Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 21

Chapter 42

Circulation and Gas


Exchange

PowerPoint Lectures for


Biology, Seventh Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece

Lectures by Chris Romero


Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Open and Closed Circulatory Systems
• More complex animals
– Have one of two types of circulatory systems:
open or closed

• Both of these types of systems have three


basic components
– A circulatory fluid (blood)
– A set of tubes (blood vessels)
– A muscular pump (the heart)

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings


• In insects, other arthropods, and most molluscs
– Blood bathes the organs directly in an open
circulatory system
Heart

Hemolymph in sinuses
surrounding ograns

Anterior Lateral Ostia


vessel vessels

Tubular heart
Figure 42.3a (a) An open circulatory system

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings


• In a closed circulatory system
– Blood is confined to vessels and is distinct
from the interstitial fluid
Heart

Interstitial Small branch vessels


fluid in each organ

Dorsal vessel
(main heart)

Auxiliary hearts Ventral vessels

Figure 42.3b (b) A closed circulatory system

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Survey of Vertebrate Circulation
• Humans and other vertebrates have a closed
circulatory system
– Often called the cardiovascular system

• Blood flows in a closed cardiovascular system


– Consisting of blood vessels and a two- to four-
chambered heart

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings


• Arteries carry blood to capillaries
– The sites of chemical exchange between the
blood and interstitial fluid

• Veins
– Return blood from capillaries to the heart

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings


• Vertebrate circulatory systems

FISHES AMPHIBIANS REPTILES (EXCEPT BIRDS) MAMMALS AND BIRDS


Gill capillaries Lung and skin capillaries Lung capillaries Lung capillaries

Artery Pulmocutaneous
Right Pulmonary
Gill Pulmonary
circuit systemic circuit circuit
circulation
aorta
Heart:
ventricle (V) Left
A A A A A
A Systemic
Atrium (A) V V aorta
V V V
Right Left Right Left Right Left
Systemic Systemic Systemic
Vein circulation circuit circuit

Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries Systemic capillaries


Figure 42.4
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The mammalian cardiovascular system
7

Capillaries of
Anterior
head and
vena cava
forelimbs

Pulmonary
Aorta Pulmonary
9 artery
artery
6
Capillaries
of right lung Capillaries
2 of left lung
3 4
3
11
Pulmonary
vein Pulmonary
5 Left atrium vein
1
Right atrium 10
Left ventricle
Right ventricle Aorta

Posterior
vena cava Capillaries of
abdominal organs
8 and hind limbs

Figure 42.5
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Mammalian Heart: A Closer Look
• A closer look at the mammalian heart
– Provides a better understanding of how double
circulation works
Pulmonary artery Aorta

Pulmonary
Anterior vena cava artery

Right atrium Left


atrium

Pulmonary Pulmonary
veins veins

Semilunar Semilunar
valve valve

Atrioventricular
Atrioventricular valve
valve

Posterior
vena cava Right ventricle
Figure 42.6 Left ventricle

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings


• The heart contracts and relaxes
– In a rhythmic cycle called the cardiac cycle

• The contraction, or pumping, phase of the


cycle
– Is called systole

• The relaxation, or filling, phase of the cycle


– Is called diastole

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings


• The cardiac cycle
Semilunar 2 Atrial systole;
valves ventricular
closed diastole

0.1 sec
Semilunar
valves
0.3 sec open
0.4 sec

AV valves
open

AV valves
1 Atrial and closed
ventricular
diastole 3 Ventricular systole;
atrial diastole
Figure 42.7
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Blood Vessel Structure and Function
• The “infrastructure” of the circulatory system
– Is its network of blood vessels
• All blood vessels Artery Vein

– Are built of similar tissues


Basement
membrane
– Have three similar layers
Endothelium 100 µm

Valve
Endothelium Endothelium

Smooth Smooth
muscle muscle
Capillary
Connective
Connective
tissue
tissue
Artery Vein

Venule
Figure 42.9 Arteriole

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings


• Structural differences in arteries, veins, and
capillaries
– Correlate with their different functions

• Arteries have thicker walls


– To accommodate the high pressure of blood
pumped from the heart

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Blood Pressure
• Blood pressure
– Is the hydrostatic pressure that blood exerts
against the wall of a vessel

• Systolic pressure
– Is the pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole
– Is the highest pressure in the arteries
• Diastolic pressure
– Is the pressure in the arteries during diastole
– Is lower than systolic pressure

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings


• Blood pressure
– Can be easily measured in humans
1 A typical blood pressure reading for a 20-year-old 4 The cuff is loosened further until the blood flows freely
is 120/70. The units for these numbers are mm of through the artery and the sounds below the cuff
mercury (Hg); a blood pressure of 120 is a force that disappear. The pressure at this point is the diastolic
can support a column of mercury 120 mm high. pressure remaining in the artery when the heart is relaxed.

Blood pressure
reading: 120/70

Pressure Pressure Pressure


in cuff in cuff in cuff
above 120 below 120 below 70
Rubber cuff
inflated 120 120
with air
70

Sounds
Sounds stop
audible in
stethoscope
Artery
Artery
closed

2 A sphygmomanometer, an inflatable cuff attached to a 3 A stethoscope is used to listen for sounds of blood flow
pressure gauge, measures blood pressure in an artery. below the cuff. If the artery is closed, there is no pulse
The cuff is wrapped around the upper arm and inflated below the cuff. The cuff is gradually deflated until blood
until the pressure closes the artery, so that no blood begins to flow into the forearm, and sounds from blood
flows past the cuff. When this occurs, the pressure pulsing into the artery below the cuff can be heard with
exerted by the cuff exceeds the pressure in the artery. the stethoscope. This occurs when the blood pressure
is greater than the pressure exerted by the cuff. The
pressure at this point is the systolic pressure.
Figure 42.12
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Blood Composition and Function
• Blood consists of several kinds of cells
– Suspended in a liquid matrix called plasma

• The cellular elements


– Occupy about 45% of the volume of blood

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Plasma
• Blood plasma is about 90% water
• Among its many solutes are
– Inorganic salts in the form of dissolved ions,
sometimes referred to as electrolytes

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings


• The composition of mammalian plasma
Plasma 55%

Constituent Major functions

Water Solvent for


carrying other
substances
Icons (blood electrolytes
Sodium Osmotic balance
Potassium pH buffering, and Separated
Calcium regulation of blood
Magnesium membrane elements
Chloride permeability
Bicarbonate
Plasma proteins
Albumin Osmotic balance,
pH buffering
Fibringen Clotting

Immunoglobulins Defense
(antibodies)

Substances transported by blood


Nutrients (such as glucose, fatty acids, vitamins)
Waste products of metabolism
Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)
Hormones Figure 42.15

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Cellular Elements
• Suspended in blood plasma are two classes of
cells
– Red blood cells, which transport oxygen
– White blood cells, which function in defense

• A third cellular element, platelets


– Are fragments of cells that are involved in
clotting

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings


• The cellular elements of mammalian blood
Cellular elements 45%
Cell type Number Functions
per L (mm3) of blood

Erythrocytes
(red blood cells) 5–6 million Transport oxygen
and help transport
carbon dioxide
Separated
blood
elements Leukocytes 5,000–10,000 Defense and
(white blood cells) immunity

Basophil Lymphocyte

Eosinophil

Neutrophil
Monocyte
Platelets 250,000 Blood clotting
400,000
Figure 42.15

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings


Mammalian Respiratory Systems: A Closer Look
• A system of branching ducts
– Conveys air to the lungs
Branch Branch
from the from the
pulmonary pulmonary
vein artery
(oxygen-rich (oxygen-poor
blood) blood)
Terminal
bronchiole
Nasal
cavity
Pharynx
Left
Larynx lung Alveoli

50 µm
Esophagus
Trachea
50 µm
Right lung

Bronchus

Bronchiole

Diaphragm
Heart SEM Colorized SEM

Figure 42.23
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi