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B.

TECH (ES)

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION:

The project is aimed at evaluating the performance of an operating system on an


embedded system. Before delving into its implementation, an introduction is needed to the
parts involved in the project. The whole report is centered around the field of embedded
systems to run applications on them. Hence an introduction to Embedded Systems .
1.1 Embedded Systems
An embedded system is a special purpose computer system that is designed to
perform very small sets of designated activities. Embedded systems date back as early as
the late 1960s where they used to control electromechanical telephone switches. The first
recognizable embedded system was the Apollo Guidance Computer developed by Charles
Draper and his team. Later they found their way into the military, medical sciences and the
aerospace and automobile industries.
Today they are widely used to serve various purposes like:
• Network equipment such as firewall, router, switch, and so on.
• Consumer equipment such as MP3 players, cell phones, PDAs, digital cameras,
camcorders, home entertainment systems and so on.
• Household appliances such as microwaves, washing machines, televisions and so on.
• Mission-critical systems such as satellites and flight control.
The key factors that differentiate an embedded system from a desktop computer:
• They are cost sensitive.
• Most embedded systems have real time constraints.
• There are multitudes of CPU architectures such as ARM, MIPS, PowerPC that are used
in embedded systems. Application-specific processors are employed in embedded systems.
• Embedded Systems have and require very few resources in terms of ROM or other I/O
devices as compared to a desktop computer.

1.1.1 Types of Setup


Embedded systems generally have a setup that includes a host which is generally a
personal computer, and a target that actually executes all the embedded applications. The
various types of host/ desktop architectures that are used in embedded systems are:

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Linked Setup:
In this setup, the target and the host are permanently linked together using a
physical cable. This link is typically a serial cable or an Ethernet link. The main property
of this setup is that no physical hardware storage device is being transferred between the
target and the host. The host contains the cross-platform development environment while
the target contains an appropriate bootloader, a functional kernel, and a minimal root
filesystem.
Removable Storage Setup:
In the removable setup, there are no direct physical links between the host and the
target. Instead, a storage device is written by the host, is then transferred into the target,
and is used to boot the device. The host contains the cross-platform development
environment. The target, however, contains only a minimal bootloader. The rest of the
components are stored on a removable storage media, such as a CompactFlash IDE device,
MMC Card, or any other type of removable storage device.
Standalone Setup:
The target is a self-contained development system and includes all the required
software to boot, operate, and develop additional software. In essence, this setup is similar
to an actual workstation, except the underlying hardware is not a conventional workstation
but rather the embedded system itself. This one does not require any cross-platform
development environment, since all development tools run in their native environments.
Furthermore, it does not require any transfer between the target and the host, because all
the required storage is local to the target.

1.2 ORGANIZATION OF DOCUMENTATION:


CHAPTER 1: Introduction
It consists of introduction to the project, main motivation to do the project
CHAPTER 2: Block diagram
It consists of block diagram of the project and its explanation
CHAPTER 3:Node mcu
It consists of what is Node mcu its features, model and its overview
CHAPTER 4: Functional modules and Power supply
CHAPTER 5: Software and Source code
It consists of software description and source code of the project.
CHAPTER 6: Snap shots
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It consists of snap shots of the project.


CHAPTER 7 : Advantages and Applications
It consists of advantages and Applications of the project.
.

CHAPTER 2
BLOCK DIAGRAM & DESRIPTION

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

9V BATTERY

ARDUINO L293D DRIVER


POWER SUPPLY

BUZZER

Figure 3.1: Block diagram

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CHAPTER 3

Overview

NodeMCU is an open source IoT platform. It includes firmware which runs on the
ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware which is based on the ESP-12
module. The term “NodeMCU” by default refers to the firmware rather than the DevKit.
The firmware uses the Lua scripting language. It is based on the eLua project, and built on
the Espressif Non-OS SDK for ESP8266. It uses many open source projects, such as lua-
cjson, and spiffs.
Features
Version : DevKit v1.0
Breadboard Friendly
Light Weight and small size.
3.3V operated, can be USB powered.
Uses wireless protocol 802.11b/g/n.
Built-in wireless connectivity capabilities.
Built-in PCB antenna on the ESP-12E chip.
Capable of PWM, I2C, SPI, UART, 1-wire, 1 analog pin.
Uses CP2102 USB Serial Communication interface module.
Arduino IDE compatible (extension board manager required).
Supports Lua (alike node.js) and Arduino C programming language.
PINOUT DIAGRAM
NodeMCU ESP8266 v1.0
NodeMCU is an open source IoT platform. It includes firmware which runs on the
ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware which is based on the
ESP-12 module. The term “NodeMCU” by default refers to the firmware rather than
the DevKit. The firmware uses the Lua scripting language. It is based on the eLua
project, and built on the Espressif Non-OS SDK for ESP8266. It uses many open
source projects, such as lua-cjson, and spiffs.
Wireless Connectivity Breadboard Friendly USB Compatible Lightweight
TM
Arduino IDE Compatible Low Power Consumption
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Internet of Things
1
Source
https://iotbytes.wordpress.com/nodemcu-pinout/
All GPIO runs at 3.3V !!
Safety Precaution
Specifications of ESP-12E WiFi Module
Wireless Standard
Frequency Range
Power Transmission
Receiving Sensitivity
Wireless Form
IO Capability
Electrical Characteristic
Operating Temperature
Serial Transmission
Wireless Network Type
Security Type
Encryption Type
Firmware Upgrade
Network Protocol
User Configuration
IEEE 802.11 b/g/n
2.412 - 2.484 GHz
802.11b : +16 ± 2 dBm (at 11 Mbps)
802.11g : +14 ± 2 dBm (at 54 Mbps)
802.11n : +13 ± 2 dBM (at HT20, MCS7)
802.11b : -93 dBm (at 11 Mbps, CCK)
802.11g : -85 dBm (at 54 Mbps, OFDM)
802.11n : -82 dBm (at HT20, MCS7)
On-board PCB Antenna
UART, I2C, PWM, GPIO, 1 ADC
3.3 V Operated
15 mA output current per GPIO pin

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12 - 200 mA working current


Less than 200 uA standby current
-40 to +125 ºC
110 - 921600 bps, TCP Client 5
STA / AP / STA + AP
WEP / WPA-PSK / WPA2-PSK
WEP64 / WEP128 / TKIP / AES
Local Serial Port, OTA Remote Upgrade
IPv4, TCP / UDP / FTP / HTTP
AT + Order Set, Web Android / iOS, Smart Link APP

CHAPTER 4

FUNCTIONAL MODULES

POWER SUPPLY

Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device or system that


supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is called a
power supply unit or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy
supplies, less often to mechanical ones, and rarely to others.

The term "power supply" is sometimes restricted to those devices that convert some
other form of energy into electricity (such as solar power and fuel cells and generators). A
more accurate term for devices that convert one form of electric power into another form
(such as transformers and linear regulators) is power converter. The most common
conversion is from AC to DC.

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Figure 6.11: Power Supply Block diagram

The micro controller and other devices get power supply from AC to DC adapter
through voltage regulator. The adapter output voltage will be 12V DC non-regulated. The
7805/7812 voltage regulators are used to convert 12V to 5V DC.

RECTIFIER:

The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into
pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a
bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification.

Figure 6.12: Bridge Rectifier

For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct,
whereas diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in
series with the load resistance RL and hence the load current flows through R L. For the
negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct whereas, D1 and
D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series with the load
resistance RL and hence the current flows through RL in the same direction as in the
previous half cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into a unidirectional wave.

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FILTER:

Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of
rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the
mains voltage and load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied,
D.C. voltage received at this point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output
stage.

REGULATOR:

As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator
is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In
this project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage
levels, 7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to be used. The first number 78 represents
positive supply and the numbers 05, 12 represent the required output voltage levels.

Figure 6.1: Voltage regulator

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FLEX SENSOR

BLUETOOTH

When you use computers, entertainment systems or telephones, the various pieces and
parts of the systems make up a community of electronic devices. These devices
communicate with each other using a variety of wires, cables, radio signals and infrared
light beams, and an even greater variety of connectors, plugs and protocols.
There are lots of different ways that electronic devices can connect to one another. For
example:
 Component cables
 Electrical wires
 Ethernet cables
 WiFi
 Infrared signals
The art of connecting things is becoming more and more complex every day. In this
article, we will look at a method of connecting devices, called Bluetooth, that can
streamline the process. A Bluetooth connection is wireless and automatic, and it has a
number of interesting features that can simplify our daily lives.
The Problem
When any two devices need to talk to each other, they have to agree on a number of points
before the conversation can begin. The first point of agreement is physical: Will they talk
over wires, or through some form of wireless signals? If they use wires, how many are
required -- one, two, eight, 25? Once the physical attributes are decided, several more
questions arise:
 How much data will be sent at a time? For instance, serial ports send data 1 bit at a time,
while parallel ports send several bits at once.
 How will they speak to each other? All of the parties in an electronic discussion need to
know what the bits mean and whether the message they receive is the same message that
was sent. This means developing a set of commands and responses known as a protocol.
Bluetooth offers a solution to the problem.
How Bluetooth Creates a Connection
Bluetooth takes small-area networking to the next level by removing the need for user
intervention and keeping transmission power extremely low to save battery power. Picture
this: You're on your Bluetooth-enabledcell phone, standing outside the door to your house.
You tell the person on the other end of the line to call you back in five minutes so you can
get in the house and put your stuff away. As soon as you walk in the house, the map you
received on your cell phone from your car's Bluetooth-enabled GPS system is
automatically sent to your Bluetooth-enabled computer, because your cell phone picked up
a Bluetooth signal from your PC and automatically sent the data you designated for
transfer. Five minutes later, when your friend calls you back, your Bluetooth-enabled
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home phone rings instead of your cell phone. The person called the same number, but your
home phone picked up the Bluetooth signal from your cell phone and automatically re-
routed the call because it realized you were home. And each transmission signal to and
from your cell phone consumes just 1 milliwatt of power, so your cell phone charge is
virtually unaffected by all of this activity.
Bluetooth is essentially a networking standard that works at two levels:
 It provides agreement at the physical level -- Bluetooth is a radio-frequency standard.
 It provides agreement at the protocol level, where products have to agree on when bits are
sent, how many will be sent at a time, and how the parties in a conversation can be sure
that the message received is the same as the message sent.
The big draws of Bluetooth are that it is wireless, inexpensive and automatic. There are
other ways to get around using wires, including infrared communication. Infrared (IR)
refers to light waves of a lower frequency than human eyes can receive and interpret.
Infrared is used in most television remote controlsystems. Infrared communications are
fairly reliable and don't cost very much to build into a device, but there are a couple of
drawbacks. First, infrared is a "line of sight" technology. For example, you have to point
the remote control at the television or DVD player to make things happen. The second
drawback is that infrared is almost always a "one to one" technology. You can send data
between your desktop computer and your laptop computer, but not your laptop computer
and your PDA at the same time. (SeeHow Remote Controls Work to learn more about
infrared communication.)
These two qualities of infrared are actually advantageous in some regards. Because
infrared transmitters and receivers have to be lined up with each other, interference
between devices is uncommon. The one-to-one nature of infrared communications is
useful in that you can make sure a message goes only to the intended recipient, even in a
room full of infrared receivers.
Bluetooth is intended to get around the problems that come with infrared systems. The
older Bluetooth 1.0 standard has a maximum transfer speed of 1 megabit per second
(Mbps), while Bluetooth 2.0 can manage up to 3 Mbps. Bluetooth 2.0 is backward-
compatible with 1.0 devices.
Let's find out how Bluetooth networking works.
WHY IS IT CALLED BLUETOOTH?
Harald Bluetooth was king of Denmark in the late 900s. He managed to unite Denmark
and part of Norway into a single kingdom then introduced Christianity into Denmark. He
left a large monument, the Jelling rune stone, in memory of his parents. He was killed in
986 during a battle with his son, Svend Forkbeard. Choosing this name for the standard
indicates how important companies from the Nordic region (nations including Denmark,
Sweden, Norway and Finland) are to the communications industry, even if it says little
about the way the technology works.

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CHAPTER 5
SOFTWARE & SOURCE CODE
SOFTWARE

Start the Arduino development environment. In Arduino-speak, programs are called “sketches”,
but here we will just call them programs.
In the editing window that comes up, enter the following program, paying attention to where
semi-colons appear at the end of command lines.
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("Hello World");
}
void loop()
{}
Your window will look something like this
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Click the Upload button or Ctrl-U to compile the program and load on the Arduino board.
Click the Serial Monitor button . If all has gone well, the monitor window will show your
message and look something like this
Congratulations; you have created and run your first Arduino program!
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Push the Arduino reset button a few times and see what happens.
Hint: If you want to check code syntax without an Arduino board connected, click the Verify
button or Ctrl-R.
Hint: If you want to see how much memory your program takes up, Verify then look at the
message at the bottom of the programming window.
1.6 Troubleshooting

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If there is a syntax error in the program caused by a mistake in typing, an error message will
appear in the bottom of the program window. Generally, staring at the error will reveal the
problem. If you continue to have problems, try these ideas
Run the Arduino program again
Check that the USB cable is secure at both ends.
Reboot your PC because sometimes the serial port can lock up
If a “Serial port…already in use” error appears when uploading
Ask a friend for help
1.7 Solderless Breadboards
A solderless breadboard is an essential tool for rapidly prototyping electronic circuits.
Components and wire push into breadboard holes. Rows and columns of holes are internally
connected to make connections easy. Wires run from the breadboard to the I/O pins on the
Arduino board. Make connections using short lengths of 22 g solid wire stripped of insulation
about 0.25” at each end. Here is a photo of a breadboard showing which runs are connected
internally. The pairs of horizontal runs at the top and bottom are useful for running power and
ground. Convention is to make the red colored run +5 V and the blue colored run Gnd. The
power runs are sometimes called “power busses”.
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Warning: Only use solid wire on the breadboard. Strands of stranded wire can break off and fill
the holes permanently.
Hint: Trim wires and component leads so that wires and components lie close to the board.
To keep the Arduino board and breadboard together, you can secure both to a piece of fom-core,
cardboard or wood using double-stick foam tape or other means.
2 Flashing an LED
Light emitting diodes (LED's) are handy for checking out what the Arduino can do.. For this
task, you need an LED, a 330 ohm resistor, and some short
pieces of 22 or 24 g wire. The figure to the right is a sketch
of an LED and its symbol used in electronic schematics
Using 22 g solid wire, connect the 5V power pin on the
Arduino to the bottom red power bus on the breadboard and
the Gnd pin on the Arduino to the bottom blue power buss

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on the breadboard. Connect the notched or flat side of the LED (the notch or flat is on the rim
that surrounds the LED base; look carefully because it can be hard to find) to the Gnd bus and
the other side to a free hole in main area of the breadboard Place the resistor so that one end is in
the same column as the LED and the other end is in a free column. From that column, connect a
wire to digital pin 2 on the Arduino board. Your setup will look something like this
Horizontal runs connected
Vertical runs
connected
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To test whether the LED works, temporarily
disconnect the wire from pin 2 on the Arduino
board and touch to the 5V power bus. The LED
should light up. If not, try changing the orientation
of the LED. Place the wire back in pin 2.
On the LED, current runs from the anode (+) to the
cathode (-) which is marked by the notch. The
circuit you just wired up is represented in schematic
form in the figure to the right.
Create and run this Arduino program
void setup()
{
pinMode(2,OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(2,HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(2,LOW);
}
void loop()
{}
Did the LED light up for one second? Push the Arduino reset button to run the program again.
Now try this program, which will flash the LED at 1.0 Hz. Everything after the // on a line is a
comment, as is the text between „/*‟ and „*/‟ at the top. It is always good to add comments to a

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SOURCE CODE

CHAPTER 6
SNAPSHOTS OF THE PROJECT

Fig. Hardware assembly

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