Direct method

Grammar-translation method

Audio-Lingual method

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Communicative language teaching

Task-Based approach

Community

CLCL

Foreign Language learning

Grammar translation features

Linguistic notions: Rules and exceptions

Morphology of words

Syntax: Parts of the sentence

Simple and complex sentences

The reaching of conversation is postponed and underestimated

Grammar books

The dictironary

Explanations in the mother tongue by the teacher, who has a central role

Meta-language used for grammatical notions

Practice exercises to apply the notions in a deductive way

Memorization of long vocabulary lists

Reading comprehension and vocabulary exercises of a text

Translation of literary texts

Compositions

Direct method
Only the target language is used

• Everyday language is the first goal

• Questions and answers are the main vehicle for a graded oral progression

• Inductive techniques so that learners discover rules

• Correction is not neglected

1. Foreign language study should begin with the spoken language of everyday life.
2. Pupils must be familiarized with the sounds of the FL. Conventional spelling is postponed.

3. The most common sentences and idiomatic phrases must be introduced at a first stage. Dialogues,
descriptions and narratives will follow in a natural, easy way.

4. Inductive way for first levels. Grammar must be postponed.

5. The FL meaning must be explained with direct reference to objects or concepts and not to the
native language.

6. When writing is introduced, a sequence is recommended from reproduced texts to free

composition. Translation belongs to the most advanced stage of the course.

Content Spoken everyday language Gradual sequence

Objectives Capacity to ask questions and to answer

Listening and speaking communicative skills

Materials Posters, real objects, realia and texts

Procedures Direct techniques with no use of L1: immersion

- Questions and answers

- Small groups and native speakers

Assessment Conversation and interview exams

The reading method to overcome the gap between GT and DM

Content - Controlled vocabulary within reading texts

- Basic grammar

Objectives Learner needs

- Basic language and reading

Materials Graded readings texts

Procedures Oral introduction

- L1 is permitted for explanations and meaning

- Intensive and extensive reading exercises

Assessment Ability to use the FL

Audio-Lingual method

Content Grammar structures

Objectives In terms of separate skills: listening, speaking, reading and writing

- Priority of oral skills

Materials Language laboratory

- Recordings
 Procedures Direct techniques: without reference to the mother tongue

- Mimicry and memorization: mim-mem techniques

- Structural pattern drills: active and simple practice
- Artificial dialogues to introduce the structures

Assessment Skill objective tests

- Multiple choice and cloze tests

The Audiovisual Method:

Content Everyday FL

Objectives

- 1 Basic linguistic variety

- 2 General topics and reading: newspapers...
- 3 Specialized discourses: E.S.P.

Materials Filmstrip + tape (Semantic unit)

Procedures

- 1 Presentation: Visual scenario for meaningful utterances & context

- 2 Explication: Pointing Demonstrating Selective listening Questions/Answers
- 3 Repetitions & Memorization
- 4 Exploitation (development or transposition) Visual emancipation Role-play and new
questions and answers Grammar

Assessment According to goals

Language Acquisition

Natural approach

- Meaning rather than form

- Comprehensible input without drilling
- Games, problem-solving and affective activities without stresfull situations
- Silent period
- Authentic activities with no repetition and immediate production

Total Physical Response

- Acting out the phrases

- Presenting words through pictures
- Instructing students to act out the words, phrases
- Songs and chants with motions
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Community Language learning

Communicative language learning

Task – Based Learning

Cooperative learning

Content Based Instructions

ExL techniques

personal journals, diaries - portfolios - reflective personal essays and thought questions - role plays,
drama activities - games and simulations - personal stories and case studies - visualizations and
imaginative activities - models, analogies and theory construction - empathy-taking activities - story-
telling, sharing with others - discussions and reflection in cooperative groups