those connections that transmit only end shear and have negligible
resistance to rotation, therefore do not transfer significant moments at the ultimate limit state.
This definition underlies the design of the overall structure in which the beams are designed as
simply-supported, the columns are designed for axial load and the small moments induced by the
end reactions from the beams.
Figure 2.10 - Simple connection
 Moment connections
These are used in locations, where in addition to shear and axial forces, the moment forces must
be transferred between members to ensure continuity of the structure. For example,
 Web cover plates in beam splices.
 Unbraced single or multistory continuous frame.
 Support brackets with the moment either in the plane or perpendicular to the plane of
the connection.
Figure 2.11 – Typical moment connections of steel structure

2.2.5 SHEAR CONNECTOR

Mechanical connectors are used to develop the composite action between steel beams and
concrete. This connection is mainly provided to resist longitudinal shear, and is referred as ‘shear
connection’. In the industrialized countries the most common connector is a headed stud. Headed
studs used for the steel beams and slab to act compositely and also to prevent separation of the
two elements under load, they must be structurally tied. The shear studs are usually welded to the
steel beams through the metal decking.
Composite beams are often designed under the assumption that the unpropped steel beam support
the weight of the structural steel and wet concrete with construction loads. It may therefore, be
decided for reason of economy to provide only sufficient connectors to develop enough composite
action to support the loads applied afterwards. This approach results in adequate connectors are
required to enable the maximum bending stress of the composite beam to be reached.
Shear studs are available in a range of diameters and lengths. The 19 mm diameter by 100 mm
height stud is by far the most common in buildings. In slabs comprising profiled metal decking
and concrete, the heights of the studs should be at least 35 mm greater than the overall depth of
the decking. Also, the centre-to-centre distance between studs along the beam should lie between
5 times shank diameter and 600 mm or 4 times depth of the concrete slab (SCI, 1989).
 Types of shear connectors

• Rigid type
As the name implies, these connectors are very stiff and they sustain only a small deformation
while resisting the shear force. They derive their resistance from bearing pressure on the concrete,
and fail due to crushing of concrete. Short bars, angles, T sections are common examples of this
type of connectors. Also anchorage devices like hoped bars are attached with these connectors to
prevent vertical separation (Vaishali Ambe and Dr. Savita Maru, January 2015).
• Flexible type
Headed studs and channels come under this category. These connectors are welded to the flange
of the steel beam. They derive their stress resistance through bending and undergo large
deformation before failure. The stud connectors are the types used extensively. The shank and the
weld collar adjacent to steel beam resist the shear loads where as the head resists the uplift
(Vaishali Ambe and Dr. Savita Maru, January 2015).

• Bond or anchorage type

It is used to resist horizontal shear and to prevent separation of girder from the concrete slab at
the interface through bond. These connectors derived from the resistance through bond and
anchorage action.
Figure 2.12 - Shear connectors
2.2.6 BRACING
In a steel concrete composite building, welded or bolded connections are made or braces
connected between columns almost immediately behind the erection of the steel frame to provide
stability and resistance to lateral loads. Traditional stability bracing such as circular hollow pipes
used to stabilize the structure. An additional consideration must given by the designer to ensure
the lateral stability during the construction and service stage.
2.3 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

Structural design depends on many variables. There are several objectives must be incorporated
in any design philosophy to provide a structure, which throughout its intended lifetime (Chanakya
Arya, 1994). They are,
 Possess an acceptable margin of safety against collapse.
 Ensure serviceable and perform its intended purpose while in use.
 Economic to construct.
Historically, structural design was carried out on the basis of experience, trial and error. In the
later half of the 19th century the introduction of modern materials and development of
mathematical modeling techniques led to the introduction of a design philosophy, which
incorporated the concept of factor of safety based on known material strength known as
permissible stress design. During the 20th century to further, design philosophies were developed
as load-factor design and ultimate state design. In this report analysis and design is based on limit
stated design (Chanakya Arya, 1994).
2.3.1 LIMIT STATE DESIGN

Limit state design can perhaps be seen as the permissible and load factor methods. Most modern
structural codes of practice are now based on the limit state approach. As limit state philosophy
forms the basis of the design methods in most modern codes of practice for structural design. The
limit state philosophy, which was formulated for concrete and structural steel work is BS 8110
and BS 5950 respectively. The criteria are divided into two main groups based on whether
assessment is made of the collapse (ultimate) condition, or else normal working (serviceability)
condition.
2.3.2 ULTIMATE AND SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE

The aim of limit state design is to achieve acceptable probabilities, that a structure will not become
unfit for its intended use during its design life, that is, the structure will not reach a limit state.
There are many ways a structure could become unfit for use.
 Ultimate limit state

The whole structure or its elements should not collapse, overturn or buckle when subjected to the
design loads. This limit state may correspond to,
 Flexure
 Compression
 Shear
 Torsion
 Serviceability limit state

The limit state of serviceability relate to the performance of the structure at working loads. The
structure should not become unfit for use due to excessive deflection, cracking or vibration. This
limit state may correspond to,
 Deflection
 Cracking
 Vibrations, fire resistance and durability
Limiting values for each criterion are given in the code of practices.

2.4 STRUCTURAL LOADINGS

All structures are subjected to loading from various sources. The main categories of loading are
dead, imposed and wind loads. The values of types of loads are taken from relevant BS-codes.
In addition, they will have to determine the particular combination of loading which is likely to
produce the most adverse effect on the structure in terms of bending moments, shear forces and
deflections.
BS 648:1964 – Weights of building materials (dead load)

BS 6399-1:1996 – Codes of practice for dead and imposed load
CP 3: Chapter V: Part 2: 1972 – Codes of practice for wind load
Various types of loads on a structure and requiring consideration in design.

1. Dead load
2. Live load (Imposed load)
3. Wind load
4. Seismic load
2.4.1 DEAD LOAD

Dead loads do not change with the time. Dead loads on structure comprise the self-weight of the
member, weight of finishes and partition walls. Finishes, partitions and weight by services are
generally known as a super imposed dead loads. These are usually dependent upon the
constructional features and have to be assumed in order to design various structural concrete
members. The characteristic dead loads can be estimated using the schedule of weights of building
materials given in BS 648 (Table 2.1) or from manufacturer’s literature
2.4.2 IMPOSED LOAD

Imposed loads, which are due to variable effects such as the movement of people, furniture,
traffic, thus imposed loads will change with the time. The values adopted are based on observation
and measurement, and are inherently less accurate than the assessment of dead loads. Since
imposed loads tend to be much more variable than dead loads they are more difficult to predict.
BS 6399: Part 1: 1984: Code of Practice for dead and imposed loads gives typical characteristic
imposed floor loads for different classes of structure, e.g. residential dwellings, educational
institutions, hospitals, and parts of the same structure, e.g. balconies, corridors and toilet rooms
(Table 2.2).

2.4.3 WIND LOAD

Wind pressure can either add to the other gravitational forces acting on the structure or equally
well, exert suction or negative pressures on the structure. Under particular situations, the latter
may well lead to critical conditions and must be considered in design. The characteristic wind
loads acting on a structure can be assessed in accordance with the recommendations given in CP
3: Chapter V: Part 2: 1972 Wind Loads.
2.4.4 PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS

Safety factors are used in all design to allow for variability of load, material, workmanship etc.
They must be sufficient to cover
1. Load combinations
2. Material variations
3. Design and detail procedures, etc.
 Partial factors of safety for material (ϒm)

Design strength of material calculated as follows,
Design strength = Characteristic strength / Partial safety factor.
ϒm=1 does not imply that no margin of safety for material has been included, but rather that a
suitable allowance has been made in the design strengths given in the below table. Recommended
values for ϒm are given in the table to BS 8110.
Table 2.1 - Partial factors of safety for material (BS 8110: 1997)
Material
Limit state
Concrete Steel
Ultimate
Flexure 1.5 1.05
Shear 1.25 1.05
Bond 1.4 -
Serviceability 1.0 1.0
 Partial factors of safety for loads (ϒf)

Design load = Characteristic strength x ϒf
Errors may be arise due to,
1. Design assumptions and inaccuracy of calculation.
2. Possible unusual load.
3. Constructional inaccuracies.
Table 2.2 - Partial safety factor for loads (BS 8110: 1997)
Loading Load factor
Dead load 1.4
Imposed load 1.6
Wind load 1.4
Dead load acting with wind load and imposed load 1.2
2.5 ANALYSIS AND DESIGNING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

USING MANUAL METHOD
In this section discussed about the design of reinforced concrete building using manual method.
Detail design steps for structural elements to British Standards are discussed below.
2.5.1 DESIGN OF A TWO WAY SLAB

According to the plan, all the slabs are spanning in two directions. An example manual calculation
of the spreadsheet used for the design of two-way slab that involves the following steps. (See
Appendix A.1 – Two-way slab design spread sheet)
Design step of a two-way slab as follows.

1. Assume the depth of the slab based on the stiffness.
a) For continuous slab span to effective depth ratio for rectangular section is limited
to 26 (BS 8110-1: 1997, table 3.9)
b) Generally 125mm to 200mm is practicable.
2. Find the 𝑙𝑥 and 𝑙𝑦 , If 𝑙𝑦 /𝑙 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 ≤ 2 design is limited to two-way slab, if not slab should be
designed as one-way spanning.
3. Define the material properties and structural parameters.
a) Concrete grade (fcu)
b) Exposure condition
c) Fire protection
d) Cover to reinforcement
e) Grade of steel (fy)
4. Calculate the ultimate load considering 1 m width of the slab.
a) Calculate all the floor dead loads, superimposed dead loads and live load.
b) Calculate the ultimate design load for 1 m strip based on the code.
5. Obtain the bending moment coefficients along short and long spans based on the boundary
conditions given in the table 3.14 of BS 8110-1 and calculate the design bending moments.

a) Obtain the bending moment coefficients (+𝛽𝑠𝑥 , −𝛽𝑠𝑥 , +𝛽𝑠𝑦 , −𝛽𝑠𝑦 ).

b) Calculate the design bending moments.
𝑀𝑠𝑥 = (+/−) 𝛽𝑠𝑥 𝑛 𝑙𝑥2
𝑀𝑠𝑦 = (+/−) 𝛽𝑠𝑦 𝑛 𝑙𝑥2
6. Calculate the value of 𝐾,

a) 𝐾 = 𝑀𝑢 /𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 , 𝑀𝑢 = design bending moment,
b) If 𝐾 < 𝐾’ compression steel is not required. If not compression steel is required,
where 𝐾’ = 0.156.
7. Calculate the area of steel at the mid span and supports of the slab in both directions.
a) If 𝐾 < 𝐾’, use
𝑀
𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝑓𝑍
0.95 𝑦
,
but 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞 > 0.13%𝑏ℎ
b) Where
𝑍 = 𝑑[0.5 + (0.25 − 𝐾⁄0.9)1/2 ] or 𝑍 = 0.95𝑑
c) But choose minimum Z for 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞
8. Provide reinforcement steel. But limited to S < 3d.
9. Check for deflection.
𝑙 𝑙
a) ( 𝑥⁄𝑑) 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 < ( 𝑥⁄𝑑) 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 ,(BS 8110-1 clause 3.5.7)
𝑙 𝑙
b) ( 𝑥⁄𝑑) 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = ( 𝑥⁄𝑑) 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 × 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝑀. 𝐹. )
𝑙
c) Obtain the value of ( 𝑥⁄𝑑) 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 from BS 8110, table 3.9
d) Calculate M.F by
(477−𝑓𝑠 )
𝑀 . 𝐹. = 0.55 + 𝑀 ≤ 2 ,BS 8110 clause 3.4.7.7
120 (0.9+ )
𝑏𝑑2
Where, 𝑀/𝑏𝑑2 = span to effective depth ratio

2 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞 × 1
𝐹𝑠 =
3 𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 × 𝛽

2.5.2 DESIGN OF A CONTINUOUS BEAM

Reinforced concrete beam design consists primarily of producing member details, which will
adequately resist the ultimate bending moments, shear forces and torsional moments. Also
serviceability requirements must be considered to ensure that the member will behave satisfactory
under working loads. Beams can be defined according to,
a) Cross section
b) Position of reinforcement
c) Support condition
An example manual calculation of the spreadsheet used for the design of continuous beam that
involves the following steps. (See Appendix A.2 – Design of a continuous beam using spread
sheet)
Design step of a rectangular beam as follows.

1. Member sizing
a) Determine the suitable depth and width based on stiffness.
250𝑏𝑐2⁄
b) 𝑙 < 60𝑏𝑐 < 𝑑
Where 𝑙 = clear height, 𝑏𝑐 = breath, 𝑑 = effective depth
2. Define the material properties and structural parameters.

a) Grade of concrete
b) Exposure condition
c) Fire protection
d) Cover to reinforcement
e) Grade of steel
f) Effective depth
3. Calculate the ultimate load considering 1 m length of the beam. Loadings on the beam from
two-way slab according to the BS 8110: part 01, figure 2.13.
a) Calculate all the floor load based on the tributary area for the particular beam.
b) Calculate the ultimate load based on the code.

Figure 2.13 – Load distribution on beam by two-way slab
5. Calculate the ultimate moment(𝑀).

6. Calculate ultimate moment of resistance, 𝑀𝑢 = 0.156𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2
7. Check the
a) 𝑀 𝑢 > 𝑀, beam is singly reinforced.
b) 𝑀 𝑢 < 𝑀, beam is doubly reinforced.
8. Calculate the required area of steel
a) If 𝑀 < 𝑀𝑢 or 𝐾 < 𝐾’, Design as singly reinforced beam. Area of tension
reinforcement 𝐴𝑠 is calculated from:
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧
𝑦
Where 𝑍 = 𝑑[0.5 + (0.25 − 𝐾⁄0.9)1/2 ] ≤ 0.95𝑑

(𝑑 − 𝑧) ⁄
𝑥 = 0.45
b) If 𝑀 > 𝑀𝑢 or 𝐾 > 𝐾’, Design as doubly reinforced concrete beam.
b.1) Area of compression steel 𝐴`𝑠 is calculated from
[(𝑀 − 0.156𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2 )]
𝐴`𝑠 = ⁄[0.95𝑓 (𝑑 − 𝑑’)]
𝑦
b.2) Area of tension steel is calculated from:

0.156𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2
𝐴𝑠 = [ ⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧] + 𝐴`𝑠
𝑦
Where
𝑍 = 𝑑[0.5 + (0.25 − 𝐾`⁄0.9)1/2 ]

Calculate 𝑥 = (𝛽𝑏 – 0.4)𝑑

b.3) If 𝑑’ ⁄𝑥 < 0.43, the compression stress has yielded and 𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 0.95𝑓𝑦
If 𝑑’ ⁄𝑥 > 0.43, the compression stress will be less than 0.95𝑓𝑦 and
should be obtain from figure 2.2.
9. Check that the area of steel actually provided is within the limits required by the code of
practice.
a) For 𝑓𝑦 = 250 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ∶ 0.24% 𝑏ℎ < 𝐴𝑠 < 4% 𝑏ℎ
b) For 𝑓𝑦 = 500 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ∶ 0.13% 𝑏ℎ < 𝐴𝑠 < 4% 𝑏ℎ
10. Design shear reinforcement.
a) The shear resistance of concrete 𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 can be calculated from 𝑉 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 = 𝑣/𝑏𝑑 ,
where 𝑣 = design shear stress.
b) But 𝑣 < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑜𝑟 5 𝑁⁄
𝑚𝑚2
c) To determine whether shear reinforcement is required, it is necessary to calculate
shear resistance. The design concrete shear stress can be determined by using
Table 3.8 of BS 8110. The percentage area of longitudinal tension reinforcement
100𝐴𝑠⁄ 2
( 𝑏𝑑), table assumed that 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 25 Nmm . If 𝑓𝑐𝑢 is greater than 25 must
𝑓
multiply by [ 𝑐𝑢⁄25]1/3 obtain the value for design concrete shear stress 𝑣𝑐 .
d) Or else 𝑣𝑐 can be determined by the following equation
100𝐴𝑠⁄ 1/2 400⁄ )1/4 × ϒ
𝑣𝑐 = 0.79[( 𝑏𝑑)] × ( 𝑑 𝑚
11. Check for deflection.

a) The final deflection should not exceed 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛/250
b) Deflection after construction of finishes and partitions should not exceed
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛/500 or 20mm.
𝑙
c) Obtain the value of ( 𝑥⁄𝑑) 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 from BS 8110, table 3.9
d) Calculate M.F by
(477−𝑓𝑠 )
𝑀. 𝐹. = 0.55 + ≤ 2 , BS 8110 clause 3.4.7
120 (0.9+𝑀/𝑏𝑑2 )
𝐹𝑠 =

Design step of a flanged beam as follows

1. Member sizing
Effective width of flanged beam
𝑙𝑧⁄
For T-beam: (𝑏 + 5)
𝑙
For L-beams: (𝑏 + 𝑧⁄10)
lz is the distance between points of zero moment (which for a continuous beam, may be
taken as 0.7 times the effective span)
2. Design step of defining the material properties and structural parameters to step of design
shear reinforcement of the flange beam is similar as rectangular beam mentioned above.
3. Minimum tension reinforcement
For flange beam web in tension, find 𝑏𝑤 /𝑏.
If 𝑏𝑤 /𝑏 < 0.4, 𝐴𝑠 > 0.18%𝑏𝑤 ℎ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑦 = 460 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
If 𝑏𝑤 /𝑏 > 0.4, 𝐴𝑠 > 0.13%𝑏𝑤 ℎ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑦 = 460 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
For flange beam flange in tension,
For T beam 𝐴𝑠 > 0.26%𝑏𝑤 ℎ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑦 = 460 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
For L beam 𝐴𝑠 > 0.20%𝑏𝑤 ℎ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑦 = 460 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
4. Minimum compression reinforcement
when designed as doubly reinforced section
For flange beam flange in compression, 𝐴 `𝑠 > 0.4%𝑏ℎ𝑓
For flange beam web in compression, 𝐴 `𝑠 > 0.2%𝑏ℎ𝑓
5. Calculate actual span to depth ratio
a) Calculate actual span to depth ratio
b) Check the limiting value of 𝑏𝑤 /𝑏 < 0.3
c) Calculate basic effective depth ratio of the beam from BS 8110, Table 3.12
𝑙
d) Obtain the value of ( 𝑥⁄𝑑) 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 from BS 8110, table 3.9
(477−𝑓𝑠 )
e) Calculate M.F by 𝑀. 𝐹. = 0.55 + ≤ 2 ,
120 (0.9+𝑀/𝑏𝑑2 )
BS 8110 clause 3.4.7

𝐹𝑠 =
f) Permissible span to depth ratio = Basic ratio x Modification factor
Check (𝑙⁄𝑑) 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 > (𝑙⁄𝑑) 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙

2.5.3 DESIGN OF A COLUMN

The column in a structure carries the loads from the beams and slabs and transfer to the
foundations. Columns are primarily compression members although they may also have to resist
bending moments transmitted by beams. An example manual calculation of the spreadsheet used
for the design of column that involves the following steps. (See Appendix A.3 – Design of a
column using spread sheet)
Design step of a short column as follows.

1. Select the section of a column.
2. Classification of columns,
a) Braced / Unbraced
b) Short / Slender
3. Calculate effective length (𝑙𝑒 ) is specified as, 𝑙𝑒 = 𝛽𝑙0
4. Calculate ultimate axial load (𝑁) and moments 𝑀𝑥 and 𝑀𝑦 about the x-x and y-y axes
respectively.
𝑀𝑥⁄ 𝑀𝑦
⁄ , then increased single axis design moment is,
a) If ℎ’ > 𝑏’
𝑀𝑥` = 𝑀𝑥 + 𝛽(ℎ’⁄𝑏’)𝑀𝑦
𝑀 𝑀
b) If 𝑥⁄ℎ’ < 𝑦⁄𝑏’, then increased single axis moment is,
𝑀𝑦` = 𝑀𝑦 + 𝛽(ℎ’⁄𝑏’)𝑀𝑥
5. Calculate 𝑁 ⁄𝑏ℎ and 𝑀⁄ 2

𝑏ℎ
6. Calculate reinforcement area (𝐴𝑠𝑐 ) of the column by graphs.
7. Check longitudinal reinforcement,
a) Size and minimum number of bars
Minimum size = (1/4) x size of the largest compression bar but not less than 6mm.
b) Reinforcement areas
c) Spacing of reinforcement.
8. Check link,
a) Size and spacing of links.
Maximum spacing = 12 x size of the smallest compression bar.
b) Arrangement of links.

2.5.4 DESIGN OF A FOOTING

The design of the foundation is usually the final step. The type of foundation, the sizes and the
formation level depends on the results of the ground investigation. The foundations transfer and
spread the loads from a structure’s columns and wall in to the ground. The safe bearing capacity
of the soil must not exceed otherwise excessive settlement may occur.
In the design of foundations, the areas of the bases in contact with the ground should be such that
the safe bearing pressures will not be exceeded. Settlement takes place during the working life of
structure, therefore the design loading to be considered when calculating the base areas should be
those that apply to serviceability limit state, and typical values that can be taken are,
1. Dead load and imposed load = 1.0 Gk + 1.0Qk
2. Dead and wind = 1.0Gk + 1.0Wk
3. Dead, imposed and wind load = 1.0Gk + 1.0Qk + 1.0Wk
But the calculations to determine the thickness of the base, bending and shear reinforcement
should be used on ultimate limit state loads. An example manual calculation of the spreadsheet
used for the design of a footing that involves the following steps. (See Appendix A.4 – Design of
a pad footing using spread sheet)
Design step of a footing as follows.

1. Calculate the plan of size of the footing using the permissible bearing pressure
and the critical loading arrangement for the serviceability limit state.
a) For serviceability limit state;
Total design axial load (N) = 1.0Gk + 1.0Qk
b) Calculate required base area
Required area (A) = N/BD; where B and D are breath and width
2. Calculate the bearing pressures associated with the critical load arrangement at
the ultimate limit state.
a) For ultimate limit state
Column design axial load (W) = 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk
b) Earth pressure (ps) = W/BD
3. Check the shear stress at column face
a) Assume a suitable value for thickness (t) and effective depth (d)
b) Calculate the shear stress by the following equation,

𝑣 = 𝑊⁄(𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 × 𝑑)
c) But 𝑣 < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑜𝑟 5 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

4. Check the thickness for punching shear stress.
a) Calculate critical perimeter, (𝑃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 8 × 1.5𝑑
b) Area within perimeter, (𝐴𝑝 ) = (400 + 3𝑑)2
c) Ultimate punching shear force (𝑉) = [𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑝𝑠 )] × ( 𝐴 − 𝐴𝑝 )
d) Punching shear stress (𝑣) = 𝑉⁄[(𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟) × 𝑑]
e) Calculate 100As/bd and from the table 3.8, BS 8110 obtain the value for design
shear stress
𝑓
f) If concrete grade is not 25 N/mm2, multiply by [ 𝑐𝑢⁄25]1/3 and obtain a corrected
value for vc
g) If𝑣𝑐 > 𝑣, depth will be adequate.
5. Determine the reinforcement required to resist bending moment
a) Calculate design moment occurs at face of column (𝑀)
𝑝𝑐 𝑙 2⁄
𝑀 = 2 ; Where 𝑙 = distance from face of the column to edge of the footing.
b) For the concrete calculate 𝑀𝑢
𝑀𝑢 = 0.156𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2
c) If 𝑀𝑢 > 𝑀 compression steel is not required
d) Calculate the value of 𝐾
𝐾 = 𝑀⁄
𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2
e) Calculate lever arm ratio
𝑍 = 𝑑[0.5 + (0.25 − 𝐾⁄0.9)1/2 ]
f) Hence calculate 𝐴𝑠
𝐴 𝑠 = 𝑀⁄0.95𝑓 𝑧
𝑦
g) Check for minimum steel area

0.13%𝑏ℎ < 𝐴𝑠

2.6 ANALYSIS AND DESIGNING OF COMPOSITE STRUCTURES USING

MANUAL METHOD
In this chapter discussed about the design of steel-concrete composite building using manual
method. Detail design steps for structural elements to British Standards are discussed below.
2.6.1 COMPOSITE SLAB

There are three ways can design composite slab,
 Using the design table from the manufacturer.
 Calculate first principles of using British Standards and data from steel design manuals
handout.
 From an appropriate software such as (comflor, ETABS)
In this report composite slab is selected as per design table provided from manufacturer.
Figure 2.14 – Section properties of profile sheet
2.6.2 SIMPLY SUPPORTED COMPOSITE BEAM

Beam section is checked at construction stage and composite (final) stage. An example manual
calculation of the spreadsheet used for the design of composite beam can be shown in following
steps. (See Appendix C.1 - Design of a secondary composite beam using spread sheet and
Appendix C.2 - Design of a primary composite beam using spread sheet)
Design step of a simply supported composite beam as follows.

1. Determine the specification and design considerations for composite and steel structure.
2. Determination of floor loadings
3. Presumed universal beam (UB) section
4. Design of a steel beam-construction stage.

a) Calculate ultimate design load, moment and shear force.

b) Calculate required plastic section modulus by, 𝑆𝑥𝑥 = 𝑀⁄𝑃
𝑦
c) Classification of section, (BS 5950: Clause 3.5.4, Table 11)

d) Check for shear, if unsatisfactory return to (c), (BS 5950: Clause 4.2.3), shear
capacity is calculates as follows
 Calculate ultimate shear force (𝐹)
 Calculate Shear capacity (𝑝𝑣 ), (𝑝𝑣 ) = 0.6𝑝𝑦 𝐴𝑣
 Check whether the 𝑝𝑣 > 𝐹 and 0.6𝑝𝑣 > 𝐹 , 0.6𝑝𝑣 or not, represents the low
shear.
e) Check for bending, if unsatisfactory return to (c), (BS 5950, Clause: 4.2.5.2)
 Calculate moment capacity, 𝑀𝑐 = 𝑝𝑦 𝑆𝑥
 Check the following condition, 𝑀 < 𝑀𝑐 < 1.2𝑝𝑦 𝑍𝑥
f) Check serviceability limit state
 Deflection of soffit of beam after construction due to dead load.
4
𝛿 = 5𝑤𝑙 ⁄384𝐸𝐼
5. Composite stage – Composite beam design
a) Calculate effective breath of concrete flange (BS 5950: Part 03: Clause 4.6)
𝐵𝑒 = Σ𝑏𝑒 = 2 × ( 𝐿⁄8 )
Figure 2.15 – Effective breath of concrete
b) Calculate design bending moment and shear force

c) Calculate moment capacity
The moment capacity of a composite section depends upon where the plastic
neutral axis falls within the section. Three outcomes are possible they are,
5.1. Plastic neutral axis occurs within the concrete flange: 𝑅𝑐 > 𝑅𝑠
5.2. Plastic neutral axis occurs within steel flange: 𝑅𝑐 < 𝑅𝑠
5.3. Plastic neutral axis occurs within the web:

Figure 2.16 – Plastic neutral axis position
Case 01: Rc > Rs
 Resistance of concrete flange: 𝑅𝑐 = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝐵𝑒 × (𝐷𝑠 – 𝐷𝑝 )

 The moment of resistance, 𝑀𝑝𝑐 , (BS 5950: Part 03: Clause B.2.2)
D
Mpc=Rs[ +Ds - Rs(Ds-Dp)/2Rc ]
2
Case 02: Rs > Rc > Rw
 The moment of resistance, 𝑀𝑝𝑐

RsD Rc(Ds+Dp) (Rs-Rc)2 T
Mpc= + -
2 2 4Rf
a) Design the shear connectors, (BS 5950: part 3, Clause 5.4.6)

 For positive moments,
𝑄𝑝 = 0.8 𝑄𝑘
 For negative moments,
𝑄𝑛 = 0.6 𝑄𝑘
Where, Qk is the characteristic resistance of the shear connector.
b) Calculate reduction factor for profile shape (BS 5950: part 3, Clause 5.4.7.2)
 For one stud per rib
b h
k=0.85 (Dr ) ( -1) ≤ 1
p Dp
 For two stud per rib

br h
k=0.6 (Dp) (Dp -1) ≤ 0.8
 For two or more per rib

b h
k=0.5 (Dr ) (D -1) ≤ 0.6
p p

6. Design for transverse reinforcement (Longitudinal shear transfer)

a) Total longitudinal shear force
𝑁𝑄𝑝
Longitudinal shear force per unit length ‘𝑣’ = ⁄
𝑆
b) Shear resistance
In a solid slab, the concrete shear resistance 𝑣𝑟 , is obtained using following
equation.
𝑣𝑟 = 0.7𝐴𝑠 𝑣𝑓𝑦 + 0.03𝜂𝐴𝑐 𝑣𝑓𝑐𝑢 < 0.8𝜂𝐴𝑐 𝑣√𝑓𝑐𝑢

In slab with profile sheeting, 𝑣𝑟 , is given by
𝑣𝑟 = 0.7𝐴𝑠 𝑣𝑓𝑦 + 0.03𝜂𝐴𝑐 𝑣𝑓𝑐𝑢 + 𝑣𝑝 < 0.8𝜂𝐴𝑐 𝑣√𝑓𝑐𝑢 + 𝑣𝑝
𝑣 𝑝 = 𝑡𝑝 𝑝𝑦𝑝
7. Check serviceability limit state

a) Effective modular ratio
𝛼𝑒 = 𝛼𝑠 + 𝜌𝑙(𝛼𝑙 – 𝛼𝑠 )
b) Elastic section modulus
In case of positive moment composite section in which the steel beam has equal
flanges, the elastic section moduli for positive moments are given by the
following:
Case 1: Elastic neutral axis in concrete flange

This case applies when:
(Ds-Dp)2 Be
A<
(D+2Dp)αe
In this case concrete in tension side of the elastic neutral axis is taken as cracked and the
properties of the cracked section are used. The elastic section modulus Zp for the
concrete flange is then given by the expression:
𝐼𝑝 𝛼𝑒
𝑍𝑝 = ⁄𝑦
𝑒
And the elastic section modulus 𝑍𝑠 for the the bottom flange of the steel member is
given by the expression:
𝐼𝑝
𝑍𝑠 = ⁄(𝐷 + 𝐷 – 𝑦 )
𝑠 𝑒
Ip and ye are obtained from the following equation:

2
Beye3 D
Ip=Ix+ +A ( +Ds-ye)
3αe 2

(D+2Ds)
ye= 1
Be 2
1+ { 1+ }
Aαe(D+2Ds)
Case 2: Elastic neutral axis in steel member

(Ds-Dp)2 Be
A≥
(D+2Dp)αe
In this case the concrete is uncracked and the gross section properties apply. The depth
yg of the elastic neutral axis below the top of the concrete flange is given by the
expression;
Be(Ds-Dp)2
yg=Aαe(D+2Ds)+
2{αe+Be(Ds-Dp)}
The elastic section modulus for the concrete flange is then given by the expression:
𝑍𝑔 = 𝐼𝑔 𝛼𝑒 /𝑦𝑔
And for the bottom flange of the steel member:
𝑍𝑠 = 𝐼𝑔 /(𝐷 + 𝐷𝑠 − 𝑦𝑔 )
a) Stress in concrete
Stress in concrete is calculate as follows
M
< 0.5fcu
Zg
b) Check for deflection

Take loading as imposed and partition
5wl4
δc= 384EI
c) Check vibration in service.
2.6.3 STEEL STANCHION (STEEL COLUMN)

This section will outline the results of the gravity column design. In many practical situations
depending on the load path through the structure, are also required to resist some degree of
bending. An example manual calculation of the spreadsheet used for the design of steel stanchion
can be shown in following steps. (See Appendix C.3 - Design of a steel stanchion in simple
construction using spread sheet)
Design step of a simply supported composite beam as follows.

1. Determination of ultimate axial load Fc
2. Select section and check it is not slender
3. Section classification
4. Determine effective lengths, Lex and Ley

5. Calculate slenderness ratios,
Lex
λ=
rx
Ley
λ=
ry
6. Select suitable strut curves from (BS 5950
a) Check for section capacity (BS 5950; clause 4.8.3.2)
Fc MX My
+ + <1
AgPy Mcx Mcy
1) Calculate moment about respective axis, 𝑀𝑐𝑥 < 1.2𝑃𝑦 𝑍𝑥 , 𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑐𝑦 < 1.2𝑃𝑦 𝑍𝑥
Where, 𝑀𝑐𝑥 = 𝑃𝑦 𝑆𝑥 and 𝑀𝑐𝑦 = 𝑃𝑦 𝑆𝑦
b) Check for buckling
1) Calculate effective length of column
2) Calculate slenderness ratio, λ.
L
λx= and
rx
L
λy= r
y
3) Using a strut curves b or c, of BS 5950, table 23, calculate the value of Pcx and Pcy
4) Hence calculate critical value of P
5) Calculate compression resistance, 𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃𝑐 𝑥,𝑦 𝐴
6) Hence check the following under simple construction
Fc Mx My
+ + ≤1
Pc Mcx Mcy
2.6.4 DESIGN OF CONNECTION

The simple connections were designed for beam to column and beam to beam connections. The
connection is consisted using fin plate that is shop welded to the column or beam and bolted to
the web of the supported beam. An example manual calculation of the spreadsheet used for the
design of fin plate connection can be shown in following steps. (See Appendix C.4 - Beam to
beam bolted connection design using spread sheet)

Figure 2.17 – Initial details of a connection
Design step of a beam-to-beam fin plate connections

1. Essential detailing requirements.
2. Calculate applied shear loads (𝐹𝑣 ).
3. Check bolt shear and bearing
(𝑃𝑠 > 𝐹𝑣 , 𝑃𝑏𝑏 > 𝐹𝑣 )
4. Check connected part (critical) bearing.
(𝑃𝑏𝑠 > 𝐹𝑣 ).
5. Check beam web shear
a) Plan Shear (𝑃𝑣 = 0.6𝑝𝑦 𝐴𝑣 )
b) Block shear ( {𝑃𝑟 = 0.6𝑝𝑦 𝑡(𝐿𝑣 + 𝐾𝑒 (𝐿𝑡 − 𝑘𝐷′)} )
6. Check shear and bending interaction at the notch.
7. Check shear and bending capacity of fin plate connected to supported beam.
a) Shear
i. Plan Shear (𝑃𝑣 = 0.6𝑝𝑦 𝐴𝑣 )
ii. Block shear ( {𝑃𝑟 = 0.6𝑝𝑦 𝑡(𝐿𝑣 + 𝐾𝑒 (𝐿𝑡 − 𝑘𝐷′)} )
b) Bending (𝑀𝑐 ≥ 𝐹𝑣𝑎 )
iii. Low shear ( 𝐹𝑣 ≤ 0.6𝑃𝑣 )
8. Check fin-plate - stability & weld.
2.6.5 STEEL LATERAL FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM

During the design wind load in the structural design was considered for lateral loading resisting
system. The design loads were determined from CP3: Chapter V: Part 02 which is used as codes
of practice for wind load calculations. A lateral force resisting system was designed in order to

provide lateral stability under these force. Bracing system was used to provide the lateral stability.
Braced frame involved diagonal bracing and simple connections. The design of the braced frame
was performed using ETABS software to calculate axial forces.
2.7 SOFTWARE AID

There are several software which can be used for modeling, analysis and design of RC and steel-
concrete composite building. There are finite element modeling tools and as well as element
design software are available. In this study used software and purpose of each software as follows.
 ETABS - used for global analysis

 MASTER SERIES - design of composite beam, steel stanchion and connections
 PROKON - design and analysis of RC beam, design of RC column
 SAFE - design for RC slab and Pad footing
2.7.1 ETABS
ETABS is the ultimate integrated software package for the structural analysis and design of
buildings. This software is specially optimized for modeling of multi-storey buildings. ETABS
can also handle the largest and most complex building including a wide range on nonlinear
behaviors. It corporate, 40 years of continuous research and development.
Key features of ETABS

 Can generate 3D perspective, plan, elevation, and custom views.
 Can import CAD drawings.
 Fast generation of model using the concept of similar stories.
 Extensive analysis capabilities.
 Automated model generation for typical structures using powerful template such as steel
deck, flat slab, two-way slab etc.
 Objects based modeling
 Area objects for- Walls, slabs, decks, loads etc.
 Line objects for- Columns, beams, braces, links etc.
 Point objects for- Support, Loads, etc.
2.7.2 MASTER SERIES

MATERSERIES is a flexible structural engineering software package which allows both the
analysis and design of simple to complex structural systems to be carried out. Beams, trusses,

single/multi-storey frames and composite design can easily be produced in either 2D or 3D

environments. Design of a large variety of simple and moment connections such as column bases,
splices, beam to beam/column details can be produced. The output can also be trailed to suit the
user’s requirements meaning that either detailed or summarized data can be made available. This
software is most suitable for steel structural element design and analysis.
2.7.3 PROKON
The PROKON provides quick and reliable answers to every day structural engineer’s problems.
It is suitable for member design such as beam, column etc. It is used specially for concrete
structural elements such as continuous beams, slabs and columns. There are several design
modules available such are,
 Frame and finite element analysis
 Steel member design
 Reinforced Concrete member design
 CAD and reinforced concrete detailing
 Timber design
 Masonry design ect.
2.7.4 SAFE
SAFE is the ultimate tool for analysis and designing concrete floor and foundations. From
framing, layout all the way through to detail drawing production, SAFE integrates every aspects
of the engineering design process in one easy and institutive environment. Layout and modeling
is quick and efficient with the tools, or use one of the important options to bring data from CAD
or spread sheets. Slabs or foundations can be of any shape. SAFE provides an immensely capable
yet easy to use program for structural designers, providing the only tool necessary for the
modeling, analysis, and detailing of concrete slab systems and foundations.

CHAPTER 03 METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER 03: METHODOLOGY
The preceding chapter has been given brief information and area of study of the project, which
provides a base for defining the various tasks needed to complete each major area of study. The
following methodology discusses different part of the body of this project. Each main title
represents a chapter and each chapter consist of different sections of that corresponding chapter.
Figure 3.1 – Methodology
3.1 INVESTIGATE THE CURRENT TREND IN STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE

BUILDING IN SRI LANKA
3.1.1 INTRODUCTION
High rise and middle rise steel prefabricated buildings were not very common for Sri Lanka until
recently. Few buildings from three storied to ten storied have been constructed in Colombo during
last five years and there is a trend to go for steel-concrete composite buildings due to the
advantages discussed (Abesuriya, N 2007).

In the past, for the design and construction of a building, the choice was normally between a
traditional concrete structure for a low rise building. But nowadays it is developing and potential
increase the volume of steel-concrete composite material in construction.
With the increasing demand for using efficient, adaptable and higher quality buildings, people
have looked at aspects of the construction process that can improve quality and encourage
innovation. Traditional craft and trade construction techniques used in Sri Lanka have changed
little in the past decade. These trades are normally performed on a construction site in all type of
weather, consequently, the quality and accuracy of this type of construction is quite variable.
When considering the time, quality, etc and failure due to lateral forces occurs in reinforced
concrete construction to enhance these steel-concrete composite constructions are then coming as
a solution of medium rise to high rise buildings.
3.1.2 SITE VISIT

To get a more information on steel-concrete composite construction in Sri Lanka, several ongoing
projects on steel-concrete composite structures had been selected and interviews conducted
among site engineers and structural engineers. Following areas had been selected for the visit to
get information.
 Sites
Nawaloka hospital (car park) – Colombo - 02
Colombo municipal council building – Colombo – 10
 Fabrication and erection companies

ABSL – Kaduwela
Vista engineering – Boralesgamuwa
 Consultants and structural engineers

Eng. Balraj Kiriparan – Structural Engineer (CSE)
Eng. Ravindra Meewaddana – Structural Engineer
Eng. Nandana Abesuriya – Managing Director (NCD Consultants)
Eng. Fausin – Consultant Nawaloka car park project

Figure 3.2 - Nawaloka hospital car park
Figure 3.3 – Colombo municipal council building
3.1.3 INTERVIEWS AND QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY

To get more insight into the working and in order to obtain a final conclusion, interviews and
questionnaire survey has been conducted among structural engineers, contractors, project
managers. Below figure shows the sample sheet of our questionnaire survey.

Figure 3.4 – Sample details from questionnaire survey

3.2 GENERAL DETAILS AND DESIGN PHILOSOPHY FOR CONVENTIONAL

REINFORCED CONCRETE AND COMPOSITE OPTION IN SRI LANKA
3.2.1 BUILDING DATA
 Type of the building : General commercial building

 Location : Colombo 07
 Ground floor area : 14854 sqft (1380 m2)
 No of floors : Ground floor + 2 Stories
 Soil bearing capacity : 150 N/mm2
Figure 3.5 – Beam and column layout of the proposed building

3.2.2 STRUCTURAL LOADINGS

In order to design of structural elements two types of loads are considered, they are gravity loads
and wind loads. Loading values are extract from BS Code of practice.
3.2.2.1 GRAVITY LOAD

Table 3.1 - Gravity loads (BS 648:1964, BS 6399-1:1996)
Floor loads
Partitions (3 m height both face plaster 115 mm brick work) 2.5 kN/m2
Floor finishes 2.0 kN/m2
Ceiling and services 0.5 kN/m2
Total superimposed dead load 5.0 kN/m2

Imposed load 4.0 kN/m2
Addition to these data self-weight of the members are considered during the design.
3.2.2.2 WIND LOAD

Wind load on the structure is calculated based on CP3 – Chapter v – 1972.
Following are the assumptions made during the analysis
 Basic wind speed – 38.0 ms-1
 Terrain is takes as level ground – S1
 Ground roughness, building size and height above ground- S2
 Statistical factor (S3) = 1
3.2.3 STANDARD CODE OF PRACTICE

 BS – 5950 – structural use of steel work
Part 1: Design in simple and continuous construction.
Part 2: Specification of materials, fabrication and erection.
Part 3: Design in composite construction.
Part 4: Design of floors with profile sheet decking
 BS 8110 - Structural use of concrete work

Part 1: Code of practice for special circumstances.
Part 2: Code of practice for design and construction.
Part 3: Design charts for singly, doubly reinforced beams and rectangular columns.

3.2.4 GLOBAL ANALYSIS
 Structural Modelling
Steel structures are very often composed by linear members. The Figure 4.2 illustrates the
structural framework of a steel-concrete composite building. The modelling of steel structures
using linear elements involves the consideration of several specific aspects such as the choice of
the structural axis of a member, the influence of eccentricities, non-prismatic and curved members
and the modelling of joints. This option is obviously adequate for linear members (beams,
columns, bracing and cables). It is possible to analyses and design steel structures using the finite
element method (FEM), combining in the modelling of the structure linear elements with two and
three-dimensional elements. The global analysis of a steel structure should provide with sufficient
accuracy the internal forces and moments and the corresponding displacements.
Global elastic analysis is based on the assumption of a linear stress-strain relation for steel, global
elastic analysis assumes that the reference stress caused by the applied forces is lower than the
yield stress of steel anywhere in the structure.
Figure 3.6 – Finite element model of steel–concrete composite building

3.3 DESIGN OF A REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING

Three-story building has been designed as RC option in this chapter. Both manual hand
calculation and Software method are carried out in this chapter.
3.3.1 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN BY MANUAL METHOD

3.3.1.1 DESIGN OF A SLAB
Selected slab panel for analysis and design is shown in below figure. Part of the plan of the
building is shown. Design procedure has been discussed in Chapter 2.5.1. An example manual
calculation of the spreadsheet used for the design of slab can be found in Appendix A.1 - Design
of a two-way slab using spread sheet.
Figure 3.7 - Plan view of RC slab panel
3.3.1.2 DESIGN OF A BEAM

Selected RC beam for analysis and design was shown in below figure. Part of the plan of the
calculation of the spreadsheet used for the design of beam can be found in Appendix A.2 - Design
of a continuous beam using spread sheet.

Figure 3.8 - Plan view of RC beam
3.3.1.3 DESIGN OF A COLUMN

Selected RC column for analysis and design was shown in below figure. Part of the plan of the
calculation of the spreadsheet used for the design of column can be found in Appendix A.3 -
Design of a column using spread sheet.
Figure 3.9 - Plan view of RC column
3.3.1.4 DESIGN OF A PAD FOOTING

Selected pad footing for analysis and design was shown in above figure. Design procedure has
been discussed in Chapter 2.5.4. An example manual calculation of the spreadsheet used for the
design of pad footing can be found in Appendix A.4 - Design of a pad footing using spread sheet.

3.3.2 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN BY SOFTWARE

3.3.2.1 DESIGN OF A SLAB
Analysis and design in slab panel was shown in Figure 3.7. An example of software method by
SAFE used for the design of slab panel can be found in Appendix B.1 - Analysis of a two way
slab by using SAFE.
Figure 3.10 – Bending moment contours for RC slab
3.3.2.2 DESIGN OF A BEAM

Analysis and design in beam was shown in Figure 3.8. An example of software method by
PROKON used for the design of beam can be found in Appendix B.2 - Design of a continuous
beam by using PROKON.
Figure 3.11 –RC beam elevation
3.3.2.3 DESIGN OF A COLUMN

Analysis and design in column was shown in Figure 3.9. An example of software method by
PROKON and ETABS used for the design of column can be found in Appendix B.3 - Design of
column by using PROKON.

Figure 3.12 –Design parameter of RC column

Analysis and design in pad footing location was shown in Figure 3.9. An example of software
method by SAFE and ETABS used for the design of column can be found in Appendix B.4 -
Design of footing by using SAFE.
Figure 3.13 –Bending moment contours of pad footing

3.4 DESIGN OF STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE BUILDING

In this chapter discussed about the design of steel-concrete composite building using manual
method. Detail design steps for structural elements to British Standards are discussed below.
3.4.1 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN BY MANUAL METHOD

3.4.1.1 DESIGN OF A COMPOSITE BEAM
Selected member for analysis and design was shown in below figure. Part of the plan of the
calculation of the spreadsheet used for the design of composite beam can be found in Appendix
C.1 - Design of a secondary composite beam using spread sheet and Appendix C.2 - Design of a
primary composite beam using spread sheet.
Figure 3.14 - Plan view of steel - concrete composite beams
3.4.1.2 DESIGN OF A STEEL STANCHION

This section will outline the results of the gravity column design. In many practical situations
depending on the load path through the structure, are also required to resist some degree of
bending. Selected column for analysis and design is show in below figure. Design procedure has
been discussed in Chapter 2.6.3 an example manual hand calculation of the spreadsheet used for
the design of column in simple construction can be found in Appendix C.3 - Design of a steel
stanchion in simple construction using spread sheet.

Figure 3.15 - Plan view of steel stanchion
3.4.1.3 DESIGN OF CONNECTION

The simple connections were designed for beam to column and beam to beam connections. The
shear connection is consisted using fin plate that is shop welded to the column or beam and bolted
to the web of the supported beam. An example manual calculation of the spreadsheet used for the
design of column in simple construction can be found in Appendix C.4 - Beam to beam bolted
connection design using spread sheet.
Figure 3.16 - Plan view of connection


Selected pad footing for analysis and design was same location of steel stanchion in figure 3.15.
Design procedure has been discussed in Chapter 2.5.4. An example manual calculation of the
spreadsheet used for the design of pad footing can be found in Appendix C.5 - Design of a pad
footing using spread sheet.
3.4.2 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN BY SOFTWARE

3.4.2.1 DESIGN OF A COMPOSITE BEAM
Analysis and design in composite beam was shown in Figure 3.14. An example of software
method by MASTER SERIES used for the design of composite beam can be found in Appendix
D.1 - Design of a secondary composite beam by MASTER SERIES and Appendix D.2 - Design
of a primary composite beam design by MASTER SERIES.
Figure 3.17 - Composite beam design from Master Series
3.4.2.2 DESIGN OF A STEEL STANCHION

Analysis and design in steel stanchion was shown in Figure 3.15. An example of software method
by MASTER SERIES used for the design of steel stanchion can be found in also example of
design calculation by software method can be found in Appendix D.3 - Design of steel stanchion
by MASTER SERIES.
Figure 3.18 – Steel stanchion design from Master Series

3.4.2.3 DESIGN OF CONNECTION

Design of connection was shown in Figure 3.16. An example of software method by MASTER
SERIES used for the design of connection can be found in Also example of design calculation by
software method can be found in Appendix D.4 - Beam to column bolted connection design by
MASTER SERIES and Appendix D.5 - Beam to beam bolted connection design by MASTER
SERIES.
Figure 3.19 – Fin plate connection design from Master Series
3.5 INVESTIGATION OF COSTING

This section provides the cost analyses completed for both the composite and concrete structural
designs. All cost assumptions were taken from one of the leading construction and Consultant
Company in Sri Lanka.
The group used excel spread sheets to complete this task. An example of the spreadsheets used
for the concrete analysis is shown in Appendix C-1 – Concrete design cost analysis. An example
of the spreadsheets used for the steel concrete composite cost is shown in Appendix C-2 – Steel
concrete composite cost analysis. In this chapter the summary of cost analyses for both structure
is discussed.
3.5.1 ESTIMATING AND COSTING OF RC STRUCTURE

This section provides a summary of cost analysis of the various elements. This section simply
reviews the overall cost based on volumes, area and weights.
 Main items of work
1. Excavation and earth work
2. Concreting work
3. Form work
4. Reinforcement
5. Finishes to structural elements
6. Painting work
Table 4.4 below shows the principal areas of the building in this cost analysis, the items involved
in those areas, and then the overall cost of each aspect. This table is simplified version of the excel
sheet in Appendix C1- Concrete design cost analysis. Note that the cost for each area of this
analysis include material and labour cost.
Table 3.2 – Cost estimation for RC structure
RATE
ITEM DESCRIPTION QTY UNIT AMOUNT RS.Cts.)
(RS.Cts.)
Excavation and earth

1
work
1.1) Excavation for 503.00 m3 598.28 300,934.84

pad footing
1.2) Filling 223.98 m3 1,456.00 326,109.06
2 Concreting work
2.1) Plain in-situ

503.00 m2 719.16 361,737.48
concrete
2.2) Reinforced concrete

1238.74 m3 21,000.00 26,013,578.40
Grade 30
2.3) Reinforcement in
79.73 ton 150,733.33 12,017,628.14
mild steel & tor steel
2.4) Formwork 5,618.71 m2 1,146.45 6,411,230.42
Finishes ( 5/8” thk

3 5,397.98 m2 558.64 3,066,644.75
Plastering )
4 Painting 5,397.98 m2 434.12 2,296,511.04
SUB TOTAL 50,794,374.12

3.5.2 ESTIMATING AND COSTING OF COMPOSITE STRUCTURE

Structural steel members may be I section or H sections, plates and fastening accessories. The
cost estimates for steel structures are significantly different from calculation of the estimated cost
for RC structures. A cost estimate was completed for each beam type based on unit cost per ton
and connection cost are added percentage of major structural elements such as stanchions, beams
in building.
The steel cost analysis was performed based on the different types of steel sections per ton or kg.
Other miscellaneous item such as shear studs and bolt were priced on their unit cost or percentage
of steel is used. Table 4.4 below shows the principal areas of the building in this cost analysis, the
items involved in those areas, and then the overall cost of each aspect. This table is simplified
version of the excel sheet in Appendix C2- Steel-concrete composite building cost analysis. Note
that the cost for each area of this analysis include material and labour cost.
Table 3.3 – Cost estimation for composite structure
RATE AMOUNT
ITEM DESCRIPTION QTY UNIT
(RS.Cts.) (RS.Cts.)
1 Excavation and earth
work
1.1) Excavation for
267.41 m3 598.28 159,986.05
pad footing
1.3) Filling 132.35 m3 1,456.00 192,703.06
2 Concreting work
2.1) Plain in-situ

267.41 m2 719.16 192,310.58
concrete
2.2) Reinforced
613.94 m3 21,000.00 12,892,647.60
concrete Grade 30
2.3) Reinforcement
in mild steel & tor 29.54 Ton 150,733.33 4,453,137.62
steel
2.4) Formwork 234.00 m2 1,083.12 253,447.91
3 I section – Grade
S355
305 x 102 x 28 UB
36.15 ton 279000.00 10,085,473.35
section

356 x 171 x 51 UB
37.76 ton 279000.00 10,535,151.60
section
203 x 203 x 86 UC
55.97 Ton 279000.00 15,614,235.00
section
4 Decking (1mm
3462.73 m2 2475.00 8,570,256.75
thick)
5 Connections (10% of
3,623,486.00
steel cost)
6 Shear stud (diameter
6355.00 nos 315.00 2,001,825.00
19mm)
7 Bracing (diameter
76mm and 4mm thk 554.18 M 1500.00 831,273.00
pipe section)
SUB TOTAL 69,405,933.51

CHAPTER 04 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CHAPTER 04: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The following sections provide detailed Structural analysis and design results as well as cost
estimate of every aspect which include on structural elements within the scope of the project. In
this study maximum, minimum member sizes and cost analysis was conducted between RC and
steel concrete composite structure. Also analysis results and responses obtained through software
and manual hand calculations are compared.
4.1 MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM MEMBER SIZES
Table 4.1 - Maximum and minimum member sizes
COMPOSITE
PARTICULARS RC BUILDING STEEL BUILDING
BUILDING
Grade & Materials C30, fy460, fy250 C30, S355, S275 C30, S355, S275
Maximum sizes of
sections
Beams 0.45 x 0.30 m 356x171x51 UB 406x178x74 UB
Columns 0.30 x 0.30 m 203x203x86 UC 203x203x86 UC
Footings 3.5 x 3.5 x 0.6 m 2.7 x 2.7 x 0.55 m 2.9 x 2.9 x 0.6 m
Slab 175 mm 110 mm 150 mm
Minimum sizes of
sections
Beams 0.45 x 0.3 m 305x102x28 UB 305x165x54 UB
Columns 0.3 x 0.3 m 203x203x86 UC 203x203x86 UC
Footings 2.0 x 2.0 x 0.3 m 1.3 x 1.3 x 0.25 m 1.45 x 1.45 x 0.3 m
Slab 175 mm 110 mm 110 mm

4.2 COMPARISON OF ANALYSIS AND DESIGN RESULT FOR RC STRUCTURE
Table 4.2 - Comparison of results for RC structure
PARTICULARS MANUAL SOFTWARE PERCENTAGE OF

CALCULATION RESULTS DIFFERENCE
Maximum Bending
moments
 Beam (Beam 3-E/D)
Column (C1 column)
(Center column)
o About X axis 22.44 kNm 24.12 kNm 7.44%
o About Y axis 25.70 kNm 23.71 kNm 7.78%
Slab-Panel B
o Long middle 16.71 kNm 16.18 kNm 3.17 %
o Short middle 16.71 kNm 16.41 kNm 1.79 %
o Short support 21.64 kNm 22.45 kNm 3.74 %
o Long support 21.91 kNm 20.789 kNm 5.12 %
Maximum reaction
Beam (Beam E – 2/3)
Maximum Axial force
Columns (C1 column)

1510.14 kN 1569.47 kN 3.93 %
o SLS
o ULS 2200.02 kN 2284.07 kN 3.82 %

Footings (F1)
1510.14 kN 1569.47 kN 3.93 %
o SLS
o ULS 2200.02 kN 2284.07 kN 3.82 %
4.3 COMPARISON OF ANALYSIS AND DESIGN RESULT FOR STEEL-

CONCRETE COMPOSITE STRUCTURE
Table 4.3 - Comparison of results for composite structure
PERCENTAGE
MANUAL SOFTWARE
PARTICULARS OF
CALCULATION RESULTS
DIFFERENCE
Maximum Bending
moments
Secondary beam 211.48 kNm 211.1 kNm 0.18 %
Primary beam 425.795 kNm 430.82 kNm 1.18 %
Moment capacity
Secondary beam 295.29 kNm 233.63 kNm 20.8 %
Primary beam 503.622 kNm 507.72 kNm 0.8 %
Maximum shear force

Secondary beam 141.93 kN 141.68 kN 0.1 %
Primary beam 141.93 kN 144.66 kN 1.92 %
Shear capacity
Secondary beam 394.52 394.52 0%
Primary beam 559.551 kN 559.55 kN 0.007
Resistance of steel beam

(Rs)
Secondary beam 1274.45 kN 1273.39 kN 2.08 %

Primary beam 2303.95 kN 2303.95 kN 0%
Maximum Axial force
Columns (C1 column)
o SLS 1173.55 kN 1569.47 kN 33.73%

o ULS 2573.95 kN 2284.07 kN 11. 3%
Footings (F1)
o SLS 1236.83 kN 1260.55 kN 1.92 %

o ULS 1868.54 kN 1857.58 kN 0.38 %
Capacity of shear
connector (Qk)
Secondary beam 90 kN 90 kN 0%
Primary beam 90 kN 90 kN 0%
Secondary beam 24.27 mm 35.81 mm 47.5 %
Primary beam 12.35 mm 14.68 mm 18.8 %
4.4 ABSTRACT OF ESTIMATE
4.4.1 ANALYSIS OF COST FOR RC BUILDING
Total RC structure cost =Rs. 50,794,374.12

Total floor area = 3,512.08 m2
Cost per square meter =Rs. 14,462.78
Cost per one square foot = Rs. 1,339.42/=

Table 4.4 - Analysis of cost for RC structure
Total cost Rs.50,794,374.12

Foundation cost for RC structure Rs. 10,394,264.66
Reinforcement cost for RC structure Rs.12,017,628.14
Formwork cost for RC structure Rs. 6,411,230.42
Foundation cost % 20.46

Reinforcement cost % 23.66
Form work cost % 12.62
4.4.2 ANALYSIS OF COST FOR COMPOSITE BUILDING

Total composite structure cost =Rs. 69,405,933.51
Total floor area = 3,512.08 m2
Cost per square meter =Rs. 19,762.06
Cost per one square foot = Rs. 1836.90/=
Table 4.5 - Analysis of cost for composite structure
Total cost 69,405,933.51

Cost of foundation for composite structure 6,569,754.18
Cost of reinforcement for composite structure 4,453,137.62
Cost of formwork for composite structure 253,447.91
Foundation cost % 9.47

Reinforcement cost % 6.42
Form work cost % 0.37

4.5 DECISION MATRIX
In this comparative study assessment, it is important to find out the most suitable structure under
the relevant circumstance with limitations. This project includes the cost comparison for the both
type of structures, and finally intended to choose the appropriate option for the proposed structure.
Hence decision matrix method will be a useful way to approach the choice of the structure. The
decision matrix was formulated with the help of the questionnaire survey. Questionnaire survey
was conducted among several personalities related to the building construction. Therefore, mainly
interested in Project Managers, Structural Engineers and Site Engineers for the both contractors
and as well as consultants. This questionnaire survey was conducted as the interview session
among the personalities individually to find out the justifications of their choice.
Decision making is being a complex understanding for the choice of the option, cost comparison
is insufficient detailing for the better choice. Hence not only cost but also other factors such as
speed of construction, quality control, reliability, functional performance, aesthetic appearance
and environmental aspects must be considered under the decision making concept.
4.5.1 DATA COLLECTION & ANALYSIS
The questions were provided with the nominal rating scale (1, 2, 3, 4 & 5) to find out the answers
in a numerical values, as well as questionnaire segmented into two categories as part 1 of the
questionnaire provided for the weighting of the each factors considered and part 2 provided to
make the comparison scoring between the two options RC structure and the steel concrete
composite structure.
Analysis of the collected data can be done with the help of the available software tools. There are
common software packages are available such as SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social
Sciences) and Minitab. In this project, analysis had been done with the use of SPSS software
package.

 Part 1 – Data collection

Table 4.6 – Data collection for weighting
Question no.
1 2 3 4 5 6
No. of
participants
1 4 5 4 5 5 3
2 5 4 5 4 3 4
3 5 5 4 5 4 4
4 5 5 4 4 4 3
5 4 5 4 4 4 4
6 4 5 4 5 4 4
7 5 4 4 5 3 3
8 4 5 4 4 3 4
9 5 5 3 5 5 3
10 5 5 4 5 5 3
11 3 5 4 5 4 3
12 5 5 4 5 4 4
13 4 3 3 3 4 3
14 4 4 4 3 3 2
15 4 3 5 4 4 3
16 5 5 4 5 3 4
17 4 4 3 4 3 2
18 4 4 3 5 3 3
19 4 4 4 5 4 4
20 5 4 3 5 4 4
21 4 4 4 5 5 5
22 5 5 3 5 4 4
23 5 5 3 5 5 5
24 4 3 2 4 3 5
25 5 4 4 5 5 4
26 5 5 5 5 5 5
27 5 5 4 5 5 5
28 5 4 3 4 3 4

 Part 2 – Data collection

Table 4.7 – Data collection for rating of RC structure
Question no.
1 2 3 4 5 6
No. of
Participants
1 3 4 4 4 4 3
2 4 4 4 5 4 5
3 3 3 4 5 5 5
4 3 2 4 5 4 3
5 3 2 3 4 3 3
6 4 3 4 3 4 3
7 3 3 3 3 4 5
8 4 2 4 3 4 5
9 3 2 4 5 5 5
10 4 2 5 5 5 5
11 3 3 2 4 4 4
12 3 3 3 4 3 4
13 2 2 3 3 4 2
14 2 2 4 3 4 4
15 3 2 4 3 4 3
16 3 2 3 3 4 4
17 3 2 3 3 3 3
18 4 3 3 3 3 3
19 3 3 4 4 4 4
20 3 4 3 4 4 5
21 3 3 3 4 4 3
22 4 3 4 5 4 4
23 3 1 3 3 4 3
24 3 2 5 4 4 2
25 5 3 4 4 5 4
26 4 3 1 4 4 4
27 3 3 3 4 5 4
28 3 3 4 3 2 4

Table 4.8 – Data collection for rating of composite structure
Question no.
1 2 3 4 5 6
No. of
Participants
1 4 5 5 4 5 4
2 5 5 4 4 4 4
3 5 5 5 4 4 2
4 5 4 5 5 5 4
5 4 4 3 4 4 4
6 5 4 3 4 3 4
7 5 4 3 4 4 5
8 5 4 4 4 5 4
9 5 4 4 3 3 3
10 5 4 4 4 3 3
11 5 5 4 4 3 3
12 5 5 4 4 4 4
13 4 4 3 3 4 3
14 4 4 3 4 4 4
15 5 4 3 4 3 3
16 5 4 3 4 4 4
17 4 4 3 3 3 3
18 5 4 3 3 3 3
19 4 4 4 4 4 3
20 4 5 3 4 4 4
21 4 4 3 4 4 3
22 4 5 3 4 4 3
23 5 3 4 4 3 4
24 5 5 3 4 3 5
25 5 4 4 5 5 4
26 5 5 5 5 5 5
27 5 5 4 5 5 5
28 4 4 5 4 3 4

4.5.2 RESULTS OF DECISION MATRIX
Table 4.9 – Results of decision matrix
Weight Rating Score

Factor
w% RC Composite RC Composite
Cost 18.052 0.929 0.650 16.763 11.734
Speed construction 17.767 0.529 0.864 9.392 15.354
Reliability 15.043 0.700 0.743 10.530 11.174
Quality control 18.337 0.764 0.800 14.013 14.669
Functional performance 15.902 0.793 0.771 12.607 12.267
Aesthetic appearance &
environmental friendly 14.899 0.757 0.743 11.281 11.067
Total Score 100.000 74.587 76.265
Results obtained from the decision matrix obviously show the scoring values for each option.
Therefore, steel concrete composite structure shows the highest scoring value with respect to RC
structure. But the scoring values between each option almost approximately equal. And the rating
values for the cost is acceptable, when comparing with the cost comparison results obtained on
chapter 5.4.

CHAPTER 05 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CHAPTER 05: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This project deals with the comparative study of steel-concrete composite structures with the
reinforced concrete structures in Sri Lanka. Primary objective of the project is the cost comparison
of the both type of structures as the most weighted factor, which influence the economical
suitability of the structure in Sri Lanka. As well as the analysis and design of both type of the
structures were done according to the BS code of practice using manually and relevant software
for the clarification and the complexity of the calculations. A multi-storey (G+2 storey)
commercial building was selected for the purpose of study. Literature review of both types of
structures was carried out by the investigation of selected existing and ongoing construction of
buildings among Colombo region.
Not only cost comparison but also the other different considerations such as performance and
constructability of the structure were considered to get an overall idea for the suitability of the
structure in Sri Lanka. Hence, a questionnaire survey was conducted as interviews subjectively to
get the reliable data among different personalities such as project managers, site engineers and
structural engineers to go through with the decision matrix and to find out the overall most suitable
option of the structure.
This project completed with some limitations related to structure and constructability, which are
included below in recommendations. Recommendations are provided to make some
advancements of the project in future.
5.1 CONCLUSION
 Comparison of software results with manual calculations that gives conservative design
results and confidence has been gained in the analysis and design of a building using the
software, which will benefit us as we step out of the design from manual calculations for
easiness and complexity of analysis and design of structures.
 The preliminary cost comparison for the low rise building shows that reinforced concrete
system is economical than steel-concrete composite building.
 As the result shown for construction time from the decision matrix, steel-concrete composite
structure is more suitable than the RC structure for speed construction projects.
 As the result shown from the decision matrix, steel-concrete composite option and RC
structural system, both has the almost same capability when considering the time, cost,
constructability, reliability, quality control, etc together at instance.

CHAPTER 05 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
 A more economical steel section (in terms of depth and weight) is achievable in composite
construction compared to conventional non-composite steel construction.
 The final conclusion of this study are that the steel-concrete composite structural system of
the building is efficient when we considered speed of construction, quality control,
reliability, functional performance, aesthetic appearance and environmental aspects.
Confidence has been gained in the analysis and design of a building using the software which
will benefit us as we step out of the design from manual calculations.
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
 During the steel-concrete composite design fire protection requirements is not carried out in
this book. It is recommended to design for fire protection.
 Steel-concrete composite design of columns was considered as steel stanchions in this study.
It is recommended to design for composite column as encased section.
 Study is carried out for low rise building, it is recommended to carry out this study on
medium to high rise building and compare the cost for each structure.
 Comparative time duration of construction for each types of building should be carry out to
evaluate exact construction time using available software packages (MS Project, primavera).
 Interviews are conducted among structural engineers and contractors, it is recommended to
conduct interview among clients and architects.

REFERENCES
REFERENCES
1. Charles, E. Reynolds and James, C. Steedman. (1992), Design of reinforced concrete

buildings to BS 8110. 4th edn, London, E & FN Spon, Taylor and Francis group.
2. Mosley, W.H. and Bungey, J.H. (1976). Reinforced concrete design. 4th edn, London,
Macmillan education ltd.
3. Higgins, J. B and Rogers, B. R (1973). Designed and detailed (BS 8110: 1997). Berks:
British cement association.
4. Chanakya Arya, (1994), Design of Structural Elements. 3rd edn, Taylor & Francis,
USA.
5. Wagh, Shweta. A and Waghe, U. P (2014) 'Comparative Study of R.C.C and Steel
Concrete Composite Structures', Int. Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications, Vol. 4, Pt.04, pp. 369-376.
6. Vaishali Ambe and Dr. Savita Maru (January 2015) ‘Life Cycle Cost Assessment of
Multistory Steel Concrete Composite Building’, Int. Journal of Emerging Technology
and Advanced Engineering, Vol. 05
7. L.J.Morris-D.R.Plum, (1988), Structural steel work to BS 5950, Nichols publishing, NY.
8. Buick Davison, Garaham, W. Owens. (2003), Steel designers’ manual. 6th edn,
Blackwell publishing.
9. http://tatabluescopesteel.com/cms/Media/file/SMARTDECK-Brochure.pdf
10. Abesuriya, N (2007) ‘Design, fabrication and erection of steel buildings in Sri Lanka’,
Annual transactions of IESL, pp 21-29.
11. BS 8110: Part 1:1997: The structural use of concrete-code of practice for design and
construction.
12. The Steel Construction Institute (SCI), (1989), Design of Composite Slabs and Beams
with Steel Decking, Nichols publishing. SCI, Ascot, Berks.
13. British Standards Institution (1990), Structural use of steel work in buildings. Prt 3:
Section 3.1-Code of practice for design of simple and continuous composite beams. BSI,
London.


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M. F. M. Abdullah (Reg. No. 111088520)

CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION 01

CHAPTER 02: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 04

CHAPTER 03: METHODOLOGY 35

3.3.1.4 Design of a pad footing 43

CHAPTER 04: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 53

CHAPTER 05: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 63

Appendix B - Design of RC structural element by software method

Appendix C - Analysis and design of steel concrete composite structural elements

Appendix D - Analysis and design of steel concrete composite structure using

Appendix E - Wind load on Structure E1

Appendix F.1 - Bill of quantities for proposed RC structure F1

Appendix G - Questionnaire survey G1

Figure 1.1 - RC Building 2

Figure 3.16 - Plan view of connection 47

Table 2.1 - Partial factors of safety for material 16

Table 2.2 - Partial safety factor for loads 17

Table 3.1 - Gravity loads 40

Table 3.2 - Cost estimation for RC structure 50

Table 3.3 - Cost estimation for composite structure 51

Table 4.1 - Maximum and minimum member sizes 53

Table 4.2 - Comparison of results for RC structure 54

Table 4.3 - Comparison of results for composite structure 55

Table 4.4 - Analysis of cost for RC structure 57

Table 4.5 - Analysis of cost for composite structure 57

Table 4.6 - Data collection for weighting 59

Table 4.7 - Data collection for rating of RC structure 60

Table 4.8 - Data collection for rating of composite structure 61

Table 4.9 - Results of decision matrix 62

A Area of steel section

Rf Resistance of steel flange

CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION

1.1 REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING

1.2 STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE BUILDING

Comparative Study of Steel-Concrete Composite Structures 1|Page

Figure 1.1 – RC Building Figure 1.2 – Composite building

 Advantages of steel-concrete composite structures

 Disadvantages of steel-concrete composite structures

Comparative Study of Steel-Concrete Composite Structures 2|Page

Comparative Study of Steel-Concrete Composite Structures 3|Page

CHAPTER 02: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL

2.1 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF A REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDING

2.1.1 REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB

2.1.2 REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM

Comparative Study of Steel-Concrete Composite Structures 4|Page

 Types of beams by cross section

Figure 2.1 - Types of beams by cross section

• L-section and T-section beams are produced due to monolithic construction

 Types of beams by reinforcement position

Figure 2.2 - Types of beams by reinforcement position

• Singly reinforced – reinforcement to resist tensile stress.

2.1.3 REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN

Comparative Study of Steel-Concrete Composite Structures 5|Page

Figure 2.3 - Column sections

2.2 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF A STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE

2.2.1 COMPOSITE SLAB

Comparative Study of Steel-Concrete Composite Structures 6|Page

Figure 2.4 - Cross section of a conventional profile deck

2.2.2 COMPOSITE BEAM

Comparative Study of Steel-Concrete Composite Structures 7|Page

Figure 2.5 – Part plan of a composite structure

Figure 2.6 – Composite beam with decking sheet