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Submitted by:
AMBER KHANNA
BHUMIKA KATYAL
RASHMI KURUP
RF link design for 2G and 3G
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to all those who gave me the possibility to
complete this report. A special thanks to our final year project co-guide at AIRCEL, Mr. Amit
Mittal and Ms. Uma Reddy, whose help, stimulating suggestions and encouragement, helped
me to coordinate my project especially in writing this report.
I would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role of the staff of AIRCEL
INDIA, who gave the permission to use all required equipments, computer systems and the
necessary material to complete my project.
I would like to express my sincere thanks and heart full gratitude to Mr. Dipayan Panjafor his
immense support & guidance whenever needed during the course of my training .I would also
like to extend my gratitude to the whole staff of Aircel India for providing all the required data
and information and helping me in the success of the training.
This work could not have been completed without the indispensable assistance rendered to us by
Mr. Nitin Tyagi for providing us numerous facilities to study their resources.
.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter I
1. Company profile .............................................................................................................. 4
1.1. Early history and timeline ................................................................................................ 5
1.2. Core business ...................................................................................................................... 6
1.3. Key people .......................................................................................................................... 8
Chapter II
2. Introduction to mobile communication ......................................................................... 10
2.1. Basic architecture of GSM ............................................................................................. 11
2.2. GSM interfaces................................................................................................................. 22
Chapter III
3. Wireless concepts .......................................................................................................... 28
3.1. Basic definitions for frequency concepts ...................................................................... 32
Chapter IV
4. Features of GSM............................................................................................................ 33
4.1. Base station identity code ............................................................................................... 35
Chapter V
5. Channel concept ............................................................................................................ 37
5.1. Data services in GSM ....................................................................................................... 39
Chapter VI
6. GPRS Architechture .......................................................................................................... 41
6.1. GPRS network element ................................................................................................... 41
6.2. Security services in GPRS ................................................................................................ 42
Chapter VII
7. Introduction to RF planning .......................................................................................... 44
7.1. Tools used for RF planning ............................................................................................ 44
7.2. Basic definition used in RF propagation ...................................................................... 47
7.3. Propagation losses…………….. ................................................................................... 49
Chapter VIII
8. RF planning procedures ............................................................................................ 54
8.1. Initial Survay. ................................................................................................................... 55
8.2. Initial design ..................................................................................................................... 56
8.3. Selection of sites .............................................................................................................. 57
Chapter IX
9. RF planning tools used
9.1. Mentum Planet ................................................................................................................. 64
Chapter X
10. Need of advanced systems ...................................................................................... 79
10.1. Spread spectrum .............................................................................................. 84
10.2. WCDMA system…………………………............…………………………………. 87
Reference……………………………………………………………………118
ABSTRACT
The project titledRF link design for 2G and 3G is being actively done in the
Aircel Limited, Team-RF Planning, as a part of Four months Internship.
COMPANY PROFILE
Aircel group is an Indian mobile network operator Headquartered in Gurgaon that provides
wireless voice, messaging and data services in India. It is a joint venture between Maxis
Communications Berhad of Malaysia, whose current shareholders are the Reddy family of
Apollo Hospitals Group of India, with Maxis Communications holding a majority stake of
74%. Aircel commenced operations in 1999 and today is the leading mobile operator in Tamil
Nadu, Assam, North-East India and Chennai.
It is India’s fifth largest GSMmobile service provider and seventh largest mobile service
provider (both GSM and CDMA) with a subscriber base of over 63.35 million, as of December
2012. It has a market share of 7.33% among wireless operators (includes GSM, CDMA, and
FWP operators) in the country.
Aircel has also obtained permission from the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) to
provide International Long Distance (ILD) and National Long Distance (NLD) telephony
services. It also has the Largest service in Tamil Nadu.
Core Business
Core Businesses
3G Coverage
Aircel Business Solutions (ABS), part of Aircel, sells enterprise solutions such as Multiprotocol
Label Switching Virtual Private Networks (MPLS VPNs), Voice over Internet
Protocol (VoIP) and managed video services on wireless platforms including WiMAX.
Key people
Annual Revenue
Introduction
A connection between two people a caller and the called person is the basic service of all
telephone networks. To provide this service, the network must be able to set up and maintain a
call, which involves a number of tasks: identifying the called person, determining the location,
routing the call, and ensuring that the connection is sustained as long as the conversation lasts.
After the transaction, the connection is terminated and (normally) the calling user is charged for
the service he has used.
In a fixed telephone network, providing and managing connections is a relatively easy process,
because telephones are connected by wires to the network and their location is permanent from
the networks’ point of view. In a mobile network, however, the establishment of a call is a far
more complex task, as the wireless (radio) connection enables the users to move at their own free
will providing they stay within the network's service area. In practice, the network has to find
solutions to three problems before it can even set up a call:
• Where is the
subscriber
• Who is the
subscriber
Information about
the subscriber
In other words, the subscriber has to be located and identified to provide him/her with the
requested services. In order to understand how we are able to serve thesubscribers, it is
necessary to identify the main interfaces, the subsystems and network elements in the GSM
network, as well as their functions.
The GSM network is called Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN). It is organised in three
subsystems:
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)
Network Management Subsystem (NMS)
In GSM, the mobile phone is called Mobile Station (MS). The MS is a combination of terminal
equipment and subscriber data. The terminal equipment as such is called ME (Mobile
Equipment) and the subscriber's data is stored in a separate module called SIM (Subscriber
Identity Module).
Therefore, ME + SIM = MS.
From the user’s point of view, the SIM is certainly the best-known database used in a GSM
network. The SIM is a small memory device mounted on a card and contains user-specific
identification. The SIM card can be taken out of one mobile equipment and inserted into another.
In the GSM network, the SIM card identifies the user just like a traveller uses a passport to
identify himself.
The SIM card contains the identification numbers of the user and a list of available networks.
The SIM card also contains tools needed for authentication and ciphering. Depending on the type
of the card, there is also storage space for messages, such as phone numbers. A home operator
issues a SIM card when the user joins the network by making a service subscription. The home
operator of the subscriber can be anywhere in the world, but for practical reasons the subscriber
chooses one of the operators in the country where he/she spends most of the time.
SIM
• The SIM is a removable card that plugs into the ME.
• It identifies the mobile subscriber and provides information about the service that the subscriber
should receive.
• The SIM contains several pieces of information
– International Mobile Subscribers Identity ( IMSI ) - This number identifies the mobile
subscriber. It is only transmitted over the air during initialising.
– Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity ( TMSI ) - This number also identifies the subscriber. It
can be alternatively used by the system. It is periodically changed by the system to protect the
subscriber from being identified by someone attempting to monitor the radio interface.
– Location Area Identity ( LAI ) - Identifies the current location of the subscriber.
– Subscribers Authentication Key ( Ki ) - This is used to authenticate the SIM card.
Mobile Station International Standard Data Number ( MSISDN ) - This is the telephone number
of the mobile.
• Mostof the data contained within the SIM is protected against reading (eg Ki ) or alterations after
the SIM is issued.
• Some of the parameters ( eg. LAI ) will be continously updated to reflect the current location of
the subscriber.
• The SIM card can be protected by use of Personal Identity Number ( PIN ) password.
• The SIM is capable of storing additional information such as accumulated call charges.
CC = Country code
NDC = National Destination Code
SN = Subscriber Number
International Mobile Subscribers Identity ( IMSI ) :
• Network Identity Unique to a MS
• The International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) is the primary identity of the subscriber
within the mobile network and is permanently assigned to that subscriber.
• The IMSI can be maximum of 15 digits.
• The system automatically changes the TMSI at regular intervals, thus protecting the subscriber
from being identified by someone attempting to monitor the radio channels.
• The TMSI is a local number and is always allocated by the VLR.
• The TMSI is maximum of 4 octets.
The Base Station Subsystem is responsible for managing the radio network, and it is controlled
by an MSC. Typically, one MSC contains several BSSs. A BSS itself may cover a considerably
large geographical area consisting of many cells(a cell refers toan area covered by one or more
frequency resources). The BSS consists of the following elements:
BSC Base Station Controller
BTS Base Transceiver Station
TRAU Transcoder and Rate Adaptation Unit (sometimes also called TC (Transcoder))
BSC
TC
BTS BSC
TC
BTS
BTS
Some of the most important BSS tasks are listed in the following:
Synchronisation
The BSS uses hierarchical synchronisation, which means that the MSC synchronises the BSC,
and the BSC further synchronises the BTSs associated with that particular BSC. Inside the BSS,
synchronisation is controlled by the BSC. Synchronisation is a critical issue in the GSM network
due to the nature of the information transferred. If the synchronisation chain is not working
correctly, calls may be cut or the call quality may not be the best possible. Ultimately, it may
even be impossible to establish a call.
Mobility management
The BSC is responsible for initiating the vast majority of all handovers, and it
makes the handover decision based on, among others, measurement reports sent
by the MS during a call.
collecting alarm information. TRAUs are also maintained by the BSC, that is, the BSC collects
alarms related to the transcoders.
Ciphering
Both the BTS and the MS must be able to cipher and decipher information in order to protect the
transmitted speech and data in the air interface.
Speech processing
Speech processing refers to all the functions the BTS performs in order to guarantee an error-free
connection between the MS and the BTS. This includes tasks like speech coding (digital to
analogue in the downlink direction and vice versa), channel coding (for error protection),
interleaving (to enable a secure transmission), and burst formatting (adding information to the
coded speech / data in order to achieve a well-organised and safe transmission).
Speech,
64 kbps 13kbit/s
compression Channel
Coding
MSC TRAU TRAU BTS = redundancy
22.8kbit/s
Interleaving
and ciphering
22.8kbit/s
Air
Interface 33.8kbit/s
GMSK TDMA burst
modulation formatting
f1,f2, f3
BTS
BTS BTS
f1 f2
f5, f6 BTS
BTS
BTS
f3, f4
3 sectorised BTS
Transcoder and
Submultiplexer (TCSM)
BSC
MSC
TC
TC
SM2M
TC
TC
A ter Interface
A ter’ Interface
A Interface
For transmission over the air interface, the speech signal is compressed by the mobile station to
13 kbit/s (Full Rate and Enhanced Full Rate), 5.6 kbit/s (Half Rate), or 12.2 kbit/s
(Enhanced Full Rate). However, the standard bit rate for speech in the PSTN is 64 Kbits/s. The
modulation technique is called "Pulse Code Modulation" (PCM).
The TRAU thus takes care of the change from one bit rate to another. If the TC is located as
close as possible to the MSC with standard PCM lines connecting the network elements, we can,
in theory, multiplex four traffic channels in one PCM channel. This increases the efficiency of
the PCM lines, and thus lowers the costs for the operator. When we connect to the MSC, the
multiplexed lines have to be de-multiplexed. For that reason, the Nokia solution of the TRAU is
called Transcoder and Submultiplexer (TCSM).
According to the standards, the TRAU functionality can be also implemented at the BSC and
BTS site. The most common case is the MSC site.
Another task for the TRAU is to enable DTX (Discontinuous transmission), which is used during
a call when there is nothing to transmit (no conversation). It is activated in order to reduce
interference and to save MS battery.
In the Nokia solution, the submultiplexing and transcoding functions are combined in one piece
of equipment called TCSM2E (European version) or TCSM2A (American version).
GSM Interfaces
One of the main purposes behind the GSM specifications is to define several open interfaces,
which then limit certain parts of the GSM system. Because of this interface openness, the
operator maintaining the network may obtain different parts of the network from different GSM
network suppliers. When an interface is open, it also strictly defines what is happening through
the interface, and this in turn strictly defines what kind of actions/procedures/functions must be
implemented between the interfaces.
The GSM specifications define two truly open interfaces within the GSM network. The first one
is between the Mobile Station (MS) and the Base Station (BS). This open-air interface is called
Um. It is relatively easy to imagine the need for this interface to be open, as mobile phones of all
different brands must be able to communicate with GSM networks from all different suppliers.
The second interface is located between the Mobile services Switching Centre, MSC and the
Base Station Controller (BSC). This interface is called the “A-interface”. The system includes
more than the two defined interfaces, but especially the ones within the BSS not totally open.
VLR
G
BSS NSS D
VLR HLR AC
EIR
B F C
Um
BSC
Abis
TC
BTS Ater A
BTS
(G)MSC E
(G)MSC
AC
EIR HLR
HLR
VLR VLR
GMSC MSC
Call control
This identifies the subscriber, establishes a call, and clears the connection after the conversation
is over.
Charging
This collects the charging information about a call (the numbers of the caller and the called
subscriber, the time and type of the transaction, etc.) and transfers it to the Billing Centre.
Mobility management
This maintains information about the subscriber's location.
Signalling
This applies to interfaces with the BSS and PSTN.
The MSC is responsible for controlling calls in the mobile network. It identifies the origin and
destination of a call (mobile station or fixed telephone), as well as the type of a call.
The MSC is responsible for several important tasks, such as the following.
Call control
MSC identifies the type of call, the destination, and the origin of a call. It also sets up,
supervises, and clears connections.
Initiation of paging
Paging is the process of locating a particular mobile station in case of a mobile terminated call (a
call to a mobile station).
The GMSC is responsible for the same tasks as the MSC, except for paging. It is needed in case
of mobile terminated calls. In fixed networks, a call is established to the local exchange, to which
the telephone is connected. But in GSM, the MSC, which is serving the MS, changes with the
subscriber’s mobility. Therefore, in a mobile terminated call, the call is set up to a well defined
exchange in the subscriber’s home PLMN. This exchange is called GMSC. The GMSC than
interacts with a database called Home Location Register, which holds the information about the
MSC, which is currently serving the MS. The process of requesting location information from
the HLR is called HLR Interrogation. Given the information about the serving MSC, the
GMSC then continues the call establishment process.
In many real life implementations, the MSC functionality and the GMSC functionality are
implemented in the same equipment, which is then just called MSC. Many operators use GMSCs
for breakout to external networks such as PSTNs.
In the Nokia implementation, Visitor Location Register (VLR) is integrated with the MSC
cabinet. VLR is a database that contains information about subscribers currently being in the
service area of the MSC/VLR, such as:
Identification numbers of the subscribers
Security information for authentication of the SIM card and for ciphering
The Network Management Subsystem (NMS) is the third subsystem of the GSM network in
addition to the Network Switching Subsystem (NSS) and Base Station Subsystem (BSS), which
we have already discussed. The purpose of the NMS is to monitor various functions and
elements of the network.
The functions of the NMS can be divided into three categories:
Fault management
Configuration management
Performance management
These functions cover the whole of the GSM network elements from the level of individual
BTSs, up to MSCs and HLRs.
Fault management
The purpose of fault management is to ensure the smooth operation of the network and rapid
correction of any kind of problems that are detected. Fault management provides the network
operator with information about the current status of alarm events and maintains a history
database of alarms.
The alarms are stored in the NMS database and this database can be searched according to
criteria specified by the network operator.
Configuration management
The purpose of configuration management is to maintain up-to-date information about the
operation and configuration status of network elements. Specific configuration functions include
the management of the radio network, software and hardware management of the network
elements, time synchronisation, and security operations.
Performance management
In performance management, the NMS collects measurement data from individual network
elements and stores it in a database. On the basis of these data, the network operator is able to
compare the actual performance of the network with the planned performance and detect both
good and bad performance areas within the network.
WIRELESS CONCEPTS
Frequency-related specifications of the GSM systems
Wavelength = Speed .
Frequency
Lower frequencies, with longer wavelengths, are better suited to transmission over large
distances, because they bounce on the surface of the earth and in theatmosphere.
Higher frequencies, with shorter wavelengths, are better suited to transmission over small
distances, because they are sensitive to suchproblems as obstacles in the line of the transmission
path.
1. BANDWIDTH: Bandwidth is the term used to describe the amount of frequency range allocated
to one application.
2. CHANNELS: A channel is a frequency or set of frequencies which can be allocated for the
transmission, and possibly the receipt, of information.
3. DUPLEX DISTANCE: The use of full duplex requires that uplink and downlink transmissions
are separated in frequency by a minimum distance, called duplex distance.
4. CARRIER SEPARATION: In addition to the duplex distance, every mobile system includes a
carrier separation. This is the distance on the frequency bandbetween channels being transmitted
in the same direction.
This isrequired in order to avoid the overlapping of information in onechannel into an adjacent
channel.
In GSM the carrier separation is fixed at 200 kHz
6. TRANSMISSION RATE: The amount of information transmitted over a radio channel over a
period of time is known as the transmission rate. In GSM the net bit rate over the air interface is
270kbit/s.
The modulation technique used in GSM is Gaussian Minimum ShiftKeying (GMSK) and is a
form of phase modulation, or ‘phase shiftkeying’ as it is called.
GMSK enables the transmission of 270kbit/swith in a 200KHz channel.
This gives a bit rate of 1.3 bit/s per Hz. Thisis a rather low bitrate but acceptable as GMSK
gives highinterference resistance level.
Most digital cellular systems use the technique of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) to
transmit and receive speech signals.
With TDMA, one carrier is used to carry a number of calls, each callusing that carrier at
designated periods in time. These periods of time are referred to as time slots.
FEATURES OF GSM
INCREASED CAPACITY
• The GSM system provides a greater subscriber capacity than analogue systems.
• GSM allows 25 kHz per user, that is, eight conversations per 200 kHz channel pair (a pair
comprising one transmit channel and one receive channel).
• Digital channel coding and the modulation used makes the signal resistant to interference from
cells where the same frequencies are re-used (co-channel interference); a Carrier to Interference
Ratio (C/I) level of 12 dB is achieved, as opposed to the 18 dB typical with analogue cellular.
• This allows increased geographic reuse by permitting a reduction in the number of cells in the
reuse pattern.
AUDIO QUALITY
• Digital transmission of speech and high performance digital signal processors provide good
quality speech transmission.
• Since GSM is a digital technology, the signals passed over a digital air interface can be protected
against errors by using better error detection and correction techniques.
• In regions of interference or noise-limited operation the speech quality is noticeably better than
analogue.
USE OF STANDARDISED OPEN INTERFACES
• Standard interfaces such as C7 and X25 are used throughout the system. Hence different
manufacturers can be selected for different parts of the PLMN.
• There is a high flexibilty in where the Network components are situated.
CLEANER HANDOVERS
• GSM uses Mobile assisted handover techique.
• The mobile itself carries out the signal strength and quality measurement of its server and signal
strength measurement of its neighbors.
• This data is passed on the Network which then uses sophisticated algorithms to determine the
need of handover.
SUBSCRIBER IDENTIFICATION
• In a GSM system the mobile station and the subscriber are identified separately.
• The subscriber is identified by means of a smart card known as a SIM.
• This enables the subscriber to use different mobile equipment while retaining the same
subscriber number.
FREQUENCY REUSE
• There are total 124 carriers in GSM ( additional 50 carriers are available if EGSM band is used).
• Each carrier has 8 timeslots and if 7 can be used for traffic then a maximum of 868 ( 124 X 7 )
calls can be made. This is not enough and hence frequencies have to be reused.
• The same RF carrier can be used for many conversations in several different cells at the same
time.
• The radio carrier available are allocated according to a regular pattern which repeats over the
whole coverage area.
• The pattern to be used depends on the traffic requirement and spectrum availability.
• Some typical repeat patterns are 4/12, 7/21 etc.
CHANNEL CONCEPT
Physical channel - Each timeslot on a carrier is referred to as a physical channel. Per carrier there
are 8 physical channels.
Logical channel - Variety of information is transmitted between the MS and BTS. There are
different logical channels depending on the information sent. The logical channels are of two
types
• Traffic channel
• Control channel
CHANNEL CONCEPT
GSM Control Channels
Control Channels
SCH
Synchronisation
PCH/ FACCH SACCH
channel FCCH Fast Associated Slow associated
Frequency AGCH Control Channel Control Channel
Correction channel Paging/Access grant
GPRS ARCHITECTURE
GR-GPRS Register
1. Authentication
2. Access control
3. User information confidentiality
4. Complete anonymous service is also possible e. g. applied for toll systems that only charge a user
via the MS independent of user’s identity.
INTRODUCTION TO RF PLANNING
• Designing a cellular system - particularly one that incorporates both Macrocellular and
Microcellular networks is a delicate balancing exercise.
• The goal is to achieve optimum use of resources and maximum revenue potential whilst
maintaining a high level of system quality.
• Full consideration must also be given to cost and spectrum allocation limitations.
• A properly planned system should allow capacity to be added economically when traffic demand
increases.
• As every urban environment is different, so is every macrocell and microcell network. Hence
informed and accurate planning is essential in order to ensure that the system will provide both
the increased capacity and the improvement in network quality where required, especially when
deploying Microcellular systems.
• RF planning plays a critical role in the Cellular design process.
• By doing a proper RF Planning by keeping the future growth plan in mind we can reduce a lot of
problems that we may encounter in the future and also reduce substantially the cost of
optimization.
• On the other hand a poorly planned network not only leads to many Network problems , it also
increases the optimization costs and still may not ensure the desired quality.
Isotropic RF Source
A point source that radiates RF energy uniformly in all directions (I.e.: in the shape of a sphere)
Theoretical only: does not physically exist.
Has a power gain of unity I.e. 0dBi.
dB
• dB is a a relative unit of measurement used to describe power gain or loss.
• The dB value is calculated by taking the log of the ratio of the measured or calculated power (P2)
with respect to a reference power (P1). This result is then multiplied by 10 to obtain the value in
dB.
dB = 10 * log10(P1/P2)
• The powers P1 ad P2 must be in the same units. If the units are not compatible, then they should
be transformed.
• Equal power corresponds to 0dB.
• A factor of 2 corresponds to 3dB
If P1 = 30W and P2 = 15 W then
10 * log10(P1/P2) = 10 * 10 * log10(30/15)
=2
dBm
• The most common "defined reference" use of the decibel is the dBm, or decibel relative to one
milliwatt.
• It is different from the dB because it uses the same specific, measurable power level as a
reference in all cases, whereas the dB is relative to either whatever reference a particular user
chooses or to no reference at all.
• A dB has no particular defined reference while a dBm is referenced to a specific quantity: the
milliwatt (1/1000 of a watt).
• The IEEE definition of dBm is "a unit for expression of power level in decibels with reference to
a power of 1 milliwatt."
• The dBm is merely an expression of power present in a circuit relative to a known fixed amount
(i.e., 1 milliwatt) and the circuit impedance is irrelevant.}
• dBm = 10 log (P) (1000 mW/watt)
where dBm = Power in dB referenced to 1 milliwatt
P = Power in watts
• If power level is 1 milliwatt:
Power(dBm) = 10 log (0.001 watt) (1000 mW/watt)
= 10 log (1)
= 10 (0) = 0
dBv/m
• To convert field strength in dbv/m to received power in dBm with a 50 optimum terminal
impedance and effective length of a half wave dipole /
0dBu = 10 log[(10-6)2(1000)(/)2/(4*50)] dBm
At 850MHZ
0dBu = -132 dBm
39dBu = -93 dBm
PROPAGATION LOSSES
Reflection
• Occurs when a wave impinges upon a smooth surface.
• Dimensions of the surface are large relative to .
• Reflections occur from the surface of the earth and from buildings and walls.
Diffraction (Shadowing)
• Occurs when the path is blocked by an object with large dimensions relative to and sharp
irregularities (edges).
• Secondary “wavelets” propagate into the shadowed region.
• Diffraction gives rise to bending of waves around the obstacle.
Scattering
• Occurs when a wave impinges upon an object with dimensions on the order of or less, causing
the reflected energy to spread out or“scatter” in many directions.
• Small objects such as street lights, signs, & leaves cause scattering
MULTIPATH
• Multiple Waves Create “Multipath”
• Due to propagation mechanisms, multiple waves arrive at the receiver
• Sometimes this includes a direct Line-of-Sight (LOS) signal
Multipath Propagation
• Multipath propagation causes large and rapid fluctuations in a signal
• These fluctuations are not the same as the propagation path loss.
Multipath causes three major things
• Rapid changes in signal strength over a short distance or time.
• Random frequency modulation due to Doppler Shifts on different multipath signals.
• Time dispersion caused by multipath delays
• These are called “fading effects
• Multipath propagation results in small-scale fading.
FADING
• The communication between the base station and mobile station in mobile systems is mostly
non-LOS.
• The LOS path between the transmitter and the receiver is affected by terrain and obstructed by
buildings and other objects.
• The mobile station is also moving in different directions at different speeds.
• The RF signal from the transmitter is scattered by reflection and diffraction and reaches the
receiver through many non-LOS paths.
• This non-LOS path causes long-term and short term fluctuations in the form of log-normal
fading and rayleigh and rician fading, which degrades the performance of the RF channel.
• Due to various shadowing and terrain effects the signal level measured on a circle around base
station shows some random fluctuations around the mean value of received signal strength.
• The long-term fades in signal strength, r, caused by the terrain configuration and man made
environments form a log-normal distribution, i.e the mean received signal strength, r, varies log-
normally in dB if the signal strength is measured over a distance of at least 40.
• Experimentally it has been determined that the standard deviation, , of the mean received signal
strength, r, lies between 8 to 12 dB with the higher generally found in large urban areas.
RAYLEIGH FADING
• This phenomenon is due to multipath propagation of the signal.
• All the signals are NLOS signals and there is no dominant direct path.
• The instantaneous received power seen by a moving antenna becomes a random variable
depending on the location of the antenna.
RICEAN FADING
• This phenomenon is due to multipath propagation of the signal.
• In this case there is a partially scattered field.
• One dominant signal.
• Others are weaker.
RF PLANNING PROCEDURES
PRELIMINARY WORK
Propagation tool setup
Set up the planning tool hardware. This includes the server and or clients which may be UNIX
based.
Setup the plotter and printer to be used.
Zoning Analysis
This involves studying the height restrictions for antenna heights in the design area.
Using link budget calculation, the maximum allowable path loss is calculated.
Using Okumura hata emprical formula, the initial cell radius can be calculated.
INITIALSURVEY
Morphology Definition
Morphology describes the density and height of man made or natural obstructions.
Morphology is used to more accurately predict the path loss.
Some morphology area definitions are Urban, Suburban, rural, open etc.
Density also applies to morphology definitions like dense urban, light suburban, commercial etc.
This basically leads to a number of sub-area formation where the link budget will differ and
hence the cell radius and cell count will differ.
INITIAL DESIGN
SELECTION OF SITES
Prepare Initial Search Ring
Note the latitude and longitude from planning tool.
Get the address of the area from mapping software.
Release the search ring with details like radius of search ring, height of antenna etc.
Drawings to be checked and signed by the Planner, site acquisition, power planner and project
manager.
EMI Studies
Study of RF Radiation exposure to ensure that it is within limits and control of hazardous areas.
Data sheet to be prepared per cell signed by RF Planner and project manager to be submitted to
the appropriate authority.
LINK BUDGET
Link Budget Analysis is the process of analyzing all major gains and losses in the forward and
reverse link radio paths.
Inputs
Fade margins
Output
MENTUM PLANET
The network of today's wireless operator must evolve to offer advanced data services cost-effectively -
and stay one step ahead of the competition.
New technologies such as LTE, HSPA and WiMAX present new opportunities, but their
advanced features, their usage patterns and the need for a cleaner radio channel that can offer
improved system capacity drive the requirement for innovative RF planning and optimization
software.
Better network design practices are generating long-lasting benefits in terms of quality of service
and network capacity.
Mentum Planet is a wireless network planning & optimization software that offers the ability to
design better networks through quality engineering solutions for the networks of today and
tomorrow.
Mentum Planet 5 - the fifth generation of this software platform - was built to address the
complex requirements of wireless broadband technologies for operators, equipment vendors, and
consulting firms involved in the planning, operation, and optimization of wireless networks.
The Mentum Planet product family supports most of the commercially deployed wireless
standards, including GSM, GPRS, EDGE, WCDMA, HSPA, HSPA+, LTE (TDD and FDD),
Wi-Fi, WiMAX, cdma2000, EVDO, TDMA, FDMA, DVB-H, TETRA, P25 and generic
TDMA/FDMA systems using simulcast.
STEP 6(Fig 34):- Choose geodata files that covers all sites
STEP 12(Fig 40):- Define the propagation Models Depending on different clutter
STEP 15(Fig 43):- Edit the Site Properties (select the P- Model)
Statistics
Area Covered in
Sq.Km.
Dense
Urban Urban Sub Urban Village
-200 ~ -85 0 10.316049 6.8341 2.92535
-85 ~ -80 0.1815 23.3907242 8.1121999 2.59417486
-80 ~ -75 1.1065 39.0406 9.2772747 1.784025
-75 ~ -65 64.9478 132.4624481 19.922474 3.994875
-65 ~ 0 116.202047 122.8879699 14.93 8.620025
Outside
range 0 9.9421 16.25455 10.2271957
Area Covered in %
Dense
Urban Urban Sub Urban Village
-200 ~ -85 0 3.051725334 9.0721435 9.70405492
-85 ~ -80 0.099485936 6.919515953 10.768798 8.60547124
-80 ~ -75 0.606507925 11.54911033 12.315414 5.91801889
-75 ~ -65 35.5999597 39.18544868 26.446722 13.2519139
-65 ~ 0 63.69404644 36.3530971 19.819303 28.5945941
Outside
range 0 2.941102591 21.577619 33.9259469
No. Of Sites
• FDD 2x60MHz
Fig 56.
3GPPRELEASE CONCEPT
GSM (80.9%)
CDMA (12%)
WCDMA (4.6%)
iDEN (0.9%)
PDC(0.8%)
US TDMA (0.8%)
• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), different frequencies for different users
– example Nordic Mobile Terminal (NMT) systems
• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), same frequency but different timeslots for different
users,
– example Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
– GSM also uses FDMA
• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), same frequency and time but users are separated from
each other with orthogonal codes.
SPREAD SPECTRUM
• Means that the transmission bandwidth is much larger than the information bandwidth i.e.
transmitted signal is spread to a wider bandwidth
– Bandwidth is not dependent on the information signal
• Benefits
– More secure communication
– Reduces the impact of interference (and jamming) due to processing gain
• Classification
– Direct Sequence (spreading with pseudo noise (PN) sequence)
– Frequency hopping (rapidly changing frequency)
– Time Hopping (large frequency, short transmission bursts)
• Direct Sequence is currently commercially most viable
DIRECT SEQUENCE
• In direct sequence (DS) user bits are coded with unique binary sequence i.e. with
spreading/channelization code
– The bits of the channelization code are called chips
– Chip rate (W) is typically much higher than bit rate (R)
– Codes need to be in some respect orthogonal to each other (cocktail party effect)
• Length of a channelization code
– defines how many chips are used to spread a single information bit and thus determines the end
bit rate
– Shorter code equals to higher bit rate but better Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) is
required
• Also the shorter the code, the fewer number of codes are available
– Different bit rates have different geographical areas covered based on the interference levels.
• Transmission (Tx) side with DS
– Information signal is multiplied with channelization code => spread signal
• Receiving (Rx) side with DS
• Spread spectrum systems reduce the effect of interference due to processing gain
• Processing gain is generally defined as follows:
– G[dB]=10*log10(W/R), where ’W’ is the chip rate and ’R’ is the user bit rate
• The number of users takes negative effect on the processing gain. The loss is defined as:
– Lp = 10*log10k, where ’k’ is the amount of users
• Processing gain when the processing loss is taken into account is
– Gtot=10*log10(W/kR)
• High bit rate means lower processing gain and higher power OR smaller coverage
• The processing gain is different for different services over 3G mobile network (voice, web
browsing, videophone) due to different bit rates
– Thus, the coverage area and capacity might be different for different services depending on the
radio network planning issues
• Processing gain is what gives CDMA systems the robustness against self-interference that is
necessary in order to reuse the available 5 MHz carrier frequency over geographically close
distances.
• Examples: Speech service with a bit rate of 12.2 kbps
– processing gain 10 log10(3.84e6/12.2e3) = 25 dB
– For speech service the required SINR is typically in the order of 5.0 dB, so the required
wideband signal-to-interference ratio (also called “carrier-to-interference ratio, C/I ) is therefore
“5.0 dB minus the processing” = -20.0 dB.
– In other words, the signal power can be 20 dB under the interference or thermal noise power, and
the WCDMA receiver can still detect the signal.
– Notice: in GSM, a good quality speech connection requires C/I = 9–12 dB.C
WCDMA SYSTEMS
• Soft handover
– Improves coverage, decreases interference
• Robust and low complexity RAKE receiver
– Introduces multipath diversity
CODES IN WCDMA
3G ANALYSES
STRENGTH
Worldwide standard for accessing global telecommunication.
WEAKNESS
High cost as compared to their predecessor.
THREAT
Since 2G mobile is in market, squeezing the market competition.
OPPURTUNITY
Consumers replacing handsets with newer technology.
Spreading Operation
Spreading means increasing the signal bandwidth
• Strictly speaking, spreading includes two operations:
• Channelization (increases signal bandwidth) - using orthogonal
codes
• Scrambling (does not affect the signal bandwidth) - using pseudo noise
codes
Channelization
SCRAMBLING
Channel Concepts
Three separate channels concepts in the UTRA: logical, transport, and
physical channels.
• Transport channels define how and with which type of characteristics the
data is transferred by the physical layer.
• Physical data define the exact physical characteristics of the radio channel.
• The data is sent by transport block from MAC layer to physical layer
and generated by MAC layer every 10 ms.
channels.
• Dedicated channel –reserved for a single user only.
• Don’t support soft handover but some support fast power control.
A code tree under one scrambling code is shared by several users. Normally,
one scrambling code and thus only one code tree is used per sector in the BS.
• DCH SF does not vary on a frame-by-frame basis; thus, data rate is varied by
rate matching operation, puncturing or repeating bits, or with DTX, where the
transmission is off during part of the slot.
• The SF is the same for all the codes with multicode transmission.
RACH Operation
First, UE sends a preamble.
• The SF of the preamble is 256 and contain a signature sequence of 16
symbols – a total length of 4096 chips.
• Wait for the acknowledged with the Acquisition (AICH) from the BS.
CPCH Operation
After receiving CPCH AICH,
• UE sends a CPCH CD preamble with the same power from another
signature.
• If no collision after a certain time, the BS echo this signature back to the
UE on the CD Indication Channel (CD-ICH).
• Then, the UE sends data over several frames with fast power control.
• The CPCH status indicator channel (CSICH) carries the status of different
CPCH information .
• Primary CPICH
• P-SCH and S-SCH are only sent during the first 256 chips of each
slot in parallel and time-multiplexed with the Primary CCPCH
• Fixed spreading factor is used. Data rate may vary with DTX or rate
matching parameters.
• The SIR target for fast closed loop PC is set by the outer loop PC.
• Open loop PC
• No feedback information.
Handover
Intra-mode handover
• Include soft handover, softer handover and hard handover.
• Inter-mode handover
• Inter-system handover
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REFERENCES
I. 3G Basics
II. gsmadvanced_aircomm
III. John.Wiley.and.Sons.WCDMA.for.UMTS.Radio.Access.for.Third.Generation.Mobile.Communi
cations
IV. WCDMA_systems_003
V. GSM Systra
VI. WIKIPEDIA
VII. www.umts-forum.org