Notes in Research - Maglaque found out that praise is an
important factor in learning, etc.,
Standard Styles in Related Literature,
References, or Citations
One cardinal principle in research is
acknowledging or recognizing the owners of any
form of knowledge you intend to include in your
research paper.
The following are the three terms used
to express your appreciation for or recognition
of people’s ownership of borrowed ideas (Sharp
2012):
1. Acknowledgement
- Beginning portion of the work that
identifies the individuals who
contributed something in production of
the paper
2. References or Bibliography
- A complete list of all reading materials
including books, journals, periodicals,
etc. from where the borrowed ideas
come from
3. Citation or In-text Citation
- Reference within the main body of the
text, specifically in Review of Related
Literature
Purposes of Citations
1. To give importance and respect to other
people for what they know about the
field.
2. To give authority, validity, and
credibility to other people’s claims,
conclusions, and arguments.
3. To prove your broad and extensive
reading of authentic and relevant
material about your topic.
4. To help readers find or contact the
sources of ideas easily.
5. To permit readers to check the
accountancy of your work.
6. To save yourself from plagiarism.
Guidelines in Citing Authors of the Related
Literature
- In citing the sources of the related
literature and studies in the body of the
research paper (or in-text citation), the
following:
1. By author or writer
- In this method, facts, ideas, or
principles, although they have the same
meaning, are discussed or explained
separately and cited in the footnote
with their respective authors or writers.
- Example: According to Enriquez, praise
is an important factor in learning, etc.,
(Enriquez, 1981)
(Maglaque, 1984)
2. By topic
- In this case, if many authors or writers
have the same idea about the same
topic, discussion and citation of the
topic is under the name of the authors
or writers.
- This is a summary of their opinions.
- This is to avoid separate and long
discussions of the same topic.
- Example: It has been found out that
praise is an important aid in learning of
children. (Enriquez, 1981)
3. Chronological
- related materials or references may be
cited chronologically, that is, according
to the year they were written.
- Materials which were written earlier
should be cited first before those which
were written later.
- This can be done specially when the
citation can be done in the footnote.
Ways of Citing
APA Format
(American Psychological Association or APA
style)
- is the most common way to cite sources
in the field of social sciences.
- In this formal, the author-date method
of in-text citation is followed, in which
the author’s surname and the year of
publication for the source should
appear in the text.
1. A work by two authors
– name both authors in the
parentheses whenever their work
is cited.
– Use the word “and” between the
authors’ names within the text and
use the ampersand in parentheses.
– Example: Research is… (Robinson &
Levin, 1997)
– Example: Robinson & Levin (1997)
discussed…
2. A work by three or five authors
– List all the authors in the
parentheses the first time you cute
the source (web, 2019)
– Use the word “and” between the
authors’ names within the text and
use the ampersand in parentheses.
(web, 2019)
– Include the entire author’s
surname in parentheses the first
 time the source is cited (notes,
2019)
– Example: (Kernis, Cornell, Sun,
Berry, & Harlow, 1993)
– In subsequent citations, only use
the first author’s last name
followed by “et al.” in the
parentheses.
– Example: (Kernis et al., 1993)
– Note: In et al., et should not be
followed by a period
3. Six or more authors
– use the first author’s name
followed by et al. in parentheses
– Example: Harris et al. (2001)
argued…
– Example: (Harris et al., 2001)
4. Associations, corporations, government
agencies, etc. as an author
– if the name of an association is the
source, it should be cited as:
(notes)
– Example: According to Department
of Education (2013) …
– If the author is as organization or a
government agency, mention the
organization in the signal phrase or
in the parenthetical citation the
first time you cite the
sources.(web, 2019)
– Example: According to the
American Psychological Association
(2002) (web, 2019)
– If the organization has a well-
known abbreviation, include the
abbreviation in brackets the first
time the source is cited and then
use only the abbreviation in later
citations.
– Example: First Citations: (Mothers
Against Drunk Driving [MADD],
2000)
– Example: Second Citation: (MADD,
2000)
5. Citing direct sources (Indirect – web)
– if a source was mentioned in
another source, name the original
source in your reference list and
include the secondary source in the
parentheses (web, 2019)
– Example: Johnson argued that… (as
cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102)
– Note: When citing material in
parenthesis, set off the citation
with a comma, as above. (web,
2019)
– Also, try to locate the original
material and cite the original
source. (web, 2019)
6. Citing websites
– websites are cited the same way as
any other source, using the author-
date style if known.
– Example: Kenneth (2000) explained
…
– If there is no author, the title and
the date cited as an in-text citation,
use the abbreviation “n.d” (for “no
date”).
– Example: Another study of students
and research decisions discovered
that students succeeded with
tutoring (“Tutoring and APA,” n.d.).
MLA Format
(Modern Language Associations)
- Most commonly used to write papers
and cite sources within the liberal arts
and humanities
1. In-text citation: Author-Page Style
- Author’s last name and the page
number from which the quotation or
paraphrase is taken.
- Example: (Smith, p. 39)
2. Citing Non-Print or Sources from the
internet
- Most scholarly works available on the
internet, more are sources that are not
credible for academic, research papers
that can be easily edited.
3. Electronic and Internet sources, the
following guidelines are recommended:
- In the text, list the first item that
appears in the Work Cited Entry that
matches to the citations.
Sources from the Internet
- There are sources that are credible for
academic or research papers, especially
those that can
- (e.g. author’ name, article, website
name)
- Paragraphs or page numbers should not
be needed
- Just the domain: Google.com
References
- The reference entry generally includes
the following 4 elements:
1. Author’s Name
2. Date of Publication
3. Title of the work
4. Publication of Information
Note: The author’s name should be
arranged alphabetically.