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Hemolymph in sinuses
surrounding ograns
Tubular heart
Figure 42.3a (a) An open circulatory system
Dorsal vessel
(main heart)
• Veins
– Return blood from capillaries to the heart
Artery Pulmocutaneous
Right Pulmonary
Gill Pulmonary
circuit systemic circuit circuit
circulation
aorta
Heart:
ventricle (V) Left
A A A A A
A Systemic
Atrium (A) V V aorta
V V V
Right Left Right Left Right Left
Systemic Systemic Systemic
Vein circulation circuit circuit
Capillaries of
Anterior
head and
vena cava
forelimbs
Pulmonary
Aorta Pulmonary
9 artery
artery
6
Capillaries
of right lung Capillaries
2 of left lung
3 4
3
11
Pulmonary
vein Pulmonary
5 Left atrium vein
1
Right atrium 10
Left ventricle
Right ventricle Aorta
Posterior
vena cava Capillaries of
abdominal organs
8 and hind limbs
Figure 42.5
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Mammalian Heart: A Closer Look
• A closer look at the mammalian heart
– Provides a better understanding of how double
circulation works
Pulmonary artery Aorta
Pulmonary
Anterior vena cava artery
Pulmonary Pulmonary
veins veins
Semilunar Semilunar
valve valve
Atrioventricular
Atrioventricular valve
valve
Posterior
vena cava Right ventricle
Figure 42.6 Left ventricle
0.1 sec
Semilunar
valves
0.3 sec open
0.4 sec
AV valves
open
AV valves
1 Atrial and closed
ventricular
diastole 3 Ventricular systole;
atrial diastole
Figure 42.7
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Blood Vessel Structure and Function
• The “infrastructure” of the circulatory system
– Is its network of blood vessels
• All blood vessels Artery Vein
Valve
Endothelium Endothelium
Smooth Smooth
muscle muscle
Capillary
Connective
Connective
tissue
tissue
Artery Vein
Venule
Figure 42.9 Arteriole
• Systolic pressure
– Is the pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole
– Is the highest pressure in the arteries
• Diastolic pressure
– Is the pressure in the arteries during diastole
– Is lower than systolic pressure
Blood pressure
reading: 120/70
Sounds
Sounds stop
audible in
stethoscope
Artery
Artery
closed
2 A sphygmomanometer, an inflatable cuff attached to a 3 A stethoscope is used to listen for sounds of blood flow
pressure gauge, measures blood pressure in an artery. below the cuff. If the artery is closed, there is no pulse
The cuff is wrapped around the upper arm and inflated below the cuff. The cuff is gradually deflated until blood
until the pressure closes the artery, so that no blood begins to flow into the forearm, and sounds from blood
flows past the cuff. When this occurs, the pressure pulsing into the artery below the cuff can be heard with
exerted by the cuff exceeds the pressure in the artery. the stethoscope. This occurs when the blood pressure
is greater than the pressure exerted by the cuff. The
pressure at this point is the systolic pressure.
Figure 42.12
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Blood Composition and Function
• Blood consists of several kinds of cells
– Suspended in a liquid matrix called plasma
Immunoglobulins Defense
(antibodies)
Erythrocytes
(red blood cells) 5–6 million Transport oxygen
and help transport
carbon dioxide
Separated
blood
elements Leukocytes 5,000–10,000 Defense and
(white blood cells) immunity
Basophil Lymphocyte
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
Monocyte
Platelets 250,000 Blood clotting
400,000
Figure 42.15
50 µm
Esophagus
Trachea
50 µm
Right lung
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Diaphragm
Heart SEM Colorized SEM
Figure 42.23
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings