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Example: {x : x is a letter in the word “book”} = {b, o, k}, but {b, o, k} ≠ {b, o, t}.
Example :A = {1, 2, 3, 4}B = {2, 4, 3, 1}
Example: C = ( a , b , c , d ) D = ( d , b , c , a )
Equivalent sets
Two sets are said to be equivalent sets if they have same number of elements. For Example,
A = {a, b, c, d}B = {e, f, g, h}
Singleton set
If a set has only one element, it's known as singleton set.
A = { moon }
Here B is a singleton set because there is only one prime number which is even, i.e., 2.
Finite Set:
A set which contains a definite number of elements is called a finite set. Empty set is also called a finite
set.
For example:
• N = {x : x ∈ N, x < 7}
Infinite Set:
The set whose elements cannot be listed, i.e., set containing never-ending elements is called an infinite
set.
For example:
For example:
• A {x : x ∈ N, x < 5}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Therefore, n(A) = 4
• B = set of letters in the word ALGEBRA
B = {A, L, G, E, B, R}
Therefore, n(B) = 6
Definition of Subset:
If A and B are two sets, and every element of set A is also an element of set B, then A is called a subset
of B and we write it as A ⊆ B or B ⊇ A
Let A = {2, 4, 6}
B = {6, 4, 8, 2}
Here A is a subset of B
Since, all the elements of set A are contained in set B.
But B is not the subset of A
Since, all the elements of set B are not contained in set A.
The set N of natural numbers is a subset of the set Z of integers and we write N ⊂ Z.
Let A = {2, 4, 6}
B = {x : x is an even natural number less than 8}
Here A ⊂ B and B ⊂ A.
Hence, we can say A = B
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
B = {4, 5, 6, 7}
Super Set:
Whenever a set A is a subset of set B, we say the B is a superset of A and we write, B ⊇ A.
Symbol ⊇ is used to denote ‘is a super set of’
For example;
A = {a, e, i, o, u}
B = {a, b, c, ............., z}
Here A ⊆ B i.e., A is a subset of B but B ⊇ A i.e., B is a super set of A
Proper Subset:
If A and B are two sets, then A is called the proper subset of B if A ⊆ B but B ⊇ A i.e., A ≠ B. The symbol
‘⊂’ is used to denote proper subset. Symbolically, we write A ⊂ B.
For example;
1. A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Here n(A) = 4
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Here n(B) = 5
We observe that, all the elements of A are present in B but the element ‘5’ of B is not present in A.
So, we say that A is a proper subset of B.
Symbolically, we write it as A ⊂ B
Notes:
Notes:
Power Set:
The collection of all subsets of set A is called the power set of A. It is denoted by P(A). In P(A), every
element is a set.
For example;
Universal Set
A set which contains all the elements of other given sets is called a universal set. The symbol for
denoting a universal set is ∪ or ξ.
For example;
To find the union of two given sets A and B is a set which consists of all the elements of A and all the
elements of B such that no element is repeated.
For example;
Let set A = {2, 4, 5, 6}
and set B = {4, 6, 7, 8}
Taking every element of both the sets A and B, without repeating any element, we get a new set = {2, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8}
This new set contains all the elements of set A and all the elements of set B with no repetition of
elements and is named as union of set A and B.
Solution:
A ∪ B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9}
No element is repeated in the union of two sets. The common elements 3, 7 are taken only once.
2. Let X = {a, e, i, o, u} and Y = {ф}. Find union of two given sets X and Y.
Solution:
X ∪ Y = {a, e, i, o, u}
Therefore, union of any set with an empty set is the set itself.
3. If set P = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, set Q = {0, 3, 6, 9, 12} and set R = {2, 4, 6, 8}.
Solution:
The smallest set which contains all the elements of set P and all the elements of set Q is {0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 9, 12}.
The smallest set which contains all the elements of set P and all the elements of set R is {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8}.
The smallest set which contains all the elements of set Q and all the elements of set R is {0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8,
9, 12}.