Scribd Logo
Importer

Bienvenue sur Scribd !

  • Ritner - Implicit Models Cross Cultural Interaction

    Transféré par

    David
    19 vues8 pages
    Ritner_Implicit-Models-cross-cultural-interaction: a question of noses, soap, and prejudice

    Titre original

    Ritner_Implicit-Models-cross-cultural-interaction

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Formats disponibles

    PDF ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd

    Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

    Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

    Signaler ce document
    Ritner_Implicit-Models-cross-cultural-interaction: a question of noses, soap, and prejudice

    Droits d'auteur :

    © All Rights Reserved
    Téléchargez comme PDF ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    19 vues8 pages

    Ritner - Implicit Models Cross Cultural Interaction

    Transféré par

    David
    Ritner_Implicit-Models-cross-cultural-interaction: a question of noses, soap, and prejudice

    Droits d'auteur :

    © All Rights Reserved
    Téléchargez comme PDF ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    sur 8
    istiagoede CHAPTER 34 IMPLICIT MODELS OF CROSS-CULTURAL INTERACTION: A QUESTION OF NOSES, SOAP, AND PREJUDICE ROBERT K.RETWER The Orient tine 1 1975,a say ofthe “Lins of Helesiation” by Arai Momigliano began y noting that ‘The pilsopic brian wil never sop mediating 0 th nose of leopara. If ht nok hd pleased the gods ati pleased Cassar and Antony, . we wuld havermore books on ‘Tutankmen and on Alexander the Great Bats Latin speaking Eiusolope, nt 8 Greekspeaking Exypologit bought to Bria the fis of the vctry of Roman Imperialism over te Hellenic Systm, We must face the face! x. Ria sow bole pono Ane Pee of Epi he Deparment of Net Heer 2. Mein 19S, 1 meal, Mong’ ponent pr ‘tan Canal ras HD pT rmngnne ea aay (p) n (9 writs, which cn rte adn pe ses ns ell Exp eae Stine i mc bole td bse a een wb tc meat ‘rendu ge ce lea The of te enero ae ne nr ‘Seed conte Epis eee Deon be gyi) Cac ‘Snes Ep ne nein pe mes om eat esp hose i ‘stent mas paseder spond yan, theyre ca ce ed ecm nitro Fann ey de a ‘Ssh age Caa a orig he” Mode demi eg he Seite Re cnc eon st oor pay td eer cm pet pet Teen Ppa Satpeseeton a» ‘uciogoa am ‘oseer neon ust precisely wht fats ae intended? The reference to Cleopain's nose i an oft cliché, ppeating twice inthe pilosopial elections of inte Pascal? and even serving ss he name of ‘new volume on “verbal seus Cleopatra's Now, he Twinkie Defence 1500 Other Verbal ‘Shores in Populer Palace Pascel wes the image oly oelet von varity ant ove hati say Caest's chance atacon to Cleoptn, which ha repecaskns ought the Rome worid® ‘Momigio ues this “verbs! shoe” for very éiferem pups the age of the defeted Cleopatra serves to invoduce the reasons for his complete exclusion of Egypt fom 2 sy on Hellnizatin (Momigiano 1975, p. 3-2), ‘Momigiano declares tat there was “to dramatic change inthe Greck evaluation of Egy ring the Hellen Pesiod” all concept were taken fom the fncifel Egypt of Homer and Herodous® Tis san ernrdinay remarks Greeks now lived thoughout Egypt, a whee they mingled extesively with he population oo, hei experience wil have ben fatal — not ee ial —and their concepts il ave changed. When Faiyumi grasa, the cata guaran of Greck ethnic 1s dedicated to an Egyptian crocodile god, Something hus clearly changed ‘Meesigiano's comments sugget the image of Greek forth generation sient in te countyie scaming his Herodtes as theugh a Bucderter' Gide, hoping odicover where lives, and who ‘ris cightors or, perhaps, who sbi wie. ‘Another reason given fo ignoring the question of Egyplia-Greck relations nhs period she supposed decline of Egypin cule, “beeaure was under the dest contol of he Greeks and ame fo represent an inferior suatum ofthe population” (Momiglan 1973, p. 3-4). Such an sessment follows one ofthe most enduring pate edo explnn cultural sry, whish ray be termed the "Bolgial Mode," tif you Wl ellre a «plan: spout, gro, lowes nd decays ‘Whether expensed openly or merely implied, this notion endtlies most dcrsion of rpton hsor tots day. Te OM Radeon ie “pte de Ringo repose “growin the New Kingdom the “lower white the Late perio constiues “peated decy,” snd the Plolemaic and Roman eras ae certain “death Lae of pial independence eer breted ass los of cultural independence and vials. Any evidence of rbuequent changes ewed in terms of degenemton or Freie flea. "The uadoal, tie histories of Breasied and Gardiner sep with the Pein conquest. Breasted applicd biological model quite ttealy, describing pos-Persian Epypt as the “conalsive contractions which sometines lend mementary moto olinbe fom wish concious Se Bain aed Dab 175,» 19nd ei yal 959.28 See 6 3-1 ‘Asand inn 19 Te dca Caption 21 oma 195141390 p22 Sheva 18, pS: Qu vot ov i vi emer verter ees ean aon ence siege Comedies ‘le nest alain Cee ne cn ree be che rene ot eres te espns mtn, nde ner Lene pee aS Cease ne ttre so ding Se abo eee Sa "Vn- came evel Seances lures Ear te eypan og ore h sammie a Epona te nd Se “Rt dar concn Wp. ethereal Seem (Secneto ony heen maf plan UP Int Maman ss mg a ‘ri et dE * rel pwc it sm Se Sepa (6 Fort sie Tay Cee Dt 16 er 16.38. Th isin i pty in wi ‘Stemmons pals Het seo luce lite has lng departed” Gardner noted that it might seem “ldiros" to sop Egyptian history idouremioning the nejor Plemsc temples, bt offered We renders saperor ve ne fort ‘of ial chapter on Egypton prehistory (Garner 196), p. 382). Te lade extends nt merely {o histories but o historians Nate how few Demaueis there ae in word, bow few contemporary Egyptlogsts exend ther intr patTatankhamen andthe New Kingdom "owen "Inthe pas, Demtcsts have been cntdered almost “suipect” to “mainstream” Eaypolops Pethips wonhy of reflection tt Petrie di not commision « Demi fo wit the Polenaic Yolame in his series A Hinary of Egypt bu isens ted to he Greck historian Mati (199), ‘The presumption sof course, ta Plenic history i Greet Roy mative Egypn history was ead, Wiha Demise, te response to sac declaration of “premature deat has ken the fom of merous suis ting and sessing te vali of late, tative ale, whether n terms of religion, iteratre, or even economies. Ins fara cara “vay” confised with clr “puri.” however, we run the eskof devaluing important examples of reclamation For the Egyptian historian, it sould be remembered thatthe “lowering” ofthe New Kingiom ‘occured wihin «truly “mliculea” coatet, wih Semi afeence frm he cout tothe ‘otysde, with clear iftoence nthe miliary, religion, and erate Sach celal tocovings in the New Kingiom are seen nol s decay, bul te commopolian adaptations inctve of ia, ‘Need Polemalc Egyptian adaption be seen a anything less? ‘The biological model which has 3 dominated Egyptian historiography has alo had i ns. ence in the wing of Grek sory. With the le of pital dependence to Alexandr, Greek. caltre was once thought 1 have lost it utenti, 2 notion ened othe contrat posed by the names "Hellenic" (pemine Gree) and “Helleseic” ("would be” Greek) * OM notion of ¢ Hellenistic mixed cle” celsed he pernd nthe eyes of Casts, Like Demotwiss, Greek Papyrologiss have ben vewev as “auider.” In 1920, the great Helen ehlarRosontzeff sul had o appeal fr nteestinibe pve, and nis that Alexandra was eps continuation of Abens? The necessity of th appea! is clear from the ame scholars sppoiniment a the ‘Universi of Wisconsin in Madson inthe Ancient History depariment — the Clsls depart ‘woul ave othing to do wih tim." Rostovzelfsuesed a vison ofthe Hellenistic word which as designed to win over the Chia historia, however. In th vision, «Gree "werd eure” sppie ts geius nd innovation” to revivify er, withering evlaaions. The Greks were notin Seated tS 5b era evens nye ii pn ei Bed por eta Site fp ome (Bye HD 8, Fore cane dri oe ete of he teen” by Dyn ade oc sn re ‘Sed ef atts te tes 197 pp. 9 Fre ened ofS nono een ‘i ef Mir Src:Desptloice p iy W Tak aoe 9 Rounnt 9287p. 16-7 Canpar6“Sth opel egy ef dene Tke Be ‘ery imag ta ee nto Aker edwin ena Booey seated Ree Pepe nh ln ree Tey uefa ens pn eke Ge pas 10, Rese teow eal Cs Drea cha Boesec 6. 91-0, ep. 5 Ructrnce ftp steely amg sloshing 6 ‘once i. arven 1 deci; they were the diving sis of + nem, if totbarian, ode! The concep of bringing ‘Wester innovton othe withered East hd long Been a festere of he ston of "Heleiato, and was lal based onthe model of Nineteenth celuy Europes imperialism. As Alan Sem bas emarked "Perhaps American eas of manifest deity’ made he eso the pres of Grek cular as welome in the US. a8 Kipling’ ‘white mans burden" made i endersondable in Briain” (A. Sumel 1985p. 1) Thi ctrl pale” was expily recogized by Bevan, who ‘elit necesns wo sess coin dierences between Palma Egypt and Breh South Aliso India (Bevan 198, p86 and 89). Noetelese, Greek cere ws fo be viewed as spin, with ‘isnt patoizing sted toward the leas Ts, when Bevan eel nots the exience of emetic docuens he remars th! hy urish important at for naive ie; the possiblity does no oscuro him that they could be af iors for the coun a a whole, and Wey lay act ‘ole in his histor of Polemaic Egypt. 1 Greek cafe we lobe saved fom the Wologcal ‘model, Eeypa clare was sil een aa withering pla. "The evolve theres of Restore aed snow element the alder colon mode, clearly eived trom his own, personal experience. From the as, the Greks opposed adapted si pe {ected the notin of “Oriental Desptisn a strong ental power which demanded blind obedl- nce conoid private property, and dese orci or baoralize proton” 1s tenes Act to know wheter be speaking of Plemaic Egypt, oof Marist Ras, from which he hd recent fed. For Resovet tbe Egyptian was no longer paonined by a benign superior, bt iuhleslyexpcited by x monoiticgovemment —be was a euleless, powerless, sevond-lst zeae ited Soch an imge easly edt the perception of racial animosity between Egyptian and Gree, and festered sie of eal resstoce to Hellenism uch ata of Ean 1961 ané Moms in 1975.4 The Egyptian was now scen as hateful, rebeliou, and testeing though ail of course, second lass (ur thorecal approsch to Polemaic Egypan society has changed mac nthe past teen years Noon fail animosy have been sound, and, owls, the vito local Egyptian tration as been recogized. A recent syposim on leopata's Egypt in Brookia was etied "Rost 920. S-phase be ged pda ei’ nd ‘he rey ses nr peily ip ae mrs Er fag as rset Poof al Ge ped mother pone ang ‘Sear nel economies dpe et eke tpn a {oe ayn “rcp oma een ty Baga 8p. 1 uel pre ‘nama epsnce ste arp oe Gs thal po En ren ‘alvngeiy p21 Comps Ee add bet paren ty ee Seed {ye apain ek csp of arena snl enters Ege on rt ‘unig Beran ois nt Tar ones Sere fom ted ves ae 1X Se! UypS-65Hopl'asel to ey Epa abaeenay tp Penn ede ‘ser pen ia he penance 8) he etn coef me ee Semen ates pp env ssh ih pp 338, oh gene es sain tec em py he aye i it ‘eel be Eon sewers emp ey of apse pn ha de tc a. tin ener oma ta ppery eve eee fe Se ee a ‘sett anioninpeaton 1 re ip of ch hin ep wings ei 8p 9 ‘skating ed “Cultures in Cote.” yet the question of ctr animosity was ignore by all speakers. Olt conceps of elt sythesis or subjugation ae giving way t thesis cf cultural septation ‘Wile tis separation shoud pethps plese everyone, allowing Grek and Egyptian cure to be “vital” independent, 1 fear tht it can be taken to fz, and are suspicious ofthe underlying motives in overaresing the absence of interaction and wonder whether euural “vial” i agsin ‘confeed with clue! “prt” ‘Consider the 1989 discusion by Helaich von Sinden on the quertion ofthe infuence of Egyptian medicine onthe Alexandvan physician Hiropius." Von Stan adic sini- lave in terms of pals aking, drugs, nd eat teory, baths ergumers ee often cared by djctives, no evcece:Exypan pte theory i damisned a ageing bt insitnt"” Ey Aisease theory ist alien” othe Oreck (von Staden 1989, 5) te Egyptian physician's ove it aggresive,” the Greck's is “restained” (von Sinden 1989, p. 15). Egyplaneoema treatment are said to represect “»pahologial preoccupation withthe ante. boind o elicit an elico-psyeho- logical study of Paraonic Egypt sooner or ltr” (11) I should beaded that one Eeypin enema speci iskoown o have had enough Greek patent to require the rervce of «well pak lerpeter here a! leat thee is ret catrlprecsupain?" Having aeated the Egyptians of ‘neartie cleanines, von Stade then fu them as dy for not know up (Yo Saden 1989, 19) Soup as ve Know i was invented in 1787 bythe French surgeon Nicolas Leblanc, ‘ompied by an exter offer of «ate prize by Lois XVL" Un thes, “any had Bee imported from the Aras, ad had cand of fats ond naron from the Wadi ara This was the "ony" that had been avalable tothe Greks — and before them othe Egypte. Vou Sade’ arg mets Show the suvval ofthe old notion of the low els, eulrelees Egypt, what inate oo Superar cate is nhintabe. ‘Old flings of eat eperionty diehard, but wht important is tha sich prejoices are ‘enh feelings ef scholars, ot hse ofthe people they sy. A god cat in poi isthe Famous ‘quotation of Pabias on the Aletansanpopsation x excerpted by Sub [XXIV. 14). Assen to Poiybies, the maventry woop are numerous, rough, and uncivilized, th Alexandrian sre mot ‘el, but the native Egypins ere aut and lized (rym naloov). Thi favorable charae= terization ofthe Eppins has generally confounded Caricits, whore motels of yptn clare were determine by contemporary stereotypes of aves a alles, roe second-clarcizns 16 Plena Cas Con” ne Decor 23, 98h okie oem. Lace end tmpnaze eenten tnd cum ns bomcen cor Aa sn ped der tg ‘Hla azn of camrer nae? pens compe arena 1, Se A San 8, pine 14 cpcly 1-175 Bal 1988, 9:21-2. 1 Rew e199, 76.390. 18, Ven Sen 95 18 Eppa inn ein edb tne” 20. Yn Sader 190, 9.12 Ts hyp ttt ne a's eon pian ee Bay, are eS era cmp mptoarsene§ as oe 21. Amite gg on aden 9.2. The ws iit ete med cae a Ace shri tind ere ees of oy Alsen td pe {ener shu esa racine pata, Sg Hp nem ot ceo “eee en eases Geka ne ae i iver meee te, roses Wehner romeo ea ‘Yeni 12 "legen steko ieee” Apt pentru ofthe gic develpatl mde nin Bat 85. 296-08, BR ued ‘Though Mahatfy (1890p. 191) andthe Lach ctr Palon (1975, vl 6.35) kept the postive ‘eanatn, Kunze emended the Greek wo read “gio” (wtsoe) "while Bevan “cary” assumed ht Polybis meant "The Egyptians at Alexia might be rogues and cheats, bot hey id ot violate the ere ofthe they were cil rogies” (Bevan 1968, p00, ce 3), Levenne kept he tet and aslated “submissive othe lm” Kramer changed aohiito to exchisnor “ueciviiae,” and mos edie smply inert oo “na” before makina, yielding “not sivid"™ or Fraser, ins Ptolemale Alexandria o 1972 erento i ido be neesary (02, pp. 144-45 note 184, ad he Egyptians ae described a sharpempered and wcvilized” (bd, a 1,p.61 [tales mine). Building upon his emt text racer conceit ete famonerk of Alexandrian story, stribting te city tof ter yer the violence "inherent inthe character ofthe Egyptianzedpopalation of she ely” (implied poof ofthis assertion being Poybia) 2 Superior Gree car had been weakened and deszoed Urough “he adteration of Greek by Egyptian blood” (Fraser 1972 p. B4), By an oie and devious rein ofthe sources o meet expected prejdees, the one group ror stigmatized by Polybian as factor in civic wast has become the scapegoat forthe city's deme. rarer’ assis of he Jews els interesting hey fre sat be on higher cura eel than te Egypins not because oftheir on cule which Isimetevay, bt becase they beter ape the fashions of heir cural perio. They were able fo “acquire Greek cat of» syperor level" (Fraser 1972p. 5). For Bowersock in 1990, he ery of eparaton of cles is onfimaton ofthe Eaypins “wnessimemoiiy" (58). overcame alas by he ating grace of rec iterate! Since demic wasnt sbout to fil the itlecal and eligioas neds of Eytan, it was thus ukimately Greek, dept long centres of resitance to asin, ta became the language in which Eeypansexpreaed themselves (Bomesock 1990, 9. 51) Eeyptans redeem themseves fr Bowersock byte assim a wandering Greek poets [Asan aide, ope soold contrast he atitude of Giben Mara to Demat leat in 1911 Profeesinghimelffescnatd by the tale a Sine, and rgreting that “nyo education hat been neglected isthe mate of Demaic"he Went on et he translation of Gin Engst vere asthe poem Ngelepa > 24, Bev 197 0, pt 3: Ae Der te i emendn a acpedy Lanb, {ented Tima f beens Une hse gyn ea ‘ta Pej page we ane WM Mi ot cae es ese! a ‘ene mepa of Pa Asie eon es ile od {hueseas ef bebe Bppten sues ee em Sp 9 ae 2% Fone fr 7. pal nt ni 7. vin ey igo ‘tne tpn cnc wr opie Soe of ey prety mga heey Itheheerl Perera mechs mage gue oo 27 Baga 8p. 26s ots eae ag en Ese wi dn aa fe ees it ‘ating te pin, Sih artes arc Epa ae ome Pete a Ta cheng Ingato pn care neat) eres y tev op ow er chow een Spe hr spits ts eet Le ood ‘ene pouein? GeenB8p 2 en psi kacing Consider ally he mach-dbated question ofthe “thy” of Dron’ wife Apna. ‘Though she exlicilysyles herself a "Gree in bo Demotic and Grek leg documents has been sated by Bago In 1988 tal she cunot be Gree, since the “nlc” in which ne lives eons Egypian (p.22)> This “lew” includes, of course, er Crean husband Dyin. Beene. ‘Aollois makes we of Egyptian document, occasionally ass an Egyptian version of her eame tnd aes ia an independent manner which defies standard eeconcetion, Bagnall asumes athe Thins tobe Greek mst be ie (abies accepted at face vale in open cout) “nthe cae ofthe women, we canotdect any mote oer tan social forthe lim of Grech stat wich was For ‘hem higher and more presigous" (Bagnall 1988, pp 23-28). By implienton, no Greek worse ‘wool lower herself using Erin practices — even i res the freedom fo engage con mere without “kyo” a intemediry. Converely, Egyptian women mst hve craved the sa ‘usof # listered Greek Woman." What then should one mike of the lady Artemisia none ofthe catles preserved Greek papi, PGM XL (see Preisendans 1973, vol. 2, pp. 177-78) Her Demoticinluened petition fo Oxerapie i eran reflective of en “Egyptian min” Do we ‘make Artemisia “Helleniaing Egyptian” inthe fourth century RE? Certainly not. When a0 India! is rcognzed as "Greek othe sasfacton of both contemporary Demat el Gresk legal conventions. the are Greco er contermporaes, whatever that enc may have meat in Polemaic Egypt Who are we ssggest that the etniiy mis be afin, justo meet our expectations? {ier evidence of ny sr of aca or eur! chain i exceedingly are fr te Polerste pesid.” In this rear, pacar interest has ben devoted during this conference fo the peer nia ate of seeing the salt ax for “Greeks” as atested inthe Dem Lille ppys fom the Fry, This imbalame bas been sugested by Dorothy Thompson to be « “benefit” for Greek speakers, serving san indocement or Egypan olearn the Grek language. ln cuts, Willy CClarysse has viewed the estit rates a8 for of instutonaized clr “animation” 12% ican def Repl 986. 21-27, ect tacking myo ai 118 bare 48 pp. 1-24 oo psn 9 Sap (fo md ue eed “eof crn fiend xn p36 3) ae wa ae peat fis own reve Bt ace pn ly Py ede ay et ‘Besa coment oe Amen Reve Comrie Baal ‘er ives conet eset the pcm yong ay Ree sp tno ‘rent miming Eppa cee bn 1986 1, (ei tan oy ‘ecient ote veg) ee mw be aun ef Sara {SiH ente deat eum Exper some Cape nha ture Chapars 5. Ther i ost pinto ee: water Asn ev “Eapanig Grae ening Exper Ey ma beeen pi i. Get ia dps oe we ao redo merece 22 he deaf ies fmm (le tpl ng“ elGvnpiand te osha Oc" Wir rm hp se te eta ‘Staaten, Caper 2 53, See A Semel 989. "aon fe acme. ad ae ae mee er cna ‘tannin sup ewe occ tiers nl ay 2 ‘pram i Sop a ays nt din fs Gel aes se eh ‘Rts hes UP28 wh oe ptr re an gpm ocr Nie spe $e yean reine Goin 08 ty apg a pn e Sad ‘ae gpien competion wa ate on hss ete Sinton ke oe ate ed ‘Brot ements Soy ya 1p 200 Thema et ‘Tut pe opts ot pr of Bp ere Cte sae uu eit at ‘net cy Seno he trom fgg ad stom Is pep ae oes ‘Sewoes apg Bah tng (te Fetch Fs eo Poh vm be Bh Psa ce) These epoca acm istiagoeds guns Egypins. * While the monetary dant i ty vial (one abl rough a 4332p), the interpretive distinction between te designations “ndbcemen” and “dtriminatin™ suite Significant. The “face” we noncommial lling ready prey 19 ow theoreti binsex In eer interpretation, however, te one oboldiletesce ned bt fleet sense of “aca operon.” IF Greek-peaking Eeyptinn are ndmited 5 "Helene is obvious ut thik that is need ot reflect» sece of “ela sprinter, perhaps simply a recogaton of eats seperation ‘ed america! imbslance anything, it sopgets a cltie — or pethaps pally «language — on the defensive superiority dows not need indocernet The recess of Greek administra i the developing Fagum was oa large extent dependent yon bureaeratc series and interpreter Sent in tat ange. in any eae, the Ptolemaic salt x does no repesent «coset cultural policy, forthe preferential ata were soon abandoned. Greeks and Egyptians were ten taxed ually. Tn the past, our heres have dictated oarFcta fen so fats hve dicted our ores ‘Thera bss ha ben anrecognned ani pervasive inflvence ignored. So long swe ae wl Ing wallow or preconceptions osctre our question and answers torrie the hsterans, of

    Vous aimerez peut-être aussi