Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding

Cover 8.1 to 8.7 EXCEPT

1. Omit Energetics of Ionic Bond
Formation Omit Born-Haber Cycle
2. Omit Dipole Moments
 ELEMENTS & COMPOUNDS

• Why do elements react to form compounds ?

• What are the forces that hold atoms together
in molecules ?
and ions in ionic compounds ?
Electron configuration predict reactivity

Element Electron configurations

2 2 6 2
Mg (12e) 1S 2S 2P 3S Reactive
2+
Mg (10e) [Ne] Stable
2 2 6 2 5
Cl(17e) 1S 2S 2P 3S 3P Reactive
-
Cl (18e) [Ar] Stable
 CHEMICAL BONDS
attractive force holding atoms together

Single Bond: involves an electron pair

e.g. H2
Double Bond: involves two electron
pairs e.g. O2

Triple Bond : involves three electron

pairs e.g. N2
 TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDS

Ionic
Polar Covalent Two Extremes
Covalent
 The Two Extremes

IONIC BOND results from the

transfer
of electrons from a metal to a nonmetal.

COVALENT BOND results from the

sharing of electrons between the atoms.
Usually found between nonmetals.
 The POLAR COVALENT bond
is In-between
• the IONIC BOND [ transfer of electrons ]
and
• the COVALENT BOND [ shared electrons]
The pair of electrons in a polar covalent bond are
not shared equally.
DISCRIPTION OF ELECTRONS
1. How Many Electrons ?
2. Electron Configuration
3. Orbital Diagram

4. Quantum Numbers

5. LEWIS SYMBOLS
 LEWIS SYMBOLS

1. Electrons are represented as DOTS

2. Only VALENCE electrons are used
Atomic Hydrogen is H•
Atomic Lithium is Li •
Atomic Sodium is Na •
All of Group 1 has only one dot
 The Octet Rule

Atoms gain, lose, or share electrons

until they are surrounded by 8 valence
2 6
electrons (s p )
All noble gases [EXCEPT HE] have
2 6
s p configuration.
Note:
There are exceptions to the octet rule.
 I. The Ionic Bond
results from the transfer of electrons

. . . .
Na • + • Cl : Na+ : Cl: -
.. ..
+
Na has lost an electron to become Na
and chlorine has gained the electron
-
to become Cl
 II. Covalent Bonding

results from the sharing of electrons

between the atoms.
For example
H • + • H → H •• H or H : H

Cl + Cl Cl Cl

Each pair of shared electrons constitutes

one chemical bond.
 Bonding & Non Bonding Electrons

Bonding Electrons: electrons between elements

How many Bonding electrons in
Hydrogen ? Chlorine ?

NonBonding Electrons: those not used in

bonding How many Non Bonding electrons in
Hydrogen ? Chlorine ?
 Multiple Bonds
H H O O N N

One shared pair of electrons single bond

e.g. H2 H-H
Two shared pairs of electrons double bond
e.g. O2 ::O = O::
Three shared pairs of electrons triple bond
e.g. N2 :N≡N:
 Covalent Bonding

When two atoms of the same kind

bond, neither of them wants to lose or
gain an electron
Therefore, they must share electrons
Each pair of shared electrons constitutes
one chemical bond.
 Strengths of Covalent Bondss

• We know that multiple bonds are shorter

than single bonds.
• We know that multiple bonds are stronger
than single bonds.
• As the number of bonds between atoms
increases, the atoms are held closer and
more tightly together.
 III. POLAR COVALENT BONDS

In a Polar Covalent bond, electrons are shared.

But NOT equal sharing of those electrons.

In Polar Covalent bonds, the electrons are

located closer to one atom than the other.

Unequal sharing of electrons results in polar

bonds.
 Hδ+ Fδ -

There is more electron density on F than on H.

Since there are two different “ends” of the
molecule, HF has a di pole.
 C- H Bond
·
Lewis dot formula · C · for carbon
·
H
Lewis dot formula · ·
H··C··H
·· for methane
H
 Electronegativity

The ability of one atoms

in a molecule
to attract electrons to itself.
 Electronegativity 0.7 (Cs) to 4.0 (F)
Group 1
H EXCEPTION {HIGH
}
2.1 See Fig 8.6
Li page 285 N O F
1.0 3.0 3.5 4.0
Na Cl
0.9 3.0
{LOW}
 Dipole

The difference in electronegativity leads to a

polar covalent bond.

Hδ+ Fδ -

There is more electron density on F than on H.

Since there are two different “ends” of the
molecule, HF has a di pole.
 Resonance Structures

Two or more alternative Lewis

structures for a molecule.

The inability to described a molecule

with a single Lewis stucture.
 RESONANCE IN OZONE

O O
O
O

In ozone the extreme possibilities have

one double and one single bond.
The resonance structure has two identical
bonds of intermediate character
 Resonance In Nitrate Ion
-
In Nitrate Ion [NO ] the extreme possibilities
3
have one double and two single bonds
O O O

N N N
O O O O OO

The resonance structure has three identical

bonds of intermediate character.
 Draw the LEWIS STRUCTURE for

HF
NF3
H2O
H2O2
MgCl2
CH4
C2H6
 Resonance In Nitrite Ion

-
(NO2 )
-
(O–N–O)

Where does the double bond go ?

|O=N–O| |O–N=O|
 Formal Charge
The difference between the valence electrons in
an isolated atom and the number of electrons
assigned to that atom in a Lewis structure.

number of number of number of

FC = valence - nonbonding - ½ bonding
electrons electrons electrons
 Formal Charge
Example 1
::O=C=O:: vs :::O – C ≡ O
- 6 4 6 6 4 6
Valence e
-
- e for atom -6 -4 -6 -7 -4 -5
Formal Charge 0 0 0 -1 0 +1
 -1
Correct formula for (NCO) ?
Structure 1 Structure 2 Structure 3
- - -
[:::N - C ≡O:] [::N = C = O::] [:N ≡ C –O:::]
- 5 4 6 5 4 6 5 4 6
Ve
-
- e -7 -4 -5 -6 -4 -6 -5 -4 -7
FC -20+1-1 0 0 0 0 -1

Structure 3 is correct since negative charge is on

the oxygen atom (most electronegative)
 Formal Charge
1. Neutral molecules: Formal charges add to zero
2. Ions: Formal charges add to charge on ion
3. Smallest formal charge is preferable
4. Negative formal charge placed on most
electronegative element