108 Chapter2 PressureDistribution in a Fluid

<Jyy accurateto 1 mm of mercury,is carried into this mine,

how accuratelycan it estimatethe depth of the mine?
- List your assumptionscarefully.
axy *P2.9 For a liquid, integratethe hydrostaticrelation,Eq. (2.12),
by assuming that the isentropic bulk modulus. B =
p(ap/ap)., is constant-see Eq. (9.18). Find an expres-
Ox. sion for p(z) and apply the Mariana Trench data as in
Prob. P2.7, using Bseawaterfrom TableA.3.
P2.10 A closed tank contains 1.5 m of SAE 30 oil, 1 m of
Uxy water,20 cm of mercury,and an air spaceon top, all at
20°C.The absolutepressureat the bottom of the tank is
60 kPa. What is the pressurein the air space?
P2.t OJ] P2.1I In Fig. P2.11,pressuregageA reads1.5kPa (gage).The
fluids areat 20°C.Detenriinethe elevationsz, in meters,
P2.2 For the two-dimensionalstressfield shown in Fig. Pl.l of the liquid levels in the open piezometer tubes B
supposethat and C.

0"", = 2000Ibf/rt2 O"yy

= 3000Ibf/ff O"n(AA)= 2500Ibf/rt2

Compute(a) the shearstressO"xyand (b) the shearstress

on planeAA.
P2.3 A vertical, clean, glass piezometertube has an inside
diameterof I mm. When pressureis applied, water at
20°C rises into the tube to a height of 25 cm. After cor-
recting for surfacetension,estimatethe appliedpressure
in Pa.
P2.4 For gasesthat undergolarge changesin height, the lin-
ear approximation,Eq. (2.14), is inaccurate.Expandthe
tropospherepower-law,Eq. (2.20), into a power series,
and show that the linear approximationP = Pa- Pagz
1m
is adequatewhen
P2.11 L
~
.5z ~~
uZ
2To
:£1 0l B wheren
(-;;"-=-i)B = -g
(n - ) RB P2.12 In Fig. P2.12 the tank contains water and immiscible
oil at 20°C. What is h in cm if the density of the oil is
P2.5 Denver, Colorado, has an averagealtitude of 5300 ft. 898 kg/m3?
On a standardday (Table A.6), pressuregage A in a
laboratory experimentreads 83 kPa and gage Breads
105 kPa. Express these readings in gage pressureor
vacuum pressure(Pa), whichever is appropriate.
P2.6 Any pressurereading can be expressedas a length or
head, h = p/pg. What is standard sea-level pressure
expressed in (a) ft of glycerin, (b) inHg, (c) m of
water, and (d) mm of ethanol?Assume all fluids are
at 20°C.
P2.7 The deepestknown point in the oceanis 11,034m in
8cm
the MarianaTrenchin the Pacific.At this depththe spe-
cific weight of seawateris approximately10,520N/m3. P2.12
At the surface,'Y= 10,050N/m3.Estimatethe absolute
pressureat this depth, in atm. P2.13 In Fig. P2.!3 the 20°C water and gasolinesurfacesare
P2.8 A diamondmine is two miles below sealevel. (a) Esti- opento the atmosphereand at the sameelevation.What
mate the air pressureat this depth. (b) If a barometer, is the height h of the third liquid in the right leg?
 Problems 111

top. Fill the glassnearly full with water.Placea smooth, Comparethis fonnula for air at z = 5000 m with the
light, flat plate on top of the glass such that the entire standardatmospherein Table A.6.
rim of the glass is covered.A glossy postcard works P2.30 A mercury manometeris connectedat two points to a
best.A small index card or one flap of a greetingcard horizontal20°C water-pipeflow. If the manometerread-
will also work. SeeFig. P2.27a. ing is h = 55 cm, what is the pressuredrop betweenthe
(a) Hold the cardagainstthe rim of the glassandturn the two points?
glassupsidedown. Slowly releasepressureon the card. P2.31 In Fig. P2.31all fluids are at 20°C.Detenninethe pres-
Doesthe water fallout of the glass?Recordyour exper- sure difference(Pa) betweenpoints A and B.
imentalobservations.(b) Find an expressionfor the pres-
sureat points I and 2 in Fig. P2.27b.Note that the glass
is now inverted,so the original top rim of the glassis at
the bottom of the picture,and the original bottom of the
Air
glassis at the top of the picture.The weight of the card
can be neglected.(c) Estimatethe theoreticalmaximum
glass height at which this experimentcould still work,
suchthat the water would not fallout of the glass.

Card Top of glass

P2.31

P2.32 For the invertedmanometerof Fig. P2.32,all fluids are

at 20°C. If PB - PA = 97 kPa, what must the height H
be in cm?

P2.27a

bottom of glJ

P2.27b Card Original top of glass

P2.28 A correlation of numerical calculations indicates that,

all other things being equal, the distancetraveled by a
well-hit baseballvariesinverselyas the cuberoot of the
air density. If a home-run ball hit in New York City
travels 400 ft, estimatethe distanceit would travel in
(a) Denver,Colorado, and (b) La Paz, Bolivia.
Under some conditions the atmosphereis adiabatic,
p "" (const)(p~,wherek is the specificheatratio. Show
that, for an adiabaticatmosphere,the pressurevariation
is given by
1 - (k - l)gZ ] k!(k-l)
p=
po[ kRTo
P2.32
P2.33 In Fig. n.33 the pressureat point A is 25 Ibf/in2. All
fluids are at 20°C.What is the air pressurein the closed
chamberB, in Fa?
*P2.34 Sometimesmanometerdimensions have a significant
effect. In Fig. P2.34containers(a) and (b) are cylindri-
cal and conditions are such that Pa = Pb' Derive a for-
mula for the pressure difference Pa - Pb when the
oil-water interfaceon the right rises a distance6.h < h,
for (a) d ~ D and (b) d = O.l5D. What is the percent-
age changein the value of 6.p?
112 Chapter2 PressureDistribution in a Fluid

P2.36 In Fig. P2.36both the tank and the tube are opento the
atmosphere. If L = 2.13 m, what is the angleof tilt 8 of
the tube?

4cm
.J.
8

P2.33
P2.37 The inclined manometerin Fig. n.37 containsMeriam
red manometeroil, SG = 0.827.Assumethat the reser-
voir is very large.If the inclined arm is fitted with grad-
(b) uations 1 in apart, what should the angle (j be if each
graduationcorrespondsto Ilbf/ft2 gagepressurefor PA?
SAE 30 oil

r
L
PA

P2.34
P2.35 Water flows upward in a pipe slantedat 30°, as in Fig.
P2.35.The mercury manometerreadsh = 12 cm. Both
fluids are at 20°C. What is the pressure difference
-
PI P2in the pipe?
Reservoir
P2.37
P2.38 An interesting article appearedin the AIM Journal
(vol. 30, no. 1, January 1992, pp. 279-280). The
authorsexplain that the air inside fresh plastic tubing
can be up to 25 percentmore densethan that of the sur-
roundings,due to outgassingor othercontaminantsintro-
duced at the time of manufacture.Most researchers,
however,assumethat the tubing is filled with room air

~ --~
- -300
- (I~ 2)
at standard air density, which can lead to significant
errors when using this kind of tubing to measurepres-
sures.To illustrate this, consider a U-tube manometer
with manometerfluid Pm.One side of the manometer
is open to the air, while the other is connectedto new
tubing that extendsto pressuremeasurementlocation I,
some height H higher in elevation than the surfaceof
the manometerliquid. For consistency,let Pa be the
density of the air in the room, p, be the density of the
gas inside the tube, Pmbe the density of the manome-
ter liquid, and h be the height difference betweenthe
P2.35 two sidesof the manometer.SeeFig. P2.38.(a) Find an
114 Chapter2 PressureDistribution in a Auid

P2.43 The traditionalmethodof measuringblood pressureuses

a sphygmomanometer, first recording the highest (sys-
tolic) andthen the lowest(diastolic)pressurefrom which
flowing "Korotkoff" soundscan be heard.Patientswith
dangeroushypertensioncan exhibit systolic pressures
as high as 5 Ibf/in2.Normal levels,however,are 2.7 and
1.7 lbf/in\ respectively,for systolic and diastolic pres-
sures.The manometerusesmercury and air as fluids.
(a) How high in cm should the manometertube be?
(b) Expressnormal systolic and diastolic blood pressure
in millimeters of mercury.
P2.44 Water flows downward in a pipe at 45°, as shown in
Fig. P2.44.The pressuredrop PI - P2 is partly due to
gravity and partly due to friction. The mercury
manometerreads a 6-in height difference.What is the
total pressuredrop PI - P2 in Ibf/in2? What is the pres-
sure drop due to friction only between 1 and 2 in
lbf/in2? Does the manometerreading correspondonly
to friction drop? Why? P2.45 Mercury

~5ft
~""~
c..:c
~(~"
,
, ~
~l~t~.
Water

Mercury
P2.44

P2.46

P2.45 In Fig. P2.45,detenninethe gagepressureat point A in
fa. Is it higher or lower than atmospheric?
P2.46 In Fig. P2.46 both ends of the manometerare open
to the atmosphere.Estimate the specific gravity of
fluid X.
P2.47 The cylindrical tank in Fig. P2.47 is being filled with
. water at 20°C by a pump developingan exit pressureof
175kPa.At the instantshown,the air pressureis 110kPa
and H = 35 cm. The pump stopswhen it can no longer
raisethe waterpressure.For isothennalair compression,
estimateH at that time.
P2.48 Conductthe following experimentto illustrate air pres-
sure. Find a thin wooden ruler (approximatelyI ft in
length) or a thin wooden paint stirrer. Place it on the
edgeof a desk or table with a little less than half of it
hanging over the edge lengthwise. Get two full-size
sheetsof newspaper;open them up and place them on
top of the ruler, covering only the portion of the ruler
resting on the desk as illustratedin Fig. P2.48.(a) Esti-
mate the total force on top of the newspaperdue to air
pressurein the room. (b) Careful! To avoid potential
injury, make surenobodyis standingdirectly in front of

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