LIVED EXPERIENCES OF TEENAGE MOTHER IN CATBALOGAN CITY

An Undergraduate Thesis
Presented to the
Faculty of College of Arts and Sciences
Samar State University
Catbalogan City

In Partial Fulfilments of the

Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Psychology

REGIE G. ALEGRIA
JOBELLE T. ARREVADO
MEL NADINE U. BACAY
LOVELY JOY G. LADEZA
GENELYN P. GALANGUE

January 2019

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2
 Acknowledgement

First and foremost, we are filled with gratitude to our Almighty God for giving us

wisdom in order to complete this thesis and made it successful. Also, we are very

thankful to our family in supporting and providing us financial assistance in our materials

for this study and for our everyday needs.

We would like to express our gratitude to many people for their support,

encouragement, guidance and expertise as we completed this study. To the Dean of

College of Arts and Sciences, Dr. Florabelle B. Patosa for the patience and love to your

students. To our research teacher, Mr. Pedro S. Cabrales and thesis adviser Ms. Abigail

M. Cabaguing, we really appreciate sharing your knowledge to us. To our class adviser,

Ms. Mary Jane B. Cinco in keeping us motivated. To our mentor and very humble

teacher, Ms. Junelle R. Guerra who help us through this journey and keep us lighten yet

made our thesis more challenging.

We owe thanks to our classmates, friends, colleagues and even our love ones for

giving us moral support and giving us ice breakers on the times that we were losing hope.

Lastly, we would like to give special honour to the respondents who cooperated

and made themselves part in our study. Without their help, our thesis would not be

possible.

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 Dedication

We dedicate this thesis to our Almighty God for his great-given wisdom;

Our teachers who shared us their knowledge; To the University who moulded us to

become an educated individuals.

To our family who supports us throughout this journey; and to ourselves, this

work serves us a reward to our hard work.

This thesis was also dedicated to the teenage mothers in Catbalogan City who

graciously accepted the invitation to participate and share their experiences.

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 Abstract

This study sought to contribute to research that seeks to understand experiences of

teenage mother. On the experiences of fifteen (15) unmarried teenage mothers in

Catalogan City the ages between 15 to 19 years old, in and out of school. This study

investigates the experiences of motherhood among a sample of teenage mothers in

Catbalogan City Samar. Utilising the qualitative approach in the form of semi-structured

interviews, the study aimed to investigate teenage mothers’ experiences.

The focus of the study is mainly on understanding the teenage mother live

experiences. Result will shows the reasons why they lead to teenage pregnancy, the

motherhood experiences, coping mechanisms, and plans, hopes, and dreams.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Approval Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Acknowledgement ....................................................3

Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Table of Contents . ....................................................6

CHAPTER

1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Significance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Theoretical Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Scope of Delimitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES . . . . . . . .13
Related Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Related Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3 METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Research Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Data Collection and Tool and Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

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APPENDECIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

CURRICULUM VITAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

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 CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Teenage pregnancy has been a worldwide issue that needs to be confronted to

mitigate the problems of maternal adolescent childbearing, especially in the third world

countries. In fact, it has emerged to be one of the major public health problems in South

Asia (Raj et al., 2010) and in Western Europe (Seamarck, 2001). Teenage pregnancy in

the Philippines rise 70% over 10 years, (Ugochi, Daniels 2012) United Nations Fund for

Population Activities (UNFPA) country representative said the number of teenage

pregnancies in the country is an area of concern that the agency is giving serious

attention, exposing as it does adolescent girls(10-19) to high risk.

Motherhood is a significant and important aspect of life for many women around

the globe. For women in communities where motherhood is highly desired, motherhood

is considered crucial to the woman’s identity. Teenage motherhood, occurring at a critical

developmental stage of teenagers’ lives, has been identified as having adverse social and

health consequences.

According to Philippine Statistic Authority in the percent distribution of women

aged 15-19 years old, Eastern Visayas was ranked as 12th out of 18 regions in the

Philippines. Teenage Pregnancy has been very alarming in Catbalogan City. Samar

Provincial Hospital shows that 1,024 women currently residing at Catbalogan City age

13-19 gave birth at the year 2018.

Among the
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reasons identified, the
major causes of teenage
pregnancies are limited
access to sexual education
and sexual health services.
Among the
reasons identified, the
major causes of teenage
pregnancies are limited
access to sexual education
and sexual health services.
Among the

9
reasons identified, the
major causes of teenage
pregnancies are limited
access to sexual education
and sexual health services.
Among the
reasons identified, the
major causes of teenage
pregnancies are limited
access to sexual education
and sexual health services.
According to the study of Alavarez, Rosario, Salvador, and Sauce, among the

reasons identified, the major causes of teenage pregnancies are limited access of sexual

education and sexual health services. Due to easy access to new technology and curiosity

of the teenagers to engage in sexual activities without appropriate knowledge about

family planning and contraception. It often ends up with unplanned pregnancy.

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 This research sought to determine the live experiences of teenage mother in

Catbalogan City. The lived experiences, reasons why they engaged in pre-marital sex,

challenges, coping mechanisms, and the plans, hopes and dreams of teenage mother will

be determined.

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 Statement of the Problem

This study investigated the lived experiences of teenage mother in Catbalogan

City.

The research questions addressed in this study include:

1. What are the experiences of teenage mothers?

2. How did teenage mothers coped from the situations?
3. What are the plans, hopes and dreams of teenage mothers?

Significance of the Study

This study is directed towards gaining an understanding of the lived experiences

of teenage mothers. Hopefully, teenage mothers involved in the study may personally

benefit because their experiences will be understood.

All data obtained from this study will assist in the exploration of the experiences

of Teenage Mothers in Catbalogan City. It will also, be used to educate teenagers about

unplanned/unwanted pregnancies with the aim of informing them.

Theoretical Framework

This study was gain from the theoretical perspective of community, however, eco

system theory moves away from general system theory in its acceptance of the concept of

multiple realities. In understanding the lived experiences of teenage mothers in

Catbalogan City, the researcher will be using Bronfenbrenner Ecological Theory

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including the different factors influenced to the respondent by his/her community, family,

pairs, and partner and also the psychological feature in response in behaviour and

conditions of the respondent. Moreover, the researchers will be basing ecological system

to know more about the qualities of a teenage mother, because this context typically helps

the researchers simultaneously and to understand the external influences.

Ecological factors involve chromo system, macro system, exosystem,

mesosystem, microsystem. The chromo system adds the useful dimension of time, which

demonstrate the influence of both change and constancy and the child’s environment. The

microsystem typically involves personal relationship with family members. The

exosystem pertains the linkage that may exists between two or more settings. The

mesosystem encompasses the interaction of the different micro system which the

developing child finds himself in.

In short ecological system determines the external and internal factors on why

they engage early pregnancy.

Researchers will also use Adaptation Theory. This theory ‘defines adaptation as

the process by which an individual or group makes conscious choices to cope with his or

her situation. Adaptive responses increase people's ability to cope and to achieve their

goals including survival, growth, mastery of their lives, and personal and environmental

transformation’. However, Roy's adaptation theory stated that there are four distinctive

modes: physiologic (basic needs including food, sleep, air, water, and the necessities of

protecting the body); self-concept (beliefs and feelings about self); role identity/function

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(personal perspective to the social world); and interdependence (personal relationship

towards the whole organization).

The theory describes on how the teenage mothers survived from their struggles

and how they adjusts in their new roles.

Scope of Delimitation

This study has focused on the experiences of teenage mother in Catbalogan City.

The participants of this study were teenage mother of Catbalogan City. This study was

conducted in Catbalogan City, Samar in the first-second semester of school year 2018-

2019. The targeted participants were 15 unmarried teenage mothers.

Definition of Terms

Adolescence- Physical maturation occurs.

Teenage Mother- A woman who became pregnant and bearded a child at the age of

below 20.

Early Motherhood- early onset of childbearing.

Experiences- Something a person encountered and learned from it.

Transformation- A big changes happened to an individual.

Optimism- Making a positive mind set and always see the bigger picture of any

situation.

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 CHAPTER 2

Review Related Literature

Adolescence is a special period of time. It is important due to intense physical and

emotional changes experienced by the individual. This is a critical period of biological

and physiological change, a transition from childhood to adulthood (Alexander, 1993;

Mashalaba, 1994). McAnamey and Hendee (1989), UNICEF (1992) and Wallace and

Vienonen (1989) assert that this is the stage when teenagers develop in many areas

including their attitudes and behaviours with regard to sexuality. The main task to be

accomplished during adolescence is the development of self-identity. This stage is

marked by poor cognitive development which affects decision making by young people if

they do not get assistance from relevant formal sources such as parents, teachers and

health professionals (Fleming, 1990; Tilbury, Moynihan, & Siddle, 1990).

Adolescence is a stage where teenagers adjust in their physical and emotional

changes in life (Lerner & Steinberg, 2004). Teenagers prefer to go with their peers rather

than with their parents due to strong peer pressure. Early adolescence also represent the

period of sexual maturation (Montgomery 2003).

According to the Fair and Fearless Freeman (2005), there is a rising trend of

pregnant young women in the country and most of them are unmarried. This reflects that

young women have in adequate information about pregnancy.

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 In a study conducted by the National Demographic and Health Survey in 2013,

one out of every young Filipino women age 15 to 19 is already a mother or pregnant with

a first child.

Due to the official ranking of the United Nation Population Fund Agency in 2012,

the number of teenage pregnancies, aged 10-19 years old, have increased to 70% over the

last ten years. As a result, this has imposed a huge problem towards the achievement of

Millennium Development Goals that puts the country in red alert (Philippine News

Agency, 2012). Moreover, 14% of the teenage girls in the age bracket of 15-19 were

reported for the first time to be already mothers or have had several children in the 2014

survey of Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality as compared to the 8% of the 2002 survey

(Au-Yeung, 2014).

According to Giddens (2001:23), cultural factors refer to culture as the way of life

of the members of a society, or of groups within a society. It includes how people dress,

their marriage customs and family life, their patterns of work, religious ceremonies and

leisure pursuits.

Socialization is also a factor. He defines socialization as the process by which

humans learn the culture of their society and become adult members of that society in

which they live. Socialization teaches humans to live in society and what is regarded as

appropriate behaviour in different situations (Giddens 2001:26). Cultural norms and

values could be the detriment of teenage mother’s empowerment and could contribute to

greater confusion in teenager’s minds (Dlamini 2002: 45).

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 Socio-economic factors: Teenage girls who belong to the poor families are more

likely to become pregnant.

Teenage pregnancy and childbearing have been significantly debated in research

and society at large. With attitudes towards teenage childbearing seeing it as a negative

phenomenon that deprives a teenage mother of a full childhood experience. In South

Africa, ‘teenage childbearing and childbearing out of wedlock is frowned upon on moral

and cultural grounds (Makiwane, 2010, p. 201). The aim of this study is to explore the

lived experiences of teenage mothers and their navigation of motherhood, particularly;

the study also examined paths to motherhood relating to key decision areas such as those

related to contraceptive use, leaving or staying in school including the impact

motherhood has on school-going teenage mothers in this study Chigona, A. & Chetty, R.

(2008). Teen mothers and schooling: lacunae and challenges. South African Journal of

Education. 28, 261-281.

Lemasters’ (1957) seminal research on the transition to parenthood revealed

alarming outcomes that the majority of relationships decline in satisfaction after the birth

of the first child. Over the past five decades, hundreds of studies have identified countless

factors that directly affect relationship satisfaction across the transition to parenthood

experience (Demo & Cox, 2000; Doss, Rhodes, Stanley & Markman, 2009; Mitnek,

Heyman, & Smith Slep, 2009; Twenge, Campbell, & Foster, 2003). Comparable

outcomes have also been replicated across culture (Lu, 2006), race (Hobbs & Wimbish,

1977) and ethnicity (Tamis-LeMonda & Kahana-Kalman, 2009).

Many researchers viewed that teenage mother’s future will be depressing and

some challenges will be experienced. After pregnancy teenage mother lacks

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qualifications which mean they have low paid and often unsatisfying jobs, but some

young mothers worked out of necessity because they had no choice. A big challenge for a

teenage mother is how to give a bright future for the child. However, as well as the

money, there were additional, wider benefits. Working also gave women a sense of

A study of Ehlers (2003), found that the female adolescents who were poor

students with low educational aspirations were more likely to become teenage mothers

than were their high-achieving peers. On the other hand, he also stated some of the causes

of teenage pregnancy such as lack of parental guidance, adolescent sexual behaviour,

inadequate knowledge about safe sex, exploitation by older men and socio-economic

factors.

Adolescent pregnancy and child birth impose difficult long-term outcomes and

have adverse effects not only on the young mother, but also on her child (Hao & Cherlin,

2004; Meade &Ickovics, 2005). A study of Darisi (2007) stated that a negative

perspective on teen pregnancy leads to a negative view of pregnant teens. The young

woman who becomes pregnant sets in motion a series of events that ultimately leads to

the disaster of a teen birth. The pregnant teen becomes a statistic and assumptions are

made about her character, intelligence and maturity. Young mothers are often well-aware

of these assumptions.

According to Ioannidi-Kapolou (2004) lack of accurate information on sex

education is one of the reasons for the increasing number of unwanted pregnancies

among teenagers. However, Watson (2003) stated that a strategy can be successful only

when a multi-agency tasked group is formed with representatives that provide services

and work closely with children and young people.

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 According to Quinlivan et al., (2003: 203), lack of educational achievement is a risk

factor not only because of limited career and educational opportunities but also because

of its correlation with a lack of motivation and ambition Young people uncertain of a

purpose in life or a career objective identify parenting as a future role (Quinlivan 2004:

202).

According to Williams (2005:75) adolescents generally encounter more problems

during pregnancy and child birth than older women. The long- term effects of

pregnancies are far reaching and teenage mothers face difficulties such as dropping out of

school. The problems encountered may be physical, psychological, social, academic and

emotional. Dlamini (2002:178) stated in his study the problems that might affect the

pregnant adolescents’ psychologically, emotionally and also the social relations with the

people around them, including the support from individuals. And also there are some

challenges that they encounter child were not willing to support or even denied for being

a father and non-acceptance of pregnancy by the adolescents’ parents.

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 Review of Related Study

According to World Health Organization (2006), a teenage mother is a young

woman who becomes a mother at less than 19 years of age. However, the term in

everyday use usually refers to a young woman who becomes a mother at less than 20

years of age, that is, before reaching adulthood which is, generally regarded as 20 years

of age (UNICEF, 2008).

Eccles, Midgley, Wigfield, Buchanan, Reuman, Flanagan, & Mac Iver (1993)

showed academic troubles and dropping out of high school. In addition, adolescents also

encounter role changes within their family environment, as adolescents attempt to gain

autonomy and control over their choices, which may result in conflict with their parents.

According to Sara McLanahan, and Larry Bumpass’ Intergenerational

Consequences of Family Disruption provide strong evidence that women who spend part

of their childhoods in one-parent families are more likely to marry and bear children

early, give birth before marriage, and have their own marriages break up. The major

exception is that, among blacks, early marriage is unrelated to family background.

According to Jeanne Rogge Steele’s Teenage sexuality and media practice:

Factoring in the influences of family, friends, and school. The study seeks to extend our

20
understanding of the media's role in shaping adolescents’ values, attitudes, and beliefs

about sex by factoring in some of the contexts that intersect with media practice.

Cunnington, 2001; Hayes, 1987; Paranjothy et al., (2009) believed that the poor

health of teenage mothers could possibly relate to their previous circumstances and socio-

economic circumstances, rather than their young age per se.

CHAPTER 3

Methodology

This chapter presents the method and procedure which was employed by the

researchers in conducting in this study. Comprises in this chapter is the research design,

participants, purposive sampling and snowball sampling, data gathering procedure,

validation of instruments, data analysis and informed consent.

Research Design

This study used a qualitative method using phenomenological to explore the lived

experiences of the teenage mothers in Catbalogan City.

Phenomenology is the study of phenomena (Salvador, 2016). Thus, it states that

each situation or experience can only be experienced by a single person who has gained

new perceptions and insights (Crotty, 1997). The insights from this study may be

beneficial to others and is considered as the primary goal of research (Bryman, 2012).

Moreover, phenomenological inquiry is grounded on exploring and understanding the

lived experiences of human beings. This can be achieved by figuring-out the meaning of

the experiences and human being’s lived experiences’ essences (Creswell, 2012).

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Qualitative Method

Qualitative research was conducted in order to understand the contexts within

which participants engage with an issue (Creswell, 2007; p.40). A qualitative design fitted

the explanatory nature of this study because it will allowed for detailed exploration of the

teenage mothers’ experiences a qualitative research. Qualitative data collection methods,

such as individual interviews, allow for the collection of rich data, as open-ended

questions are used to enable participants to describe their experiences in their own word

(Babble & Mouton, 2006).

Phenomenological Approach

Phenomenological research seeks to understand the meaning of a lived experience

from the insights of the participants (Jackson, 2003). Lived experiences are define as,

“the everyday human experiences that are real to the individuals who experience them”

(Jackson, 2003, p. 161).

Participants

There were fifteen (15) unmarried teenage mothers who participated of this study

and certified teenage mothers in Catbalogan City, they are all engaged in early pregnancy

at the age 15 to 19 years old who are currently residing in Catbalogan City. Selection of

participants was obtained through purposive sampling and snowball sampling. An

informed consent was signed by the participants.

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Sampling Procedure

The study used purposive sampling and snowball sampling.

Research Locale

The study was conducted in Catbalogan City area.

Data Gathering Procedure

Semi-structured in-depth interviews were facilitated as the main research

instrumentation in gathering the data. However, participants were given the option if they

wish to be withdrawn anytime to preserve the principle of autonomy and confidentiality.

Interviews were transcribed verbatim in preparation for the data analysis. Coding

techniques and pseudo names were utilized to maintain confidentiality.

Ethical Concerns

Written Informed consent and Verbal consent signed by participants; age bracket

of 15-19 years old; willingness to share their lived experiences; and their commitment to

attend follow-up dialogues will be use. Participants will be assured of confidentiality.

Data Analysis

In phenomenological analysis the following steps utilized in analysing the data

phenomenological were adopted from Colaizzi’s strategy of phenomenological data

analysis (developed by the author 1/9/2010). These steps include the following: 1)

Identifying significant statements and phrases; 2) Aggregation of the formulated

meanings; 3) Integrating all the resulting ideas; 4) Reduction of the exhaustive

23
description; 5) Returning to the participants; and 6) Validation of exhaustive description

and fundamental structure.

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 Chapter 4

Results

Three themes engaged from the analysis and each theme can be explained by its

subthemes that the researchers gathered from the formulated meanings.

In summary our themes are the following:

 Motherhood Experiences
 Coping
 Future Plans

Theme 1: Motherhood Experiences

Motherhood experiences can be explained by two subthemes the child-rearing difficulties

and finances. For its subthemes, the role as a mother and the challenges they faced will be

explained.

Subtheme A: Child-rearing difficulties

Being a mother at a young age was new to them—the responsibilities and their new roles

was the biggest challenged from their experiences. Some obligations was added to them

like—the center of their attention was already on their child and not themselves unlike

before. From their obligations, changed in lifestyle occurs.

The following statements illustrated the child-rearing difficulties:

(1) Sobra. Dako an pinag kaiba, kay han una kasi bagan okey la…sige la… kun

may kwarta ka gasto la, syempre kay waray ka gin iisip nga iba, imo la kalugaringon. An

yana na nagkamayda kana anak, iisipon mo kun ano iya mga kahinanglanon. (There is

25
really a big difference, because unlike before, it was okay to spend money over nothing

because you are not thinking anything else but yourself. Now that I have a child, you

have to think only of the things that is necessary.) [Transcript 1, Line 26-28 Res]

(2) Kuan, makuri… kay diba teenage mother? Bagan diri kapa kuan… sapat.

Daraga kapa bagan… “Hala daraga pa ako tas may anak na ako”. Kuan… hin makuri

kay sugad hito… sugad hito imo lifestyle. Imo mga galor (drinking alcohol with friends)

ganern, makisayaw or makig hang out ha im mga friends di mo na mahihimo. (It’s hard

to change my lifestyle. All the things that I used to do, like drinking out with friends,

going dancing, or just hanging out with my friends, you can’t do it anymore) [Transcript

2, Line 13-15]

(3) Mother na ako bagan mas priority ko na yana an adi nala ako balay kay mas

gusto ko kasi makakaupod ko nala akon baby kaysa naglilinaag ak. (As a mother my first

priority is to stay at my home for the sake of my child) [Transcript 10, Line 14-15]

Subtheme B: Finances

Being a mother at an early age, they experienced a lack of resources. They experienced

financial difficulties to support their child, school needs, and their everyday needs. It was

hard for them especially when their child got sick, they have this mind-set—they would

rather be the one who got sick than their child.

The following statements illustrated the finances:

(1) Pag mag kakasakit syempre di mo maiiwasan nga pasagdan mo la, syempre

kailangan mo ig check-up magasto ka bulong tas mga ano… mga gamit. (Now that I

have a child, you have to think only of the things that is necessary, and in every time that

26
our child is sick, we can’t afford to do nothing, so we really need to spend for check-ups

and medicines.) [Transcript 1, Line 28-30]

(2) Danay diri namamanage labi na kun may baraydan ha iskuylahan tas pang
gatas, pan diaper, sugad hito labi na kay nagpapasuhol la kami yana kan baby kay
naiskuyla man ako. (Sometimes our budget is enough to pay for my studies and my baby
and my family’s needs) [Transcript 2, Line 35-36]

(3) Pag may sakit hiya makuri ba, syempre anak mo gud ito, bagan iisipon mo an

iya sakit ikadi nala ha akon ayaw nala ha iya, ha akon nala, bagan aaku-on mo nala.

(Every time my child is sick and tight on budget, it’s really hard thinking about the

situation and wishing that I’d rather be the one to get sick than seeing my child suffering

from it.) [Transcript 4, Line 28-31]

Theme 2: Coping

Coping can be explained by three subthemes the optimism, spiritualization, and support

system. For its subthemes, the role as a mother and the challenges they faced will be

explained.

Subtheme A: Optimism

Despite of the experiences, teenage mothers chose to saw the bigger picture of their

experiences. They just endure all the pain they gone through and be tough throughout

their journey. They always think for their child’s betterment in the future, that’s why they

embrace positivity in their minds.

The following statements illustrated the optimism:

27
 (1) Syempre positive para tim anak para gihapon… gin baliwaray ko hiya para…

bagan gin accept ko nala tanan. Bisan masakit, bisan di mo kaya iniilob mo la para tim

anak kay syempre malain man dumako im anak nga ikaw la usa waray hiya kilala nga

tatay. (I even put our fights aside and not make a big deal out of it and learn to accept

everything even if it’s already painful for the sake of my child.” [Transcript 1, Line 60-

61]

(2) Gin kakarawat ko nala ito ngan gin babaliwaray ko nala it sakit pag nakikita

ko akon anak. (I just accept and swallowed all the pains every time I see my child)

[Transcript 6, Line 20 Res 6]

Subtheme B: Spiritualization

Every time the teenage mothers got onto a struggling moments, they just prayed in order

to surpass all the circumstances they faced. Through prayer, they become braver to face

the challenges. Being connected to God lighten the struggles in their life. It brought them

peace and serenity in their hearts.

The following statements illustrated the spiritualization:

(1) Gin pi-pray nala kan God nga makasurvive tak mga problema an mga

gindadara. (I just prayed to our God to go surpass the problem that I am taking”

[Transcript 7, Line 29]

(2) Na nga-ngadi nala ako kan mama mary nga sana malampasan ito

ngaproblema. (I just prayed to Virgin Mary to hopefully surpass these problems.

[Transcrip 9, Line 31]

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Subtheme C: Support System

In order to survive, teenage mothers asked help and advises from their family and friends

especially when the time their child got sick. They asked guidance for them to provide

their wholesome needs—from their physical needs to emotional needs.

The following statements illustrated the support system:

(1) Danay nakadto man ako ha akon parents nangangaro nala ako han kuan

kwarta paralit bulong kun kinahanglanon. (Sometimes I used to go to my parents to ask

support for the medicines of my child whenever my child is sick.” [Transcript 12, Line

28-29]

(2) Nalampasan ko kay tungod bisan nasugad ako nabulig manla gihap an akon

pamilya bisan nasugad ako ine. (I surpassed those because my parents are always there

to help me even though I made a big mistake to them.” [Transcirpt 13, Line 20]

(3) Dire gud makuri nga mag adjust as a mother kay ada man akon pamilya na

suporta ha akon. Dire man hira nan dadown ako, gin eencourage lugod ako nira maging

good mother talaga. (It is easy to adjust to this kind of situation as a mother because

family is always there to support and guide me.” [Transcript 10, Line 37-39]

Theme 3: Future plans

Future plans can be explained by three subthemes—have a degree, help family, and own

house. For its subthemes, teenage mothers’ hopes, dreams and plans will be explained.

Subtheme A: Have a Degree

29
Having a degree is the best way to be a successful person one day. It made them feel the

sense of independence. Teenage mothers want to continue their studies in order to give

what their child needs, for them not to stay in a low status of living, and will not suffer in

the future.

The following statement is illustrated the have a degree:

(1) Kuan… gusto ko mag iskuyla ako utro para mabuligan ko akon kag anak,

akun gihapon anak, para matagan ko gihapon hiya maupay nga kinabuhi tas

mapaiskuyla ko hiya hin maupay mag aano nala ako iya. Siguro diri pa yana nga

panahon, babantayan ko la anay siguro hiya yana. Maabot an adlaw nga mag iiskuyla ak

gihapon utro para ha iya, para ha iya future para mapaupay ko gihapon iya future, diri

hiya maparihas akon. Hihimuon ko ito na way. (I’m thinking to continue and finish my

studies to give my child and my parents a better and brighter future, because I don’t want

my child to end up like her mother. I want to do that.) [Transcript 1, Line 72-74 Res 1]

(2) Plano ko makag pag tapos number 1, pagkahuman makapag tapos syempre

ada na ito dida an padaku-on ko ak baby hin maupay. An iya pagdako mabantayan pag

sirbihan. (I want to finish school, and after finishing school of course I raise my baby in

a right way.) [Transcript 2, Line 54-55]

(3) Kun kaluoyan pero dire pa yana kay guti pa… mga siguro pag 5 years old na

niya kay kaya naman ito nira mama, papabantayan ko nala anay ha ira, mabalik ako pag

iskwela. (I am planning to go back to school with the grace of God. I am hoping that in

the future of my child) [Transcript 5, Line 27-28]

Subtheme B: Help Family

30
Being a teenage mothers, family was their greatest source of everything. They can easily

ask for help one call away. They owe them so much that is why in order to value there

help and sacrifices, teenage mothers also want to help them back. In fact, before they

became a teenage mother it was their dream to sustain the needs and help the family to

get out from the low status of living. Now that they were in the situation, they just added

some more plans and dreams for their family and their own.

The following statement is illustrated the help family:

(1) Masuporta ako ha ira kahuman ko. Tunga liwat family ko, ngahin ak parents.

Syempre kay hira man gud an dahilan kun kayano ako nakakag college so kailangan ko

liwat hira mabuligan. (I do have plans for my parent. I’m going to support them after my

studies because they are my family. Of course, they are reason why I am able to go to

college so I have to also help them.) [Transcript 2, Line 58-60]

(2) Ha akon family nga nabulig ha akon yana… hihimuan ko paraan na ma

suklian ko liwat an gin bulig nira ha akon. (For my family who’s helping me, I will make

a way to exchange their help.) [Transcript 8, Line 43-44]

(3) Magtutuhay ako pag eskuwela. Magtutuhay ako pag eskuwela para ito akon

anak ngan para liwat akon pamilya. (I will finish my studies for my child and for family.”

[Transcript 12, Line 33-34]

Subtheme C: Own House

Teenage mothers want to build their own house together with their family for the reasons

they want to be settled and independent. Because living together with their own family

31
was very shameful for them, it turned to reduce their self-esteem, and their privacy was

invaded.

The following statement is illustrated the own house:

(1) Karuyag ko makasarili han balay, karuyag ko makapalit han amon mga

garamiton... tas karuyag ko pag sakto na akon edad karuyag ko magpakasal kami. (I

want to have my own house, to buy things we need, and I want to get married when I am

at the legal age) [Transcript 6, Line 23-24]

(2) Tapos karuyag ko liwat nga mag ka may-ada kami sarili nga balay kay yana

kasi na pliti la kasi kami. (I want to have my own house because today we’re only renting

a house) [Transcript 15, Line 36-37]

Discussion

The present study aimed to understand and provided description of the lived

experiences of teenage mother in Catbalogan City. This study also aimed to give insight

into how they cope from their experiences and what are their plans.

From the result of the present study, three major themes emerged, this would best

have described the lived experiences of teenage mothers in Catbalogan City. These are,

(1) Motherhood Experiences; (2) Coping; and (3) Future Plans. Teenage mothers have

clearly stated that it was hard to be a teenage mother.

32
 The first major theme was motherhood experiences. The saturated results found

out that participants saw difficulties in child rearing and finances. Childrearing after birth

is considered primarily a maternal role (Siripul, Sutra, Jongudomkarn & Sakdisthanont,

2010). In Thailand, Neamsakul (2008) pointed out changes in mothers’ roles that affected

lifestyles and consequently frustrated some teenage mothers, but eventually led others to

try to adapt to the new roles. Pungbangkadee (2007) revealed that teenage mothers

attempted to face difficulties by devoting themselves to serve the needs of their infant

before serving their own.

Being a mother at a young age was very challenging to them. Whether they like it

or not, they must adapt and accept their new roles, lifestyle, situation, and the increasing

responsibilities and obligations for their child, their family, and themselves. They always

prioritize their child before themselves. For instance, the situation goes like this—teenage

mother wants to hang out with her friends, but she cannot leave her child because of

conscience and cannot obtain the possible consequences if she left her child. Another

situation was like—when the child got sick it was hard to handle because you need to

exert an eye every minute for the reason that the child was ill-tempered.

The second major theme focused on Coping. Being a teenage parent is one of the

most difficult jobs in the world. Most teens are not even capable of caring for themselves.

Rickel sees adolescents, simply by virtue of their age, as having little education, and

further more they have limited experiences about life. They are less accustomed to seek

out resources for themselves than older mothers, and even when presented with

information they may require help in applying it. Thus they tend to rely on their families

33
particularly their mothers and grandmothers, for information on child development and

child care techniques.

Participants find ways in coping from their experiences; Optimism, they claimed

all the positivity all along, they just called it “beautiful disaster”. Teenage mothers

accepted the pain, the regrets they’ve been through, and just focus to the brighter picture

of their experiences. They chose to be strong and unbreakable for the sake of their child;

Spiritualization, participants meditate to God because it gave them peace. When they

prayed, it gives them knowledge and wisdom to make good decisions without worrying.

Because participants believed that prayer was the most powerful tool in surpassing all the

difficulties; and Support system, participants relied to their family in making decisions

for the reason of lack of knowledge in handling situations for the new role. Financial was

the mostly asked to the family because teenage mothers do not have stable job and ill-

equipped when it comes to sources for sustaining their needs, specifically to the child

needs.

European Scientific Journal

November 2016 edition vol.12,
No.32 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e
- ISSN 1857- 7431
185

34
make their lives
better. One of the
participants
confidently uttered, ‘I
know I
will get through all of
these. I will be fine
and my baby will be
okay too.’
Building New Dreams
The last theme
that emerged from

35
the lived experiences
conveys the
future that awaits
the chosen
participants of the
study.
European Scientific Journal
November 2016 edition vol.12,
No.32 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e
- ISSN 1857- 7431
185
make their lives
better. One of the
participants

36
confidently uttered, ‘I
know I
will get through all of
these. I will be fine
and my baby will be
okay too.’
Building New Dreams
The last theme
that emerged from
the lived experiences
conveys the
future that awaits
the chosen
37
participants of the
study.
The last theme that
emerged from the
lived experiences
conveys the
future that awaits
the chosen
participants of the
study.
The last theme that emerged from the lived experiences of teenage mother

conveys the future that awaits for the chosen participants of the study.

All participants showed their dreams on having a degree can help them to become

a successful person one day. It also help their wholeness in developing their

independence. Through education, they believed that all their suffering will end. Having a

degree is a tool in having a stable job, and by that they can provide all their needs

specifically to the child. They were also planning to pay back the sacrifices of their

38
family for them. By all the family’s helped in reached to them, participants want to value

it by giving them a better home and insurances. Participants also want to have an own

house for their recognition of independence. The matter of privacy was dominantly the

issue on having a plan in building their own house. They do not want their parents to

invade every circumstances they faced.

Chapter 5

Conclusion

Based on the findings of the study, teenage mothers in Catbalogan City have

encountered many experiences from the different perspectives, from their environment-

to-family and to herself. Most experiences focuses on their changed in role and lifestyles.

Nevertheless, teenage mothers embraced all the circumstances they faced. They

chose to be cope all the challenges with optimism, having strong faith in God, and ask

help to the people who they know that can helped them in surpassing all their difficulties.

The majority statements showed from the respondents that they want to have a degree

because they believe that it was the only way to end their sufferings and for themselves to

have a sense of independence. They made plans and build new dreams for the child’s

future, to their family—to value the sacrifices, and even for themselves—to give some

recognition for all they’ve been through.

39
Recommendation

The researchers humbly recommended to the government to have more seminars in

family planning and sex education.

Furthermore, to the families, we recommend as much as possible be

communicative to your members especially to your child. Family was the basic

surrounding that act as a role model.

40
 Bibliography APA FORMAT

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Dlamini, LS. (2002).The problems of teenage mothers in the Southern Hho-

Hho region of Swaziland. Unpublished MA Cur Dissertation. Pretoria:

University of South Africa. Pp.45-178.

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Hao, L., & Cherlin, A. J. (2004). Welfare reform and teenage pregnancy, Childbirth,

and school drop –out. Journal of Marriage &Family, 66, 179 194.

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Gordon, Alexander (1993). Short Selling and Efficient Set.

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Lerner, R.M. & Steinberg, L.D. (2004). Parent-teen relationships and

Unintended pregnancy in early adulthood. Journal of sociology department 1,

3-7.

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Factors, early family relationships and depressive symptomatology in teenage

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203, viewed 20 March 2007.

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Salvador (2016). The phenomenon teenage pregnancy in the Philippines.

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Salvador, J. Experiences of Parents with High-Risk New-borns

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43
APPENDECIES

44
45
Requesting Consent from Participants (APPENDIX)

Dear Participant,

Hello we are students from Samar State University undertaking Bachelor of Science
major in Psychology. For our research we are trying to find out what are the lived
experiences of teenage mothers in Catbalogan City. We will ask you some questions in
relation to your experiences, feelings and meanings of being a young mother. We will
interview you once. This interview will approximately last 20 minutes. We might contact
you again to read your transcription for clarification about the experiences of young
women who became mothers. Your identity will not be disclosed in connection with the
study. When the study results are published your personal identity will not be revealed.
We can be contacted by telephone on 09770178684 and we will answer any questions
you may have concerning this study. You may withdraw from this study at any time.

CONSENT FORM

I have read the information above and my questions

have been answered to my satisfaction. I agree to participate in this research project. I
realize that I may withdraw at any time, and understand that I have the right to refuse to
participate in the study.

Name and Signature of the Client Date

Researchers:

MEL NADINE U. BACAY LOVELY JOY G. LADEZA

REGIE G. ALEGRIA GENELYN P. GALANGU

JOBELLE T. ARREVADO

46
 Questionnaire

Demographic Profile

1. Name (optional)
2. Age
3. Civil Status
4. Religion
5. Educational attainment; currently enrolled? What year?
6. Living arrangement (with family of origin, family of the child’s father, separate
from parents on both sides)
7. SES or family income

Questionnaire

1. What are your experiences being a teenage mother?

2. How did you coped from the situations?
3. What are your plans, hopes and dreams?

47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
 Appendix B

CODING-INTERVIEW RESULTS
“LIVED EXPERIENCES OF TEENAGE MOTHERS IN CATBALOGAN CITY”
Significant Statement Formulated Meaning Subthemes Themes

“There is really a big difference, because unlike (Adjusting to) Changes - Child-rearing Motherhood
before, it was okay to spend money over nothing in lifestyle, roles, difficulties Experiences
because you are not thinking anything else but responsibilities
yourself. Now that I have a child, you have to
think only of the things that is necessary” (Line
26-28 Res 1)
“It’s hard to change my lifestyle. All the things
that I used to do, like drinking out with friends,
going dancing, or just hanging out with my
friends, you can’t do it anymore” (Line 13-15 Res
2)
“before, I was just an easy go lucky and just chill
since I’m young and free and I am not thinking
any responsibilities yet, I’m just only thinking
about myself, and I don’t care whose with me”
Line 7-9 Res 8)
“So when I was a teenager my life was so easy to
go somewhere I wanted to go. Consequently, as a
mother my first priority is to stay at my home for
the sake of my child.” (Line 13-15 Res 10)
“When my child was already one month old it was
difficult because instead of fixing myself I need to
take first my child since I already have the
responsibility” (Line 15-17 Res 8)
“As a mother my first priority is to stay at my
home for the sake of my child” (Line 14-15 Res
10)

“Now that I have a child, you have to think

only of the things that is necessary, and in - Finances
every time that our child is sick, we can’t
afford to do nothing, so we really need to
spend for check-ups and medicines.” (Line
28-30 Res 1)
“Sometimes our budget is enough to pay for
my studies and my baby and my family’s
needs” (Line 35-36 Res 2)
“Every time my child is sick and tight on
budget, it’s really hard thinking about the

62
situation and wishing that I’d rather be the one
to get sick than seeing my child suffering
from it.” (Line 28-31 Res 4)
“When my baby is sick, it is really a problem
for us his parents because we don’t know
what medicine we would give her. Sometimes,
we ask for money from our neighbour” (Line
25-27 Res 9)
“… I even put our fights aside and not make a big Social Support – family - Optimism Coping
deal out of it and learn to accept everything even (esp. mother), friends,
if it’s already painful.” (Line 60-61 Res 1) relative
“Nothing, I just accept and swallowed all my pain
every time I see my child.” (Line 20 Res 6)

“I just prayed to our God to go surpass the - Spiritualizatio

problem that I am taking” (Line 29 Res 7) n
“I always pray to Virgin Mary to hopefully surpass
these problems.” (Line 31 Res 9)

“Sometimes I used to go to my parents to ask

support for the medicines of my child whenever
- Support
my child is sick.” (Line 28-29 Res 12)
System
“I surpassed those because my parents are always
there to help me.” (Line 20 Res 13)
“It is easy to adjust to this kind of situation as a
mother because my sister and my aunt is always
there to support and guide.” (Line 37-39 Res 10)
“I’m thinking to continue and finish my studies to Participants build new - Have a degree Future Plans
give my child and my parents a better and brighter plans for the child,
future, because I don’t want my child to end up family and themselves.
like her mother. I want to do that. (Line 72-74 Res
1)
“I want to finish school after finishing school of
course raising my baby the right way” (Line 54-55
Res 2)
“I am planning to go back to school with the grace
of God. I am hoping that in the future of my child”
(Line 27-28 Res 5)

“I do have plans for my parent. I’m going to - Help family

support them after my studies because they are my
family. Of course, they are reason why I am able
to go to college so I have to also help them.” (Line
58-60 Res 2)
“For my family who’s helping me, I will make a
way to exchange their help.” (Line 43-44 Res 8)
“Also, to my family I want to give them a good
life.” (Line 33-34 Res 12)
“For my family, to help them someday.” (Line 24-
25 Res

63
“I want to have my own house” (Line 23 Res 6)
“I planned to have my own house with my family” - Own house
(Line 36-37 Res 15)

CURRICULUM VITAE

64
 ALEGRIA, REGIE G.
Brgy. Tenani Paranas Samar
Cell Number: 09566485782
Email Address: regiealegria1997@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Nickname: Regde

Age: 21

Sex: Male

Birthday: April 15, 1997

Birthplace: Brgy. Tenani Paranas Samar

Nationality: Filipino

Religion: Roman Catholic

Civil Status: Single

Father’s Name: Rafael M. Alegria

Mother’s Name: Violeta G. Alegria

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

TERTIARY: Samar State University

65
 Bachelor of Science in Psychology

Catbalogan Samar

2015-2019

SECONDARY: Tenani Integrated School

Paranas, Samar

2013-2014

PRIMARY: Tenani Integrated School

Paranas, Samar

2009-2010

SKILLS

 Can speak Filipino and English

 Ability to communicate both written and oral
 Computer Literate

RESEARCH UNDERTAKEN

 Live Experiences of Teenage Mother in Catbalogan City

ARREVADO, JOBELLE T.
Brgy. Candugue Daram, Samar
Cell Number: 09358494543
Email Address: jobellearrevado@gmai.com

66
 PERSONAL INFORMATION

Nickname: Belle

Age: 20

Sex: Female

Birthday: May 29, 1998

Birthplace: Brgy. Candugue Daram, Samar

Nationality: Filipino

Religion: Roman Catholic

Civil Status: Single

Father’s Name: Jose Ralph E. Arrevado

Mother’s Name: Imelda T. Arrevado

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

TERTIARY: Samar State University

Bachelor of Science in Psychology

67
 2018-2019

SECONDARY: Sua National High School

Brgy. Sua Daram, Samar

2014-2015

PRIMARY: Candugue Elementary School

Brgy. Candugue Daram, Samar

2010-2011

SKILLS

 Can speak Filipino and English

 Ability to communicate both written and oral
 Computer Literate

RESEARCH UNDERTAKEN

 Live Experiences of Teenage Mother in Catbalogan City

BACAY, MEL NADINE U.

Brgy. Calapi Motiong, Samar
Cell Number: 09770178684
Email Address: nadinebacay18@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

68
Nickname: Nadine

Age: 19

Sex: Female

Birthday: October 18, 1999

Birthplace: Brgy. Calapi Motiong, Samar

Nationality: Filipino

Religion: Born Again Christian

Civil Status: Single

Father’s Name: Ferdinand A. Bacay

Mother’s Name: Imelda U. Bacay

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

TERTIARY: Samar State University

Bachelor of Science in Psychology

Catbalogan Samar

69
 2015-2019

SECONDARY: Samar National School

Catbalogan Samar

2011-2015

PRIMARY: Calapi Elementary School

Brgy. Calapi Motiong, Samar

2010-2011

SKILLS

 Can speak Filipino and English

 Ability to communicate both written and oral
 Computer Literate

RESEARCH UNDERTAKEN

 Live Experiences of Teenage Mother in Catbalogan City

70
 LADEZA, LOVELY JOY G.
Brgy. Tenani Paranas, Samar
Cell Number: 09666984268
Email Address: palabyoung@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Nickname: Palove

Age: 21

Sex: Female

Birthday: June 22, 1997

Birthplace: Catbalogan City

Nationality: Filipino

Religion: RC

Civil Status: Single

Father’s Name: Chito L. Ladeza

Mother’s Name: Vilma G. Ladeza

71
 EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

TERTIARY : Samar State University

Bachelor of Science in Psychology

2019-2020

SECONDARY : Tenani Integrated School

Bgry. Tenani Paranas, Samar

2014-2015

PRIMARY : Tenani Integrated School

Bgry. Tenani Paranas, Samar

2010-2011

SKILLS

 Can speak Filipino and English

 Ability to communicate both written and oral
 Computer Literate

RESEARCH UNDERTAKEN

 Live Experiences of Teenage Mother in Catbalogan City

72
 GALANGUE, GENELYN P.
Pinabacdao, Samar
Cell Number: 09551565543
Email Address: punzalagalangue@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Nickname: Gen

Age: 26

Sex: Female

Birthday: October 10, 1992

Birthplace: Brgy. Tag-alag, Marabut Samar

Nationality: Filipino

Religion: Roman Catholic

Civil Status: Single

Father’s Name: Gracilio O. Galangue

Mother’s Name: Teresita P. Galangue

73
 EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

TERTIARY: Samar State University

Bachelor of Science in Psychology

2018-2019

SECONDARY: Sta. Fe National High School

Borongan, Eastern Samar

2014-2015

PRIMARY: Sta. Fe Elementary School

Borongan City, Eastern Samar

2010-2011

SKILLS

 Can speak Filipino and English

 Ability to communicate both written and oral
 Computer Literate

RESEARCH UNDERTAKEN

 Live Experiences of Teenage Mother in Catbalogan City

74