KAJIAN LEPAS

(i) Kajian Teknologi Mengesan Kemurungan

Bil Tahun Tajuk Kajian Pengkaji Masalah Kajian Objektif Kajian Kaedah Kajian Teknologi
1 2018 EEG Machine Milena Cukic, 1. Reliable diagnosis of To elucidate the 1. Experimental group Custom program
Learning with Higuchi David Pokrajac, depressive disorder is effectiveness of 2. Data collected based on written in Java to
Fractal Dimension and Miodrag Stokic, essential for both two nonlinear EEG signals: calculate :
Sample Entropy as Vlada treatment and prevention measures : a. Fractal Analysis 1. HFD
features for successful Radivojevic, of fatal outcomes HFD & SampEn, (Higuchi’s Algorithm – 2. SampEn
detection of depression Milos in detecting HFD)
Ljubisavljevic depressive disorder b. Sample Entropy
using EEG Analysis (SampEn)
3. Statiscally Analysis -
MANOVA SPSS

2 2019 Giving Voice to Ellen W. 1. Standard depression To employ speech 1. Experimental group: Machine Learning
Vulnerable Children: McGinnis, Steven diagnosis involves a 60- analysis of child a. Questionnaires Analysis of audio data
Machine Learning P.Anderau, 90 min semi-structured voice recording and (Parents)
Analysis of Speech Jessica Hruschak, interview. machine learning to b. Diagnostic Interview
Detects Anxiety and Reed D.Gurchiek, 2. Limitations such as make diagnosis (Parents)
Depression in Early Nestor L.Lopez- waiting lists for faster and reliable. c. Speech task (Child)
Childhood Duran, Kate appointments, insurance 2. Audio Data Processing:
Fitzgerald, issues, and failure to a. Voice Ativity Detector
Katherine recognise the symptoms (VAD)
L.Rosenblum, by parents are all
Maria Muzik, contribute to vital
Ryan McGinnis treatment.
3 2019 MFCC-based Emma Rejaibi, 1. The affected person To detect 1. Experiments - Deep Recurrent Neural
Recurrent Neural Ali Komaty, denies facing mental depression using Learning Based approach Network-based
Network for Fabrice disorders like depression. speech recordings. using: framework from speech
Automatic Clinical Meriaudeau, Said 2. Even when patients self- a. Mel Frequency processing
Depression Agrebi, Alice reports depression test by Cepstral Coefficients
Recognition and Othmani questionnaire, doctors (MFCC)
Assessment from correctly identify b. Long Short Term
Speech depression only half the Memory network
time. (LSTM)
3. This is due to many 2. Result evaluation: DAIC-
similar symptoms WOZ corpus
between depression and
other illness.
4 2018 Measuring Depression Albert Haque, 1. Depression is a global To improve 1. Experiments: Machine learning
Symptom Severity Michelle Guo, problem. diagnostic accuracy a. Comparison of method using:
From Spoken Adam S.Miner, Li 2. Due to access barriers and availability machine learning a. 3D facial
Language and 3D Fei-Fei such as social stigma, cos using automatic methods for expressions
Facial Expressions and treatment detection of detecting b. Spoken language
availability, 60% of depressive depressions
mentally-ill persons do symptoms. b. Ablation Study
not receive any mental 2. Result evaluation: DAIC-
health services. WOZ corpus
3. Effective and efficient
diagnosis relies on
detecting depression.
5 2019 Automatic Detection Benjamin Shickel, 1. Patients with cognitive To develop 1. Qualitative Method: Machine Learning
and Classification of Scott Siegel, distortions can become methods for Interview framework for the
Cognitive Distortions Martin Heesacker, stuck in negative automatically 2. Experimental group automatic detection and
in Mental Health Text Sherry Benton, feedback loops of detecting and a. Cognitive classification of
Parisa Rashidi unhealthy thinking, classifying distortion cognitive distortion in
leading to inaccurate cognitive detection mental health text
perceptions of reality distortions in b. Cognitive
commonly associated mental health text distortion
with anxiety and using machine classification
depression. learning 3. Machine Learning
techniques. Models used in
classification tasks
6 2019 Multi-level Attention Anupama Ray, 1. Due to lack of diagnostic To identify and 1. Experiments - Modality: A novel feature fusion
network using text, Siddharth Kumar, tests and subjectivity extract important a. Text Modality network framework to
audio and video for Rutvik Reddy, involved in detecting features from b. Audio Modality predict level of
depression prediction Prerana depression, there is a different modalities c. Visual Modality depression.
Mukherjee, Ritu grow interest in using to predict level of d. Fusion Modality
Garg behavioural cues to depression. 2. Result evaluation:
automate depression a. E-DAIC
diagnosis and stage b. DAIC-WOZ
prediction.
2. The absence of labelled
behavioural datasets for
such problem and huge
amount of variation
possible in behaviour
makes the problem more
challenging.
7 2019 Text-based Depression Heinrich Dinkel, 1. Multi-modal approaches 1. To examine 1. Experiments: A text-based multi-task
Detection: What Mengyue Wu, insert significant whether text a. Data BLTSM model with
Triggers An Alert Kai Yu difficulty in data features could preprocessing pertained word
collection phase while achieve similar b. Evaluation metric embedding
deep learning methods’ performance as
opaqueness lowers its do multi-modal
credibility. methods
2. To identify
why the model
makes certain
predictions
8 2017 Depression Scale Shubham Dham, 1. Depression symptoms 1. To detect 1. Experiment - Processing A methods of visual,
Recognition from Anirudh Sharma, include lack of interest in depression DAIC-WOZ database: audio and text features
Audio, Visual and Abhinav Dhall daily activities, feeling automatically a. Gaussian Mixture using SVM and neural
Text Analysis low, anxiety, frustration, with the help of Model (GMM) & networks as classifiers
loss of weight and even machine Fisher vector to identify depression
feeling of self-hatred. language. approach - visual
2. The increase in demand data, gaze, pose,
to detect depression audio, text
automatically with the features
help of machine b. Support Vector
language. Machine (SVM)
& neural
networks -
classification
9 2018 DeepMood: Modeling Bokai Cao, 1. The increasing use of 1. To explore the 1. Experiments: DeepMode
Mobile Phone Typing Chenwei Zhang, electronic forms of possible a. Investigate a architecture: Mobile
Dynamics for Mood Philip S.Yu, communication presents connection session-level phone metadata to
Detection Andrea Piscitello, new opportunities in the between prediction predict the presence of
John Zulueta, Olu study of mental health, bipolar problem to mood disorders
Ajilore, Kelly including the ability to affective predict the mood
Ryan, Alex investigate the disorder and score
D.Leow manifestations of mobile phone
psychiatric disease usage
unobtrusively and in the
setting of patients’ daily
lives.
10 2018 Understanding and Sharath Chandra 1. A body of literature has 1. To differentiate 1. Questionnaire (User-level Social Media platform
Measuring Guntuku, Anneke demonstrated that users’ between social FB & Twitter data): (Facebook & Twitter)
Psychological Stress Buffone, Kokil mental health conditions, media language a. Platform-
using Media Social Jaidka, Johannes such as depression and of users who Qualtrics
Eichstaedt, Lyle anxiety, can be predicted are stressed and b. Items- Cohen’s
Ungar from their social media not. 10-Item Stress
language. 2. To identify the scale
2. There is still a gap in the different in
scientific understanding predicting user-
of how psychological level stress
stress is expressed on between
social media. Facebook and
Twitter
language
11 2019 Making a Case for Adil Rajput, 1. The social media 1. To build a 1. Experiment (users in Social Media Corpus
Social Media Corpus Samara Ahmed platform provides an corpus from Twitter): (Twitter User)
for Detecting opportunity to gain social media a. Assumption -
Depression valuable insight into user that is focused Identify the
behaviour. on detecting keywords specific
2. User mimic their internal mental illness. to depression
feelings and emotions in b. Gathering the
a disinhibited fashion tweets (store data
using natural language. in NoSql database
3. A representative corpus – MongoDB)
is a perquisite for NLP c. Established the
and one of the challenges effectiveness of
is the non-standard and the base corpus
noisy language that exist
on the internet.
12 2019 Anxious Depression Akshi Kumar, 1. Mental well-being and 1. To predict 1. Experiment: AD prediction model –
Prediction in Real- Adti Sharma, social media have been anxious a. Data collection – 5-tuple vector (Twitter
time Social Data Anshika Arora closely related domains depression in 1 month tweets of User)
of study real-time 100 sampled user
tweets b. Pre-processing –
process of
cleaning and
filtering the data
(TreebankWord –
Tokenizer of
Python NLTK)
c. Feature
Engineering –
using a 5-tuple
vector
13 2019 What Twitter Profile Sharath Chandra 1. Previous work has found 1. To examine 1. Depression & anxiety Depression & Anxiety
and Posted Images Guntuku, Daniel strong links between the which survey: Language Model
Reveal About Preotiuc-Pietro, choice of social media attributes of a. FB users –
Depression and Johannes images and users’ profile and produced
Anxiety C.Eichstaedt, emotions, demographics posted images Depression &
Lyle H.Ungar and personality traits. are associated Anxiety
with depression Language Model
and anxiety of 2. Twitter Survey:
Twitter users. a. Depression &
Anxiety
Language Model
- Twitter users
b. Image prediction
& domain
transferred –
posted image
3. Twitter Text:
a. Depression &
Anxiety
Language Model
- Twitter users
b. Insight & Image
Prediction Model
– posted & profile
image
14 2019 Inverse Boosting Lei Tong, 1. Depression is one of the 1. To identify 1. Experiment: A novel classifier –
Pruning Trees for Xiangrong, most common mental depression at a. Depression Inverse Boosting
Depression Detection Qianni Zhang, health disorders, and a an early stage datasets – Twitter Pruning Trees (IBPT)
on Twitter Abdul Sadka, large number of by mining database (3 parts)
Ling Li, Huiyu depression people online social b. Baseline
Zhou commit suicide each behaviours. Comparison
year. Methods
2. Potential depression
sufferers do not consult
psychological doctors
because they feel
ashamed or are unaware
of any depression, which
may result in severe
delay of diagnosis and
treatment.
3. In the meantime,
evidence show that social
media data provides
valuable clues about
physical and mental
health conditions.
15 2019 Heterogeneous Shikang Liu, 1. Depression and anxiety 1. To leverage a 1. HIN construction: HIN Model
Network Approach to Fatemah are critical public health rich data set a. Data from
Predict Individuals’ Vahedian, David issues affecting millions from the NetHealth study
Mental Health Hachen, Omar of people around the NetHealth (collected from
Lizardo, Christian world. study to predict smartphones,
Poellabauer, 2. To identify individuals individuals’ wearable sensor
Aaron Striegel, who are vulnerable to mental and survey data)
Tijana depression and anxiety, conditions. 2. Network method adapted
Milenkovic predictive models have 2. To predict to the task of predicting
been built that typically individuals’ mental health conditions:
utilize data from one mental health a. RS method- to
source. conditions by suggest
integrating personalized list
multiple types of items
of data. b. NC method- to
predict nodes’
labels
16 2019 The Power of Shikang Liu, 1. Precision medicine has 1. To exploit the 1. Dynamic Network: Predictive Model using
Dynamic Social David Hachen, received attention both in relationship a. Data source - Rich Dynamic Social
Networks to Predict Omar Lizardo, and outside the clinic. between NetHealth study Network Data
Individuals’ Mental Christian 2. Existing studies do not individuals’ (collected from
Health Poellabauer, model social interaction social smartphones,
Aaron Striegel, data as a network. interactions and wearable sensor
Tijana 3. They do so but analyse their mental and survey data)
Milenkovic static network data and health 2. Network analysis
examine correlation 2. To develop a methods
between social networks predictive
and health without model of one’s
developing a predictive likelihood to be
model. depressed or
4. Or they study other anxious from
individual traits but not rich dynamic
mental health. social network
data.
1. Populasi:
a. Kajian yang lepas tidak melibatkan populasi yang spesifik iaitu golongan remaja di sekolah menengah
2. Intervensi:
a. Kajian yang lepas menggunakan intervensi teknologi yang pelbagai tetapi mempunyai kelemahan dalam ketersampaian
kaedah kepada pengguna.
b. Kebanyakan teknologi yang dikaji hanya memfokuskan pada kegunaan pengamal perubatan, dan hanya beberapa
teknologi contohnya Kecerdasan Buatan (AI), yang dapat digunakan terus oleh semua pengguna tetapi kos yang
Research Gap (Rumusan) diperlukan adalah tinggi.
c. Oleh yang demikian, dapat dirumuskan bahawa teknologi yang dihasilkan melalui kajian-kajian lepas dalam mengesan
tahap kemurungan adalah untuk kegunaan pengamal perubatan. Pesakit perlu pergi menemui pengamal perubatan bagi
mengesan tahap kemurungan yang mungkin dialami mereka. Namun begitu,
d. Tambahan pula, belum ada kajian yang menggunakan teknologi gamifikasi dalam mengesan khususnya gejala
kemurungan tetapi banyak kajian yang dijalankan menggunakan kaedah gamifikasi sebagai mekanisma terapi dalam
mengurangkan tahap kemurungan malah hanya segelintir menggunakan populasi remaja dalam kajian mereka.
 (ii) Kajian Gamifikasi Dalam Isu Kesihatan Mental di Kalangan Remaja

Bil Tahun Tajuk Kajian Pengkaji Masalah Kajian Objektif Kajian Kaedah Kajian Teknologi
1 2019 Design and Pattie 1. Digital technology 1. To establish a 1. Person-centred approach POD Adventure – a
Development of the P.Gonsalves, platforms offer suite of (4 iterative activities): blended problem-
“POD Adventures” Eleanor unparalleled transdiagnostic a. Review of recent solving game-based
Smartphone Game: A S.Hodgson, opportunities to reach psychological context-specific intervention for
Blended Problem- Avinash Kumar, vulnerable adolescent at interventions evidence on adolescents (with/at
Solving Intervention Tiara Aurora, scale and overcome organized mental health risk of anxiety or
for Adolescent Mental Yash Chandak, many barriers that exist around a needs depression)
Health in India Rhea Sharma, around conventional stepped care b. New focus group
Daniel Michelson, service provision. system in discussion
Vikram Patel Indian c. Co-design
secondary workshop
school. d. User-testing
2. To enhanced a (prototype)
participant’s
ability to cope
with stressors
 (iii) Faktor Kemurungan Dalam Kalangan Remaja

Bil Tahun Tajuk Kajian Pengkaji Objektif Kajian Dapatan Kajian

1 2017 National Health And Institute for Public To determine the The prevalence of depression among adolescents was highest in Selangor,
Morbidity Survey- Health, National Institute prevalence of depression whose parents were separated, those who felt lonely most of the time,
Adolescent Health for Health, Ministry of smoked cigarettes, drank alcohol, used marijuana, engaged in sexual
Survey 2017 Health Malaysia activity, those who were bullied, physically abused and verbally abused.
2 2019 Adolescent Mental Gregory Michel, Mathieu To examine the High levels of depressive symptoms appear to be linked to an increased
Health and the Garcia, Valerie Aubron, demographic and health likelihood of participation in the choking game.
Choking Game Sabrina Bernadet, Julie risk factors associated
Salla, Diane Purper- with participation in the
Ouakil choking game
3 2018 A Multi-Level Lin Zhu To gain insight into the Low perceived family support, low school connectedness, being female and
Analysis on School effect of family support, being African American are associated with greater depressive symptom.
Connectedness, school connectedness,
Family Support, and and school
Adolescent environments on
Depression: Evidence depressive symptoms
From the National among adolescents
Adolescent Health, across racial group on
1995-1996 both student level and
school level
4 2017 Relationship Between Nelane de Souza Duarte, To identify major It is possible to associate depression with hormonal dysregulation.
Depression and Lucas Maciel de Almeida hormones associated
Hormonal Correa, Larissa Rodrigues with depression
Dysregulation Assuncao, Arthur Agular
de Menezes, Onassis
Boeri de Castro, Leda
Febielen Teixeira
5 2019 Why increases in Jean M Twenge To identify the increases The technological environment is plausible cause of the decline in
adolescent depression in adolescent depression adolescent well-being and increase depression.
may be linked to the is linked to the
technological technological
environment environment

Faktor penyebab kemurungan di kalangan remaja adalah disebabkan masalah penceraian ibu bapa, kurang sokongan keluarga, selalu
Faktor kemurungan (Rumusan) kesepian, merokok, pengambilan alkohol, penggunaan ganja, penglibatan dalam aktiviti seksual, mangsa buli, mangsa penderaan
fizikal dan lisan., kurang hubungan dengan sekolah, perbezaan etnik, kitaran hormon yang tidak normal dan persekitaran teknologi
termasuk penggunaan internet, telefon pintar dan media sosial yang berlebihan.
 (iv) Kesan Kemurungan Dalam Kalangan Remaja
Bil Tahun Tajuk Kajian Pengkaji Objektif Kajian Dapatan Kajian
1 2017 National Health And Institute for Public To determine the Suicidal ideation and suicidal plan among secondary school students
Morbidity Survey- Health, National Institute prevalence of depression increased in 2017 compared to 2012. Suicidal attempts did not demonstrate
Adolescent Health for Health, Ministry of any significant difference compared to 2012. More students reported as
Survey 2017 Health Malaysia having no close friend compared to 2012. Overall, students reported felt
lonely with unable to sleep at night due to worry.
2 2019 Why increases in Jean M Twenge To identify the increases Technological environment decline happiness and life satisfaction and
adolescent depression in adolescent depression increase depression and suicide attempts.
may be linked to the is linked to the
technological technological
environment environment

Kesan kemurungan dalam kalangan pelajar adalah mereka mempunyai perancangan dan percubaan untuk membunuh diri, tidak
Kesan kemurungan (Rumusan) mempunyai kawan rapat, merasa kesepian, tidak dapat tidur pada waktu malam kerana bimbang, berasa tidak bahagia dan tiada
kepuasan hidup.
(v) Definisi Kemurungan

(vi) Definisi Gamifikasi