Written as per the revised syllabus prescribed by the Maharashtra State Board

of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education, Pune.

Std. XI Commerce
Mathematics & Statistics - II

Salient Features
• Exhaustive coverage of entire syllabus.
• Topic-wise distribution of all textual questions and practice problems at the
beginning of every chapter.
• Covers answers to all textual and miscellaneous exercises.
• Precise theory for every topic.
• Neat, labelled and authentic diagrams.
• Relevant and important formulae wherever required.

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P.O. No. 81561

10163_10830_JUP
 Preface
Mathematics is not just a subject that is restricted to the four walls of a classroom. Its philosophy and
applications are to be looked for in the daily course of our life. The knowledge of mathematics is essential
for us, to explore and practice in a variety of fields like business administration, banking, stock exchange and
in science and engineering.
With the same thought in mind, we present to you “Std. XI Commerce: Mathematics and Statistics-II” a
complete and thorough book with a revolutionary fresh approach towards content and thus laying a platform
for an in depth understanding of the subject. This book has been written according to the revised syllabus.
At the beginning of every chapter, topic–wise distribution of all textual questions including practice
problems have been provided for simpler understanding of different types of questions. Neatly labelled
diagrams have been provided wherever required. We have provided answer keys for all the textual questions
and miscellaneous exercises. In addition to this, we have included practice problems based upon solved
exercises which not only aid students in self evaluation but also provide them with plenty of practice. We’ve
also ensured that each chapter ends with a set of Multiple Choice Questions so as to prepare students for
competitive examinations.
We are sure this study material will turn out to be a powerful resource for students and facilitate them in
understanding the concepts of Mathematics in the most simple way.
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Best of luck to all the aspirants!

Yours faithfully
Publisher

No. Topic Name Page No.

1 Logarithms 1
2 Theory of Attributes 29
3 Partition Values 58
4 Measures of Dispersion 125
5 Moments 162
6 Skewness and Kurtosis 186
7 Permutations and Combinations 222
8 Probability 263
9 Index Numbers 293
10 Time Series 327
 Chapter 01: Logarithms

01 Logarithms

Type of Problems Exercise Q. Nos.

Q.1 (i. to iv.)
1.1 Q.2 (i. to iv.)
Q.3 (i. to iv.)
Q.1 (i. to iv.)
Problems based on definition of Practice Problems
Q.2 (i. to iv.)
logarithm (Based on Exercise 1.1)
Q.3 (i. to iv.)
Miscellaneous Q.12
Practice Problems
Q.4, 8
(Based on Miscellaneous)
Q.7 (i.)
1.1 Q.8 (ii.)
Q.11 (i.)
Practice Problems
Law of Product Q.6 (i.)
(Based on Exercise 1.1)
Miscellaneous Q.1, 3, 4, 17
Practice Problems
Q.2
(Based on Miscellaneous)
1.1 Q.5 (i.)
Miscellaneous Q.2
Law of Exponent
Practice Problems
Q.1
(Based on Miscellaneous)
1.1 Q.7 (ii.)
Law of Quotient
Miscellaneous Q.9
Q.4 (i. to v.)
Problems based on Product, Q.5 (ii to v.)
1.1
Quotient and Exponent laws Q.6 (i. to iii.)
Q.7 (iii., iv.)

1
Std. XI : Commerce (Maths ‐ II)

Q.8 (i., iii.)

Q.9 (i. to iii.)

Q.11 (ii., iii.)

Q.12 to Q.14

Q.4, 5
Practice Problems
Q.6 (ii.)
(Based on Exercise 1.1)
Q.7, 8, 10, 11

Q.5 to Q.8
Miscellaneous
Q.10, 11, 14, 16, 19, 20
Practice Problems
Q.3, 5, 6, 7, 12, 15
(Based on Miscellaneous)

1.1 Q.10 (i. to iv.)

Practice Problems
Q.9 (i., ii.)
To solve problems without using (Based on Exercise 1.1)
log table Miscellaneous Q.13

Practice Problems
Q.9
(Based on Miscellaneous)

1.2 Q.1 to Q.12

Practice Problems
Q.1 to Q.7
(Based on Exercise 1.2)
Change of Base law
Miscellaneous Q.15, 18

Practice Problems
Q.10, 11, 13, 14
(Based on Miscellaneous)

1.3 Q.1 to Q.12

Practice Problems
Q.1 to Q.7
To solve problems by using log (Based on Exercise 1.3)
table Miscellaneous Q.21 to Q.24

Practice Problems
Q.16
(Based on Miscellaneous)

2
 Chapter 01: Logarithms
Syllabus: ii. loga a = 1, a > 0, a  1
Proof :
1.1 Definition
Let loga a = x
1.2 Laws of Logarithms  ax = a = a1
 x=1
1.3 Change of base law  loga a = 1
i.e., logarithm of a number to the same
1.4 Numerical problems base is 1.
Introduction iii. a loga x  x , a > 0, a  1
In mathematics, logarithm of a number to a given Proof:
base is the power of exponent to which the base Let loga x = y
must be raised in order to produce the number.  ay = x
For example, the logarithm of 32 to the base 2 is 5  a loga x  x
because 5 is how many 2s one must multiply to get
iv. If logam = loga n, then m = n.
32. Thus 2  2  2  2  2 = 32.
In the language of exponent, 25 = 32 so log2 32 = 5. v. If a > 1 and m > n, then loga m > loga n
and conversely.
1.1 Definition
1.2 Laws of Logarithms
If ax = b, then x = logab (a > 0, a ≠ 1), (b > 0)
1. Law of Product:
where a is called the base of the logarithm.
loga (xy) = loga x + loga y, (a, x, y > 0, a ≠ 1)
The two statements ax = b and x = logab are Proof:
equivalent. Let loga x = m and loga y = n
The statement ax = b is said to be in the exponential By definition of logarithm, we get
form and the statement x = logab is said to be in the x = am and y = an
logarithmic form.  am. an = xy
We can convert an exponential form into the  am + n = xy
logarithmic form. By definition of logarithm, we get
Example: loga (xy) = m + n
 loga (xy) = loga x + loga y
Exponential form Logarithmic form Thus logarithm of the product of two numbers
4
3 = 81 log381= 4 is equal to the sum of their logarithms with
reference to the same base.
25 = 32 log232 = 5
1 1 Corollary:
32 = log3   = 2
9 9 loga(xyz…) = loga x + loga y + loga z +…..
21 = 2 log22= 1
2. Law of Quotient:
Remarks x
loga   = loga x  loga y, (a, x, y > 0, a ≠ 1)
1. We have m = ax if and only if x = loga m  y
2. Negative numbers and zero have no logarithms. Proof:
3. i. loga 1 = 0, a > 0, a  1 Let loga x = m and loga y = n
Proof: By definition of logarithm, we get
am = x and an = y
Let loga 1= x
 ax = 1 = a0 am x
 n
=
 x=0 a y
 loga 1 = 0 x
 am  n =
i.e., logarithm of 1 to any base is 0 y

3
Std. XI : Commerce (Maths ‐ II)
By definition of logarithm, we get 1
iii. 72 =
x 49
loga   = m  n
 y  1 
 – 2 = log7   ….[By definition of logarithm]
 49 
x
 loga   = loga x  loga y
 y iv. 102 = 0.01
 – 2 = log10 (0.01)
Corollary:
….[By definition of logarithm]
loga   = loga 1  loga x = 0  loga x
1
i.
 x 2. Express the following in exponential form:
=  loga x 1 3
i. log9 6561 = 4 ii. log1/16   =
 xy   8 4
ii. loga     log a x  log a y    log a p  log a q 
 pq  1
iii. log0.5 0.125 = 3 iv. log2   =  2.
4
3. Law of Exponent: Solution:
loga xy = yloga x, (x > 0, a > 0, a ≠ 1) i. log9 6561 = 4
Proof:
 94 = 6561 ….[By definition of logarithm]
Let loga x = m
By definition of logarithm, we get 1 3
ii. log 1/16    =
x = am 8 4

 
y 3
Now, xy = a m
 1 4 1
   = ….[By definition of logarithm]
 xy = amy  16  8
By definition of logarithm, we get
iii. log0.5 0.125 = 3
loga xy = my
 (0.5)3 = 0.125 ….[By definition of logarithm]
 loga xy = yloga x

Corollary: 1
iv. log2   =  2
1 4
i. loga m x = loga x
m 1
 22 = ….[By definition of logarithm]
 xp yq  4
ii. loga  r s  = p loaa x + q loga y – r loga z – s loga w
z w 
3. Find the values of:
i. log1/2 8 ii. log5 0.008
Exercise 1.1
iii. log5 3125 iv. log7 3 7 .
1. Write the following in logarithmic form:
Solution:
i. 83 = 512 ii. 323/5 = 8
i. Let x = log1/2  8
1
iii. 72 = iv. 102 = 0.01
49 x
1
Solution:    =8 ….[By definition of logarithm]
2
i. 83 = 512
 (21)x = 23
 3 = log8 512 ….[By definition of logarithm]
 2x = 23
3
 x=3
ii. 32 5 = 8
 x=3
3
 = log32 8 ….[By definition of logarithm]  log1/2  8 =  3
5

4
 Chapter 01: Logarithms
ii. Let x = log5 (0.008) 1 1
iii. log5 36 + 2 log5 7  log5 12
 5x = 0.008 ….[By definition of logarithm] 2 2
x 8 1
 5 = = 2 log57 + (log5 36  log512)
1000 2
3
 2 1  36 
 5x =   = 2 log5 7 + log5   ….[By quotient law]
 10  2  12 
1
3 1
 5x =   = 2 log5 7 + log5 3
5 2
1
 5 = 53
x
2
= log5 72 + log 5 3 ….[By exponent law]
 x = 3
 log5 (0.008) = 3 = log5 49 + log5 3

iii. Let x = log5 3125 = log5 49 3 ….[By product law]

 5x = 3125 ….[By definition of logarithm] iv. log10 3 + log10 2  2 log10 5
 5x = 55 = log10 (3  2)  log10 52
 x=5 ….[By product and exponent law]
 log5 3125 = 5 = log10 6  log10 25
iv. Let x = log7 3 7  6 
= log10   ….[By quotient law]
 7x = 3
7 ….[By definition of logarithm]  25 
1 1
 7x = 73 v. 2 log 3  log 16 + log12
2
1 1
 x= 2
3 = log 3  log 16 2
+ log 12
1 ….[By exponent law]
 log7 3 7 =
3 = log 9  log 16 + log 12
= log 9  log 4 + log 12
4. Simplify the following as single logarithm:
9
i. log10 5 + 2 log10 4 = log   + log 12 ….[By quotient law]
ii. 2 log 7  log 14 4
1 1 9 
iii. log5 36 + 2 log5 7  log5 12 = log   12  ….[By product law]
2 2 4 
iv. log10 3 + log10 2  2log10 5 = log 27
1
v. 2log 3  log 16 + log 12. 5. Evaluate:
2
4
Solution: 25
i. log5
i. log10 5 + 2 log10 4 625
= log10 5 + log10 42 ….[By exponent law]  12   25   2
= log10 5 + log10 16 ii. log10   + log10    log10  
 5   21  7
= log10 (5  16) ….[By product law]
= log10 80  15   64   20 
iii. log10   + log10    log10  
ii 2 log 7  log 14  16   81   27 
= log 72  log 14 ….[By exponent law]  16   25 
iv. log102 + 16 log10   + 12 log10  
= log 49  log 14  15   24 
 49   81 
= log   ….[By quotient law] + 7 log10  
 14   80 
7  351   91   39 
= log   v. log10   +2log10    3log10  .
2  539   110   110 

5
Std. XI : Commerce (Maths ‐ II)
Solution:  16   25 
iv. log10 2 + 16 log10   + 12 log10  
 1
 15
   24 
 25 
4   25 
4

i. log5   = log5   81 
+ 7 log10  
 625   625   80 
 
  16 12
 16 
= log10 2 + log10   + log10  
25
 2 1/ 4

 5
= log5 
  
 = log 5
1
2
4
15
   24 
7
4 5
 81 
 5  + log10  
   80 
7 ….[By exponent law]
= log5 52  16 16
2512
817 
= log10  2  16  12  7 
7
= log5 5 ….[By exponent law]  15 24 80 
2 ….[By product law]
7
(1) ….  log a a  1 
     
16 12 7 
= 24 52 34
2  
= log10  2    7
7 16 12
=  (3  5) (3  8) (16  5) 
2  

     
16 12 7 
 24 52 34 
 12   25  2
ii. log10   + log10    log10   = log10  2  16 16  12 12  7 7 
 5 21
  7  3 5 3 8 16  5 
 
 12 25  2
= log10     log10    
 5 21  7  264 524 328 
= log10 2  16 16   
   
12 7
….[By product law]  3 5 312  23 24  57 
 
 20   
2
= log10    log10   
 
7 7 264 524 328 
= log10  2  16 16  12 36  28 7 
 20   3  5 3 2 2  5 
 7 
= log10   ….[By quotient law]  264  524  328 
 2  = log10  2  
 7   328  264  523 

= log10 10 = log10 (2  5)
= log10 10
=1 ….  log a a  1
=1 ….[ loga a = 1]
 15   64   20 
iii. log10   + log10    log10    351   91   39 
 16   81   27  v. log10   + 2 log10    3 log10  
 539   110   110 
 15 64   20  2 3
= log10     log10    351   91   39 
 16 81   27  = log10   + log10    log10  
….[By product law]  539   110   110 
….[By exponent law]
 20   20 
= log10    log10    351 91  2
 39 
3
 27  27  = log10   
 539 1102 
log 10  
 20     110 
  ….[By product law]
= log10  27  ….[By quotient law]
 20   351 912


 27   2 
= log10  539 110  ….[By quotient law]
= log10 1  393 
=0 ….  log a 1  0  
 1103 

6
 Chapter 01: Logarithms

 351 912 1103   25  2   25 

= log10     = log    log  4 
 539 110
2
393   34  3 
13  27  25  2 
110   4 
 13  7  
2
= log10  
 11 49 13  33  = log  3  ….[By quotient law]
 25 
 4 
 13  33 11  10   3 
= log10  2
 132  7 2  3 3  = log 2
11  7 13  3 
= R.H.S.
= log1010
=1 ....  loga a  1 7. Solve for x:
i. log (x + 3) + log (x  3) = log 16
6. Show that: ii. log (3x + 2)  log (3x  2) = log 5
i. log 360 = 3 log 2 + 2 log 3 + log 5  11 
iii. 2 log10 x = 1 + log10  x  
 50   10 
ii. log   = log 2 + 2 log 5 log 3 2log 7
 147  1
iv. log2 x + log2 (x + 2) = 2.
 75  5  32  2
iii. log    2 log + log   = log 2.
 16  9  243  Solution:
Solution: i. log (x + 3) + log (x – 3) = log 16
i. L.H.S. = log 360  log [(x + 3)(x  3)] = log 16
= log (8  9  5) ….[By product law]
= log 8 + log 9 + log 5  (x + 3) (x  3) = 16
….[By product law]  x2  9 = 16
= log 23 + log 32 + log 5  x2 = 25
= 3 log 2 + 2 log 3 + log 5  x=5
….[By exponent law] But log of negative number does not exist
= R.H.S.  x  5
 50   x=5
ii. L.H.S. = log  
 147  ii. log (3x + 2)  log (3x  2) = log 5
= log 50  log 147 ….[By quotient law]  3x  2 
= log (2  25)  log (3  49)  log   = log 5 ….[By quotient law]
 3x  2 
= log 2 + log 25  (log 3 + log 49)
3x  2
….[By product law]  =5
= log 2 + log 5  (log 3 + log 72)
2 3x  2
= log 2 + 2 log 5  log 3  2 log 7  3x + 2 = 15x  10
….[By exponent law]  12 = 12x
= R.H.S.  x=1

 75  5  32   11 
iii. L.H.S. = log    2 log   + log  iii. 2 log10 x = 1 + log10  x  
  10 
 16  9  243 
2  11 
 75   32  5  log10 x2  log10  x   = 1
= log   + log    log    10 
 16   243  9
….[By exponent law]
….[By exponent law]
 10 x  11 
 75 32   25   log10 x2  log10  = 1
= log     log    10 
 16 243   81 
 
….[By product law]  x2 
 25  3 25   25   log10  =1 ….[By quotient law]
= log  4  5   log    10 x  11 
 2 3   81   10 

7
Std. XI : Commerce (Maths ‐ II)

 10 x 2  x y
 log10  = log10 10 ….  loga a  1  2 log   = log xy ….[By product law]
 10 x  11   3 
 
2
10 x 2  x y
 = 10  log   = log xy ….[By exponent law]
10 x  11  3 
 x  y
2
x2
 =1  = xy
10 x  11 9
 x2 = 10x + 11  x2 + 2xy + y2 = 9xy
 x2  10x  11 = 0  x2 + y2 = 7xy
 (x  11)(x + 1) = 0 Dividing throughout by xy, we get
 x = 11 or x = 1 x y
 =7
But log of negative number does not exist y x
 x1
 x = 11  x y
ii. log   = log x + log y
1  4 
iv. log2 x + log2 (x + 2) = 2
2
Multiplying throughout by 2, we get

 x y
log 
 4 
 
 = log x . y ….[By product law]
2 log2 x + log2 (x + 2) = 4  x y
 log2 x2 + log2 (x + 2) = 4 ….[By exponent law]  log   = log xy
 4 
 log2 [x2.(x + 2)] = 4 ….[By product law]
2 4 x y
 x (x + 2) = 2 ….[By definition of logarithm]  = xy
 x2 (x + 2) = 16 4
Squaring on both sides, we get
 x3 + 2x2  16 = 0
 x  y
2
 (x  2)(x2 + 4x + 8) = 0 = xy
 x  2 = 0 or x2 + 4x + 8 = 0 16
But x2 + 4x + 8 = 0 does not have real roots.  x2  2xy + y2 = 16xy
 x=2 Adding 4xy on both sides, we get
x2 + 2xy + y2 = 20xy
 x y 1 1  (x + y)2 = 20xy
8. i. If log   = log x + log y,
 3  2 2  x y 1
x y iii. log   = (log x + log y)
show that  = 7.  6  2
y x Multiplying throughout by 2, we get
 x y  x+ y 
ii. If log   = log x + log y , 2 log   = log x + log y
 4   6 
show that (x + y)2 = 20xy.  x y
 2 log   = log xy ….[By product law]
 x y 1  6 
iii. If log   = 2 (log x + log y),
 6   x y
2

x y  log   = log xy ….[By exponent law]

show that  = 34.  6 
y x
 x  y
2

Solution:  = xy
36
x  y 1 1
 x2 + 2xy + y2 = 36xy
i. log   = log x + log y
 3  2 2  x2 + y2 = 34xy
Multiplying throughout by 2, we get Dividing throughout by xy, we get
 x y x y
 = 34
2 log   = log x + log y y x
 3 
8