Theory w/o practice is empty and practice w/o theory is ANALYSIS

blind.  Clarity - clear

 Simplicity – high value in nursing dev’t
Nursing theory
 Generality – the broader the scope the grater
the significance of the study
TFN Crimean war
 Accessibility
1850
St. Thomas  Empirical – using senses/observation/experiences
Hospital Soldiers Scutari NURSE LEADER – develops knowledge
London (Uskudar) NURSE SCIENTIST – guide in practice
(marked the birth of Men
modern nursing)
NURSE GENERALIST – newly grad/not yet board passer
GENERAL PRACTITIONER – doctor
US
HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY SCIENCE – systematized body of knowledge
 Nursing should be separated from medicine. - Develops & improves
 FN manipulated the environment (proper NURSING – cure – research – fact ↔ science
lighting, ventilation)
Pain
THEORIES – group of actions that guides practice
 Set of concepts, ideas, beliefs, Yes – closed ended
assumptions etc. that explains experience EPISTEMOLOGY – theory of knowledge that distinguish
or phenomena justify (credible sources) beliefs from opinion
1. CURRICULUM ERA – need to teach to become a
EMPIRICIST – senses, experiences, observation
nurse
INTERPRETIVE – (open ended) open & close ended que
2. RESEARCH ERA –
Research to develop new knowledge to  You’ll interpret
combine in a new curriculum MECHANISTIC – physical
o Researches are not credible because of HOLISTIC – pangkalahatan (physical, social, spiritual etc)
lack of theory or conceptual framework QUANTITATIVE – use of numbers
(Theory development) QUALITATIVE – descriptive, use of words, experiences
3. THEORY ERA – masteral, doctoral, graduate INDUCTIVE – reasoning of specific to general
studies DEDUCTIVE – general to specific
RATIONALISM – know what is true (based on science) vs.
Theory  Practice
opinion
Research PRIO REASONING – advancing knowledge; judgmental;
PRE-PARADIGM – Thomas Samuel Kuhn may conclusion agad
 Once na nakontra
 Conceptual model/pinagbabasahehan ng
 Challenge/disprove using theory, research,
theory
strategies
4 METAPARADIGMS
 Deductive kasi may conclusion agad
1. Person
2. Environment EMPIRICISM – inductive (specific to general)
3. Health – quality and wellness of patient (access – Research, theory, strategy
of patient to healthcare) – Kung ano lang ibinigay, yun lang
4. Nursing BF SKINNER – priori reasoning is biased
DISCIPLINE – group of connecting accepted knowledge – Kapag may binigay na theory, hindi
about nursing tatanggapin
– Premature inferences
SIGNIFICANCE
– Inductive reasoning
1. Guides practice
2. Improves skills education
3. Improve patient care -> safety
EARLY 20TH CENTURY
POSITIVISM – positive knowledge based on natural SICK BUILDING SYNDROME – bldg. structures make you
phenomena verified by empirical science not based on sick, it is not designed acc. to concepts of FN.
metaphysics & theology (GOD) ; Auguste Comte
MAJOR CONCEPTS/COMPONENTS OF A HEALTHY
SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE – through research; facts ENVIRONMENT
– Data is objective not subjective 1. Pure air
(personal feeling) 2. Pure water
LATE 20TH CENTURY 3. Efficient drainage
PHENOMENOLOGY – this approach focuses on the lived 4. Cleanliness
meaning of experiences 5. Light

BROWN – empiricist view phenomena objectively, APPLICATION OF NURSING PRACTICE/MAJOR

collects data, and analyze it in inductively purpose ASSUMPTION
theory. 1. Proper ventilation – tinatabi sa bintana ang
patient for fresh air
2 MINI THEORIES 2. Light – just like photosynthesis, nagggrow ang
1. DATA DRIVEN or bottom up theory plants. Vitamin D.
2. CONCEPTUALLY DRIVEN or top down theory 3. Cleanliness
based on conceptual theories/models 4. Dietary intake – kung anong gusto ibibigay. In
STRUCTURES OF SPECIALIZED NURSING KNOWLEDGE timely manner dapat ang paglabas ng food.
5. Petty mgt – pets, visitors
1. Nursing philosophy – search for general
understanding values rather than observational
means
2. Conceptual models – forms of concepts
3. Nursing theory – comprises works derived from
nursing philosophies, conceptual models,
abstract nursing theories or works in other
discipline.
4. Middle range theory – more precise and less
variables
5. Metaparadigms
ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE  wealthy family
 May 12, 1820 in Florence, Italy
 Richard Monckton Milnes – first man to court
Florence and in 7 years relationship w/ him
 Kaiserswerth, Germany – 3 mos training
 34 voluntary nurses in Crimean war
 Died on Aug 13, 1910
THE FOUR MAJOR CONCEPTS (METAPARADIGMS)
1. NURSING – for women
 Acc. to FN, even tho u didn’t studying in
nursing school, u r still a nurse
 Dapat di natigil sa kung ano lang alam;
continuously seeking scientific
knowledge
 Manipulation of environment
2. PERSON – patient
3. HEALTH – power (resource); absence of disease
4. ENVIRONMENT – helps you to heal