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Gopala LD JOURNAL OWorld

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and MACEUTICSciences
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SJIF Impact Factor 5.210

Volume 4, Issue 05, 865-871. Research Article ISSN 2278 – 4357

IDENTIFICATION OF SOME PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL,

HEMATOLOGICAL, PATHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL
CONSTITUENTS OF URINE BY MACROSCOPIC
ANALYSIS&MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION

Dr. D. Gopala Krishna*, Afraa Humaid Jaber Al-Mamari and

Amal Humaid Ail Al-Hinai

Department of Applied Sciences, Section-Chemistry, Higher College of Technology,

Muscat-Post Box no 74, PIN-133, Sultanate of Oman.

Article Received on ABSTRACT

20 Feb 2015, The purpose of the present study was to define the normal hematologic
Revised on 15 March 2015, values, some biochemical parameters and pathological constituents in
Accepted on 05 April 2015
urine of Baby boy, fasting and pregnant women to determine the effect
of gender on these parameters. The hematologic parameters were
*Correspondence for
determined in whole urine samples (urine protein, glucose, creatinine,
Author
urea, nitrite, Na, K, Cl, were determined in urine samples. Normal
Dr. D. Gopala Krishna
Department of Applied values of these parameters were determined and statistical comparisons
Sciences, Section- among the samples performed. This project was carried out to evaluate
Chemistry, Higher and detect some parameters of Urine. In this project we determined
College of Technology,
Glucose, Urea, Albumin, pH, Chloride, Potassium, Sodium, Nitrate,
Muscat-Post Box no 74,
and Carbonate contents in urine samples, it has been found in Urine
PIN-133, Sultanate of
Oman. more different elements, the result that found in this project when
tested in three different sample, samples (1) baby boy and sample (2)
fasting and third one pregnant, the first experiment determination of pH sample (1) 6.16,
sample (2) 5.30 sample (3) 5.49. Second experiment appearance of Glucose, the Glucose only
present in pregnant sample, third experiment detection of Urea and fourth experiment
detection of albumin they are present in all samples, experiment five determination electric
conductivity sample (1) 7.07 sample (2) 29.9 sample (3) 9.92. Experiment six determination
Chloride sample (1) 1.4 g sample (2) 2.04g sample (3) 1.1. Experiment seven determination
of Potassium sample (1) 19 ppm, sample (2) 44 ppm sample (3) 40 ppm, experiment eight
determination of Sodium sample (1) 26ppm, sample (2) 55 ppm, sample (3) 32p pm.

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Gopala et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Experiment nine determination of Nitrate sample (1) 0.4 ppm, sample (2) 2.5 ppm, sample
(3) 0.7 ppm. The last experiment determination of appearance carbonate only present in
sample (2) and (3).

KEYWORDS: Bio-chemical parameters, hematological parameters, urine.

INTRODUCTION: Is an ultra-filtrate of plasma from which glucose, amino acids, water

and other substances essential to body metabolism have been reabsorbed. Urine carries waste
products and excess water out of the body.

Urine test: A urine test checks different components of urine, a waste product made by the
kidneys. A regular urine test may be done to help find the cause of symptoms. The test can
give information about your health and problems you may have.
The kidneys take out waste material, minerals, fluids, and other substances from the blood to
be passed in the urine. Urine has hundreds of different body wastes. What you eat, drink, how
much you exercise, and how well your kidneys work can affect what is in your urine.

Urine Colour: Shows fluid balance, diet, medicines, and diseases. Level of darkness tests
amount of water the urine. Vitamin B supplements can turn urine bright yellow. Some
medicines, blackberries, beets, rhubarb, or blood in the urine can turn urine red-brown.

Urine Clarity: Tests bacteria, blood, sperm, crystals, or mucus can make urine look cloudy.

Urine Odour: Diseases caused by bacteria can cause a bad odour, while diabetes can cause a
sweet, fruity urine odour.

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Gopala et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Urine Gravity or Density: Tests substances in the urine and shows how well the kidneys
balance water in urine.

Urine pH: tests acidity (alkaline) of urine. Urine pH of 4 is strongly acidic, 7 is neutral, and 9
is strongly alkaline.

Urine protein: tests protein presence in urine. Protein should not be present in urine, but
hard exercise, pregnancy, and some diseases, especially kidney disease, may cause presence
protein in urine. Presence of specific protein called Albumin is referred to as referred to as
Albuminuria.

Urine glucose: Tests glucose levels in blood. When blood sugar level is very high, it can be a
sign of diabetes, or damaged kidneys.

Urine Nitrates: and Urine Nitrites - tests for urinary tract infection (UTI) to see level of
enzyme that changes urinary nitrates to nitrites, which indicate UTI
Leukocyte esterase (WBC esterase) - test white blood cells in the urine, indicating UTI. More
about Leukocytes.

Urine Ketenes: Large amounts of ketenes in the urine may mean diabetic ketoacidosis.

Urine casts: Some urine tests show casts that form in tiny tubes in the kidneys, showing
kidney disease may be present.

Other substances that may be found in a urine test

Bilirubin: A substance formed by the breakdown of red blood cells, not typically found in
urine. If Bilirubin is present, it may mean liver damage or that flow of bile from the
gallbladder is blocked.

Bence Jones protein: Abnormal protein found in the urine tests in about 50% of people with
a rare type of cancer called multiple myeloma.[1]

Type of analysis:
Macroscopic analysis: (A) physical characteristics (B) chemical analysis.

Microscopic examination: urine sediment is examined under microscope to identify the

components of the urinary sediments. Tests urine sediment for red or white blood cells (not

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Gopala et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

usually found in urine), inflammation, disease, or injury to the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or
urethra.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Organic: urea, uric acid, creatinine.

Inorganic: Cl-, PO4-3, HBO3, NH4, SO4-2.

1. Urea: 1ml urine + 3 ml NaOCL (sodium hypochlorite) ==>Evolution of N2 gas.

2. Uric acid UA: 1ml urine + 0.5 ml 10% NaOH +1ml Folins reagent ===> Blue color.
3. Creatinine: 1ml urine + drops Picric acid + drops NaOH ====> red color ppt. Note: if
reaction is acidified with HCL, the color changes to yellow.
4. Chloride: 1ml urine + drops HNO3 +1 ml AgNO3===> white ppt of AgCL.
5. Phosphate: 1ml urine + 1ml conc. HNO3 + 1ml NH4-molybdate===>Yellow color.
6. Carbonate: 1ml urine + drops conc. HCL ==> Na2CO3 + 2 HCL ==> H2O + 2NaCL +
CO2.
7. Ammonia: Make urine alkaline with NaOH. Close the tube with a cork containing
another side tube dipped in Nessler's reagent. Heat the urine and then notice the evolving
of NH3 in Nessler's reagent.
 Detect NH3 by its odour.
 1ml urine + 1ml phenol + 1ml NaBr =======> Blue color.
8. Sulphates:1ml urine + 2 drops conc. HCL + few drops BaCL2 ===> White ppt of BaSO4.
SO4 + BaCL2 =====> BaSO4 + 2CL-

Protein: It is normally not found in the urine. Fever, hard exercise, pregnancy, and some
diseases, especially kidney disease, may cause protein to be in the urine.

Glucose: Glucose is the type of sugar found in blood. Normally there is very little or no
glucose in urine. When the blood sugar level is very high, as in uncontrolled diabetes, the
sugar spills over into the urine. Glucose can also be found in urine when the kidneys are
damaged or diseased.

Nitrites: Bacteria that cause a urinary tract infection (UTI) make an enzyme that changes
urinary nitrates to nitrites.

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Leukocyte esterase (WBC esterase): Leukocyte esterase shows leukocytes (white blood
cells [WBCs]) in the urine.

Ketones: When fat is broken down for energy, the body makes substances called ketones (or
ketone bodies). These are passed in the urine. Large amounts of ketones in the urine may
mean a very serious condition, diabetic ketoacidosis, is present. A diet low in sugars and
starches (carbohydrates), starvation, or severe vomiting may also cause ketones to be in the
urine.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table: 1 Physico-Chemical parameters of urine

Type of urine sample

Parameter
Baby boy Fasting Pregnant
pH 6.16 5.30 5.49
Glucose ND ND Present
Urea present present Present
Albumin NA present Present
EC (μs/cm) 7.07 29.9 9.92
Chloride (g) 1.4 2.04 1.1
Potassium (ppm) 19 44 40
Sodium (ppm) 26 55 32
Nitrate (ppm) 0.4 2.5 0.7
Carbonate ND present Present

Figure: 1.Physico-Chemical parameters of urine

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CONCLUSION
This project was carried out to evaluate and detect some parameters of Urine. In this project
we determined Glucose, Urea, Albumin, pH, Chloride, Potassium, Sodium, Nitrate, and
Carbonate contents in urine samples, it has been found in Urine more different elements, the
result that found in this project when tested in three different sample, samples (1) baby boy
and sample (2) fasting and third one pregnant. Analysis of urine is important conservation
applications, as knowledge of reproductive parameters is essential for population liability
analysis.

In the end of this project we find that, fasting has the highest pH, electrical conductivity and
concentration Sodium, Potassium and nitrate. Also the dedicate appearance of albumin,
carbonate and Urea is more in fasting. Baby boy has lowest pH, electrical conductivity and
concentration of Sodium, Potassium and nitrate. The dedicate appearance of Glucose is more
in pregnant and less in fasting.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors thank to Higher College of Technology, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman, for providing
research facilities to the research scholar.

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