ENMT607034 : MEKANIKA PERPATAHAN DAN ANALISA

KEGAGALAN

CREEP MECHANISM

Prof. Dr. Ir. Anne Zulfia, M.Sc.

Departemen Metalurgi & Material

Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia
• Coble creep:
a form of diffusion creep, is a mechanism for deformation of crystalline solids.
Coble creep occurs through the diffusion of atoms in a material along the
grain boundaries, which produces a net flow of material and a sliding of the
grain boundaries.
Coble creep is named after Robert L. Coble, who first reported his theory of
how materials creep over time in 1962 in the Journal of Applied Physics.

The strain rate in a material experiencing Coble creep is given by:

where
• σ is the applied stress
• d is the average grain boundary diameter
• Dgb is the diffusion coefficient in the grain boundary
• − QCoble is the activation energy for Coble creep
• R is the molar gas constant
• T is the temperature in Kelvin
• Note that in Coble creep, the strain rate e o is proportional to the applied
stress σ; the same relationship is found for Nabarro-Herring creep.
However, the two mechanisms differ in their relationship between the strain
rate and grain size d. In Coble creep, the strain rate is proportional to d − 3,
whereas the strain rate in Nabarro-Herring creep is proportional to d − 2.
Researchers commonly use these relationships to determine which
mechanism is dominant in a material; by varying the grain size and
measuring how the strain rate is affected, they can determine the value of n
in e and conclude whether Coble or Nabarro-Herring creep is dominant.
o
 Diffusion Creep

Flow of vacancies according to (a) Nabarro–Herring and (b) Coble

mechanisms, resulting in an increase in the length of the
specimen.
 Resistance to Creep

 Solid solution hardening

 Precipitate hardening
 Microstructure
 Heat Resisting Steel
Precipitates
M23C6 , M7 C3 , M2X ,
M3 C , M6 C , M X

Alloying Elements
Substitutional :
Cr, V, Nb, Mo,W, Cu, Creep Resistant Steel
Mn
Interstitial :
C, N
Intermetallics
Laves Phase, Z-Phase

Microstructure
Tempered Martensite,
Bainite
 Larson-Miller Parameter

Master plot for Larson–Miller parameter for S-590 alloy (an

Fe-based alloy) (C = 17).

(From R. M. Goldhoff, Mater.Design Eng., 49 (1959) 93.)

Larson-Miller Equation

Relationship between time to rupture

and temperature at three levels of
engineering stress, σa, σb, and σc,
using Larson–Miller equation (σa > σb >
σc).
Sherby-Dorn Equation
.
ess = C n exp (- Qdiffusion / RT)

Temperature dependence
Stress dependence

Constants
Material Parameters