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Topics - Offshore
Offshore
Upstream Midstream
Sand
Well Testing Geophysics Technologies Flares ESP Vessels FPSO
Control
Simulation Economic
Vessels
Analysis
Valuation Rigs
Fluids
Topics- Onshore
Onshore
Reservoir Eng. Exploration Enhanced Refining Oil Refining Gas Distribution Sub- Products
Drilling Completion Production Processing Transportation Storage
Recovery
Tools/ Intermediate
Geophysics Geology Estimulation Flares Non-Thermal Separation Tanks Gas Storage Distillation Acid Removal Commercial
Accessories Unite
Power
Well Testing Geophysics Technologies Sand Control Facilities ESP Treatment Rail Reinjection Hydro Treating Dehydration End Units
Generation
Gas
Visbreaking
Sweetening
Tail Gas
Cracking
Treating
Cooking
Training Modules
Module Code Module Title Cost Models & Cost Simulation
Analogy
Learning Curve
Percentage Method
Rule-Based
Expert System
Analogical Regression
Analysis
Method 2. Back Propagation Neural Network
Tolerance Based
Feature Based
Activity Based
Expert Judgment
Analogous Estimating
Parametric Estimating
Three-Point
Reserve Analysis
5. CostOs Tools
- CostOs has various tools for different cost estimation methods which are:
- Assemblies
- Resource Allocation
- Trends
- Analogy
6. CostOs Assemblies
- How assemblies work
- Different methods that can be used in assemblies
7. An Introduction to NoDoC
- What is NoDoC
8. Oil and Gas Projects Economic Analysis
- Differences of oil and gas projects cost estimation in comparison with other industries
- Classification in oil and gas projects cost estimation
9. Upstream Projects Cost Estimation using CostOs
- Case Study: "Drilling" Project
- Case Study: "Exploration" Project
10. Midstream Projects Cost Estimation using CostOs
- Case Study: "Gas Gathering Unit" Project
11. Downstream Projects Cost Estimation Using CostOs
- Case Study: "Gas Production Plant" Project
12. Summary
Training Module Code (FUEX-2):
Geology:
NoDoC Cost models support:
• Reservoir Database Review
• Reservoir Validation with dynamic data
• Reservoir Seismic/log interpretation
• Reservoir 1-D stratigraphic and facies analysis
• Reservoir 2-D correlation and facies analysis
• Reservoir Facies proportion curves exploration
• Reservoir Depositional model
Geology is commercially important for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration and for
evaluating water resources; it is publicly important for the prediction and understanding of
natural hazards, the remediation of environmental problems, and for providing insights into
past climate change; plays a role in geotechnical engineering; and is a major academic
discipline.
Geologists are responsible for finding oil. Their task is to find the right conditions for an oil trap
-- the right source rock, reservoir rock and entrapment. Many years ago, geologists interpreted
surface features, surface rock and soil types, and perhaps some small core samples obtained by
shallow drilling. Modern oil geologists also examine surface rocks and terrain, with the
additional help of satellite images. However, they also use a variety of other methods to find oil.
They can use sensitive gravity meters to measure tiny changes in the earth's gravitational field
that could indicate flowing oil, as well as sensitive magnetometers to measure tiny changes in
the earth's magnetic field caused by flowing oil. They can detect the smell of hydrocarbons
using sensitive electronic noses called sniffers. Finally, and most commonly, they use seismology,
creating shock waves that pass through hidden rock layers and interpreting the waves that are
reflected back to the surface. In seismic surveys, a shock wave is created by the following:
• Compressed-air gun
• Thumper truck
• Explosives
The shock waves travel beneath the surface of the Earth and are reflected back by the various
rock layers. The reflections travel at different speeds depending upon the type or density of
rock layers through which they must pass. Sensitive microphones or vibration detectors detect
the reflections of the shock waves -- hydrophones over water, seismometers over land.
Seismologists interpret the readings for signs of oil and gas traps.
Once the geologists find a prospective oil strike, they mark the location using GPS coordinates
on land or by marker buoys on water.
NoDoC provides data and models for estimation of Geology Sector of Oil & Gas exploration.
Geophysics:
Exploration Geophysicists use geophysics to find oil and gas, where drilling rig, production
platform, seismic ship are in background. A lot of preparation is required to get the energy source,
recording devices, recording truck, trace the path of the energy, some reflected, some transmitted.
In previous generations, they used to have wide, high-impact cut lines. Today, in environmentally
sensitive areas, hand cut, low-impact cut lines are used; supported by helicopters, and hence not as
much heavy equipment.
The NoDoC Cost Models offer cost data for estimating this aspect of the exploration process. The
models use probability functions for estimation. Proven reserves exist where there is a sufficient
body of supporting data from geology, geophysics, well tests, and field production to estimate the
extent of the oil or gas contained in the body of rock. They are deemed, “commercially recoverable,
from a given date forward, from known reservoirs and under current economic conditions,
operating methods, and government regulations.” Proven reserves can be developed or
undeveloped. Probable reserves are unproven reserves, but geological and engineering data suggest
that they are more likely than not to be recoverable. Statistical methods are often used in the
calculation of probable reserves, and the deciding criterion is usually that there should be at least a
50% probability that the quantities actually recovered will “equal or exceed the sum of estimated
proved plus probable reserves.” Probable reserves can be in areas adjoining proven or developed
fields or isolated from developed fields, but with drilling and testing data that indicates they are
economic with current technology. Possible reserves are unproved reserves that are less likely to be
recoverable than probable reserves, based on geological and engineering data analysis. Statistically,
they are defined as reserves that, if recovered, have – at most – a 10% probability of equaling or
exceeding the sum of the estimated proven, probable, and possible reserves. Possible reserves have
few, if any, wells drilled; and the reservoir has not been produced, or even tested. However, the
reservoir displays favorable geology and geophysics, and its size is estimated by statistical analysis.
Possible reserves can also be in areas with good data to indicate that oil and gas are present, but
they may not be commercially developable, or the technology to develop them may not exist (but
such technology improvements can reasonably be expected in the future). Although this sounds
very speculative, there is such a long history of oil and gas production that these estimates are
regarded with a fair degree of confidence.
Geochemistry:
Through field tests in low permeability crystalline rock, researchers have made significant
progress in understanding reservoir characteristics, including fracture initiation, dilation
and propagation, thermal drawdown, water loss rates, flow impedance, fluid mixing, and
fluid geochemistry. In addition to using hydraulic stimulation methods to establish
connectivity in the far field, it is feasible to create permeability near injection or production
wellbores by explosive fracturing, chemical leaching, and thermal stress cracking.
Geochemistry at low temperatures can be a benign factor, but as the salinity and
temperature increase, it may pose difficult engineering challenges. Considerable effort is
now going into the numerical modeling of coupled geochemical processes, but generally
there is still a lack of data to support the verification of the models. Dissolution and
precipitation problems in very high temperature fields are not well understood.
Conventional means of overcoming these problems by controlling pH, pressure,
temperature, and the use of additives are widely known from experience at hydrothermal
fields. Some laboratory studies may shed light on the processes involved; however, solutions
to specific geochemical problems will have to be devised when the first commercial fields
come into operation.
NoDoC models the estimation of cost of such operations using data and resources. It is
something like research and testing procedure and the related cost is widely depend on the
how deep are these researches.
Petrophysics:
Petrophysics is more than just "log analysis". Petrophysics is the description of the oil and/or gas
distributions and production flow capacity of reservoirs, from interpretations of pore system and
fluid interactions using all available data .
Petrophysicists use acoustic and density measurements of rocks to compute their mechanical
properties and strength. They measure the compressional (P) wave velocity of sound through the
rock and the shear (S) wave velocity and use these with the density of the rock to compute: The
rocks compressive strength which is the compressive stress that causes a rock to fail. The rocks
flexibility, the relationship between stress and deformation for a rock. Converted-wave analysis is
also used to determine subsurface lithology and porosity. These measurements are useful to design
programs to drill wells that produce oil and gas .
Coring and core analysis is a direct measurement of petrophysical properties. In the petroleum
industry rock samples are retrieved from subsurface and measured by core labs of oil company or
some commercial core measurement service companies. This process is time consuming and
expensive, thus cannot be applied to all the wells drilled in a field.
Any method that is used for Petrophysics requires various resources, manpower, equipment,
material and consumables. The NoDoC Cost Model for this most important aspect includes a
centeral database that guides users to do the estimate before participation in the process.
Training Module Code (FUDR-1):
Technologies:
For making hole, Oil & Gas well drilling, different
technologies have been invented.
Percussion drilling
- Rope
Drillstring
- With mud
- Without mud
Rotating bit
- Full cross-section drilling
Surface driven
Rotary drilling
Rotary nozzle drilling
Subsurface driven
Turbine drilling
Positive displacement motor drilling
NoDoC covers cost
Electro motor drilling
- Annular drilling models for all drilling
Diamond coring
technologies but have
Shot drilling
Special techniques special focus on the
- Abrasive jet drilling
- Cavitating jet drilling
- Electric arc and plasma drilling
rotary drilling
- Electric beam drilling
- Electric disintegration drilling technology.
- Explosive drilling
- Flame jet drilling
- Implosion drilling
- Laser drilling
- REAM drilling
- Replaceable cutterhead drilling
- Rocket Exhaust drilling
- Spark drilling
- Subterrene drilling
- Terra drilling
- Thermal-mechanical drilling
- Thermocorer drilling
Drilling
Technologies
Precussion Special
Drillstring Rotating Bit
Drilling Techniques
Positive
Rotary Nozzle Electric beam
Displacement
Drilling drilling
Motor Drilling
Electric
Electro Motor
disintegration
Drilling
drilling
Explosive drilling
Implosion drilling
Laser drilling
REAM drilling
Replaceable cutterhead
drilling
Rocket Exhaust drilling
Spark drilling
Terra drilling
Subterrene
drilling
Thermal-
mechanical
drilling
Thermocorer
drilling
Training Module Code (FUDR-2):
Casing/Tubing:
NoDoC model for estimation of casing and tubing are based on the following criterias and fundamentals that
are used in many years for drilling engineering and operation.
In the past few years, man is forced to dig a well and aqueduct for exploiting the underground waters, but
caving of well, during and after digging was one of major problems in operating of this process the first
solution was overlaying of wells. Due to lack of waterproof overlays and mortars, the possibility of well
caving wasn’t diminished but it postponed for a short period. Next solution was reverting the wall of well and
using brick revetments are entire from many years ago.
In drilling process of oil and gas well, running of casing to protect the wall of well against caving and
penetrating of the fluids which are under pressure in ground structure is essential. Initially iron has been used
as a casing but today, because of its corrosion and related problems, casings are made of various steel alloys.
Casing running methods of oil and gas wells have been developed and complicated in recent years. In
seeking for more oil and gas, deep wells have been drilled and also methods of casing running developed to
overcome many hard conditions, in the depths of ground.
1. Casing
Casing is very resistant steel pipe and made of alloy steel , which is used in oil and gas wells with three
length ranges (16-25,25-34 and 34-38 ft) casing is a part of oil and gas industry (OCTG-Oil country tubular
goods(
Generally the casing performs six important functions, as follows:
1. Prevent caving and eroding of the well
2. Prevent contamination of fresh water by the fluids of lower layers and drilling fluid
3. Parting of formations from each other