“PHONOLOGICAL

UNDERSTANDING”

MEMBERS OF THE GROUP :

GITA SAPUTRI - 186114001

NOVITA ADELIA HARAHAP - 186114013

SHAHNA RIZKYA BALQIS - 186114014

SHAFIRA RAMADHANI LUBIS 196114004

UNIVERSITY OF MUSLIM NUSANTARA

FACULTY OF LETTER

ENGLISH LITERATURE

2019
Foreword..
Praise be to Allah SWT, we pray to Allah Almighty, for giving His grace in the form of
opportunity and knowledge so that this paper can be completed in time.

We also thank our friends who have contributed by giving their ideas so that this paper
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We hope that this paper can add to the knowledge of readers and friends. But apart from
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1. PHONOLOGY DEFINITION

By definition phonology is the science of a system in a language. This science is

one of the branches of linguistics that deals with how to pronounce a language. Phonology also
discusses the history of a language. How the language can appear and disappear. In studying a
language, surely you will be dealing with this science because the science of phonology clearly
examines the mechanism of a language.

What is meant by Phonology is a branch of linguistics related to the systematic

organization of sounds in languages. It has traditionally focused on the study of phoneme
systems specifically language (and therefore is also used called phonemic, or phonetic), but it
may also cover any linguistic analysis either at the level below the word (including syllables,
onset and rime, articulation movements, articulation features, Mora, etc.) or at all levels of
language where sound is considered structured to convey linguistic meaning.

Phonology also includes the study of equivalent organizational systems in sign

language. The part of linguistics that studies sound / sound rules and how to produce. Phonology
is an important part of the sound or sound in language pronunciation.

2. PHONOLOGY FUNCTION :

1. To find out the change in sound of a word.

2. Learn about the process of sound formation, delivery / pronunciation.
3. Studying the workings of human organs, especially those related to language use.
3. PHONOLOGY RULERS

 PHONETIC
Phonetic learns how sounds produced by humans are called correctly. While
phonology is a science based on phonetics and studying phonetic systems.

 UTTERANCE

The utterance is an organ in the human body that functions in pronunciation of

language. Organs involved include the lungs, larynx, pharynx, nasal cavity, oral cavity, lips,
teeth, tongue, alveolum, palate, velum and uvula.

The tool says is divided into passive articulator and active articulator. Passive
articulators are organs that do not move during sound articulation such as the upper lip, upper
teeth and alveolum. The active articulator moves towards the passive articulator to produce
various language sounds in various ways. The main active articulators are the tongue, uvula and
lower jaw (including lower teeth and lower lip).

 PHONATION PROCESS

Phonation or a sound process is a process in which the vocal cords in the throat produce
sounds with or without sound. For example, consonants ‘h’ and ‘k’ are produced without vocal
cord vibration, because they are called sound noises. Vocal sounds (a, i, u, e, o) are produced by
vibrating vocal cords, then called sound noises.

 LANGUAGE CLASSIFICATION

Language classification is a method for compiling data systematically or according to some rules
or rules that have been set in grouping languages.
  VOCAL CLASSIFICATION

Vocal classification is a method for compiling data systematically or according to some

rules or rules that have been set in classifying vocals / votes.

 SYLLABEL

Syllables or syllables are one or more phonemes that are marked by a peak of loudness of
the phoneme which is located in the vowel.

a. LINGUISTICS

Linguistics is a field of science that leads to the study of languages. Linguistics can be
said as a rule that is used in a language that studies all forms and rules in language, where
linguistics or linguistics is not based on just one language, but various kinds of language arts in
this world.

Language can be referred to as a communication tool between community

members in the form of sound symbols produced by human speech tools and communication
systems that use vocal symbols (speech sounds). Besides language is also a clear sign to
determine the personality of a person who is good or bad, a clear sign to distinguish from race,
ethnicity, family clan and nation.

Linguistics knowledge is knowledge in learning a language that includes grammar

knowledge, language symbols and everything related to grammar. Linguistics knowledge is also
a combination of the quantity of a grammar with information that is known by someone whose
language aspects do not need to be taken into account in grammar.

Language related to brain, this term states that language and brain are mutually
sustainable. These two parts are very closely related where the brain plays an important role in
language development. The way language enters the brain involves a variety of processes,
namely language entering the brain begins through the process of hearing and then recorded and
stored into the brain where it is processed by an organ whose name is neuro to convey. Because
many languages can be produced by the brain, which the brain thinks of a language and language
is issued in the form of sound by the mouth, the sound produced by the mouth is called language.
If there is damage in the brain, language will be limited because the brain does not produce or
produce less language.

Lexion is a collection of lexemes in a language, this term comes from Greek which is
more or less meaningful 'about the word'. Lexion is also referred to as a language component that
contains all the information about the meaning and usage of words in the language, in short
lexion is a language with vocabulary including words and expressions.

Morphemes are the smallest part of the word where the small part has meaning.
Morphemes also explains the smallest part of the language that can be divided into 2 sounds.

Example: love - loved

Runs runs

Words are the main elements forming phrases, klousa and sentences. There are two
main elements in a word, which are the basic and affixed word (suffix, prefix or insert)

Example: Tangis (words)

Cry (touch)

Prase is a number of words that contain a certain meaning or also called a saying /
expression that is conveyed to someone to fulfill a desire in the intended.

Example: the book is good

new computer
Sentences are a combination of several words that have a certain meaning. Sentences consist of
several words that are combined and have links between one word and another, and consist of
subject and predicate.

Example: Monika is cooking in the kitchen.

Dad is working in the fields.

7. HOMPHONES - ORTOPHIST

The words the same pronunciation as other words but it has different spelling and
meaning.

Example: Mass and mass

Sanctions and sanctions

Can (poison) and Can (able)

ORTHOGRAPHY - HYPONYMS

Is a system of spelling of a language or a description of language sounds in the form of

writing or symbols.

Example: Country = staet = stat

Lake = laek = lacquer

Mouse = mouse = mouse

ENTAILMENT - CONTRADICTIONS

Is the relationship between one sentence and another sentence but has a different meaning.

Example: Running> <not running

Sit> <stand up

Crowded> <quiet

METAPHONS - IDIOMS

Is a systematic way like a single word that does not only have one function.

Example: Kick the bucked

Fly off the handle

Spill the beans

RULES OFF PHONOLOGY

- Phonetics

- The tool says

- Phonation process

- Language classification

- Vocal classification

- Syllable
 THE PRODUCTION OF SPEECH SOUNDS

1. ARTICULATORS ABOVE THE LARYNX

All the sounds we make when we speak are the result of muscles contracting. The
muscles in the chest that we use for breathing produce the flow of air that is needed for
almost all speech sounds; muscles in the larynx produce many different modifications in
the flow of air from the chest to the mouth.

2. VOWEL AND CONSONANT

The words Vowel and Consonant are very familiar ones, but when we study the
sounds of speech scientifically we find that it is not easy to define exactly what they
mean. The most common view is that vowels are sounds in which there is no obstruction
to the flow of air as it passes from the Larynx to the lips.

3. LONG AND SHORT VOWELS

In this chapter look at the other types of English vowel sound. The first to be
introduced here are the five long vowels; these are the vowels which tend to be longer
than the short vowels in similar contexs. It is necessary to say “in similar contexts”
because, as we shall see later, the length of all English vowel sounds varies very much
according to their context absence of stress.