Sculpture

DEFINTION
BASIC PROCESS
BASIC TECHNIQUES
TYPES OF SCULPTURE
  Sculpture is three-dimensional artwork created by
shaping or combining hard materials - typically stone
such as marble - or metal, glass, or wood. Softer
("plastic") materials can also be used, such as clay,
textiles, plastics, polymers and softer metals. The term
has been extended to works including sound, text and
light.
 Found objects may be presented as sculptures. Materials
SCULPTURE may be worked by removal such as carving; or they may
be assembled such as by welding, hardened such as by
firing, or molded or cast. Surface decoration such as paint
may be applied.
 Sculpture has been described as one of the plastic arts
because it can involve the use of materials that can be
moulded or modulated.
 The word sculpture originates from the Latin word
sculpere, which means "to carve".
 Sculpting Processes
 Additive Process
The sculptor builds the work,
adding material as the work progresses.
Modelling, construction, and assemblage
are additive processes.
 Subtractive Process
The sculptor begins with a mass
of material larger than the finished work
and removes material, or subtracts from
that mass until the work achieves its
finished form. Carving is a subtractive
process.
 CARVING
Dating from pre-historic times, carving is
a process in which the artist subtracts or cuts away
from a solid material to reach the desired form. It
Techniques can be a very painstaking and time consuming
in Sculpture method because of the hard and weighty
materials, such as marble or other stones, that are
often used. However, artists also carve softer
substances such as wood and even soap.
 Modelling
Modelling is the process of manipulating
soft materials to create a three-dimensional form.
Unlike carving, modeling requires soft substances
Techniques that can be easily and rapidly shaped by the
sculptor's hands. Clay is the most frequent
in Sculpture material used for modeling, however, others such
as plaster, papier-maché, and wax are also
common.
 Casting
Casting is a method of obtaining the
permanence of a modeled work by making a mold
and casting it in a durable material such as bronze.
Two methods of casting are used: sand casting and
the cire-perdue or "lost wax" process. The lost-wax
Techniques process is more widely used, however, both have
been frequently employed since antiquity.
in Sculpture
 Construction and Assemblage
Emerging in the twentieth-century, the
techniques of assemblage and construction
consist of combining and joining various materials
to form a three-dimensional object. These
methods originated from the technique collage,
Techniques which was popularized by the Cubists during the
in Sculpture early part of the twentieth century.
 Digital Sculpture
also known as sculpt modeling or 3D sculpting, is the
use of software that offers tools to push, pull, smooth,
grab, pinch or otherwise manipulate a digital object as
if it were made of a real-life substance such as clay.

Techniques
in Sculpture
Kinds of Sculpture

 Free Standing Sculpture

sculpture that is
surrounded on all sides, except the
base, by space. It is also known as
sculpture "in the round", and is
meant to be viewed from any angle.
Kind of Sculpture

 Jewellery
The word jewellery is derived from
the word jewel, which was anglicized from the
Old French "jouel" circa the 13th century
Further tracing leads back to the Latin word
"jocale", meaning plaything.
It is in a form of personal adornment,
manifesting itself as brooches, rings,
necklaces, earrings, and bracelets. Jewellery
may be made from any material, usually
gemstones, precious metals, beads, or shells.
 Types of Relief Sculpture
(1) Low Relief(basso-relievo, or bas-relief), where the sculpture
projects only slightly from the background surface;

Kind of (2) High Relief (alto-relievo, or alto-relief), where the sculpture

projects at least half or more of its natural circumference
Sculptures from the background, and may in parts be wholly disengaged
from the ground, thus approximating sculpture in the round.
Relief Sculpture (3) Mid Relief (mezzo-relievo), a style which falls roughly
are sculptures between the high and low forms];
that are still (4) Sunken relief, (incised, coelanaglyphic or intaglio relief),
attached to a where the carving is sunk below the level of the surrounding
background; surface and is contained within a sharpely incised contour line
that frames it with a powerful line of shadow.
  Kinetic Sculpture
involves aspects of physical motion;
Kind of notable examples are fountains (the
Sculpture sculpture is designed with moving water) and mobile
sculpture.
 Statue - representationalist sculpture depicting a
specific entity, usually a person, event, animal or
object.
Types
 Full statue
 Bust - representation of a person from the chest up
Kind of  Equestrian statue - typically showing a significant
Sculpture person on horseback
  Stacked art
a form of sculpture formed by assembling objects and
'stacking' them
 Architectural sculpture
sculpture infused with the architecture of the building
 Environmental sculpture
sculpture that creates or alters the environment for the
viewer, as opposed to presenting itself figurally or monumentally
Kind of before the viewer.

Sculpture  Sound sculpture

an intermedia and time based art form in which
sculpture or any kind of art object produces sound, or the reverse.
Most often sound sculpture artists were primarily either visual
artists or composers, not having started out directly making sound
sculpture.
 Light sculpture
Light art or luminism is an applied art form in which
light is the main medium of expression. It is an art form in which
either a sculpture produces light, or light is used to create a
"sculpture" through the manipulation of light, colors, and shadows.
“I say that the art of
sculpture is eight
times as great as any
other art based on
drawing, because a
statue has eight
views and they must
all be equally well
made."
Benvenuto Cellini
Italian Baroque goldsmith and
sculptor1500-1571