Muscular System

Principles of
Anatomy and
Physiology
14th Edition

CHAPTER 10
Muscular Tissue
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Principles of
Anatomy and
Physiology
14th Edition

CHAPTER 11
The Muscular System
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Outline
A. Muscle Structure
B. Muscle Tissue
C. Muscle Fiber – Microscopic Structure
D. The Sliding Filament Mechanism
E. Types of Muscle Fibers
F. Pathophysiology
1. Tetanus
2. Myasthenia Gravis
 Amazing Body Facts
• Muscle, tissue or organ that has ability to
contract, usually in response to a stimulus
from the nervous system.
• Make up about 40 percent of an individual's
body weight
• Muscle size depends upon use.
 Amazing Body Facts
• There are over 656 different muscles in the
human body
• 327 antagonistic pairs
• 2 unpaired muscles
– Orbicularis oris
– Diaphragm
 Amazing Body Facts
• Muscles around eyes contract 100,000x/day
• Individual muscle cells can be up to 12 inches
(30cm) long
• By age 40, number & diameter of muscle fibers
begins to decrease.
• By age 80, 50% muscle mass may be lost.
 Functions of Muscular System
• Producing Body
Movements
• Stabilizing body
positions
• Storing and moving
substances within the
body
• Generating body heat
(~85% of it)
 Movement
-Movements of the whole
body such as walking and
running
-Localized movements such
as grasping a pencil,
keyboarding, or nodding the
head
-Integrated
functioning of skeletal
muscles, bones, and joints.
 Movement
Movement when the brain
sends electronic signals to
the motor neurons on the
muscles, the motor
neurons release a
neurotransmitter that
causes a chemical reaction
and the muscles contract.
Keyboard Solo…use those hand
muscles
 Stabilization
• Skeletal muscle
contractions stabilize
joints and help maintain
body positions, such as
standing or sitting.
 Posture
• Postural muscles contract
continuously when you are
awake.
• Sustained contractions of your
neck muscles hold your head
upright when you are listening
intently to your anatomy and
physiology lecture.
• The muscles in our torso keep us
upright by maintaining constant
tension.
• They also adjust to compensate
when the body is off center.
 Storage and Movement of
Substances
• Storage is accomplished by
sustained contractions of
ringlike bands of smooth
muscle called sphincters,
which prevent outflow of the
contents of a hollow organ.
• Temporary storage of food in
the stomach or urine in the
urinary bladder is possible
because smooth muscle
sphincters close off the
outlets of these organs.
Storage and Movement of
Substances
 Storage and Movement of
Substances
• Cardiac muscle
contractions of the
heart pump blood
through the blood
vessels of the body.
 Storage and Movement of
Substances
• Smooth muscle contractions -
adjust blood vessel diameter
and thus regulate the rate of
blood flow;
• Move food and substances
such as bile and enzymes
through the gastrointestinal
tract
• Push gametes (sperm and
oocytes) through the
passageways of the
reproductive systems
• Propel urine through the
urinary system.
 Storage and Movement of
Substances
• Skeletal muscle
contractions promote
the flow of lymph and
aid the return of blood
in veins to the heart.
 Thermogenesis
• Body movement
produce heat
• 85% of body heat is
produced by muscle
• Heat helps regulate
body temperature
• Excess heat is carried by
the blood to the surface
of the skin and turn into
sweat (sweat
evaporation)
 Types of Muscular Tissue
• Skeletal Muscle Tissue
• Cardiac Muscle Tissue
• Smooth Muscle Tissue
 Skeletal Muscle
Characteristics:
* Multinucleated
* Striated
* Voluntary control
Appearance:
 Cardiac Muscle
• Striated and uni-
nucleated
• Branching cells
• Intercalated discs
separate cells
• Rhythmicity
• Only found in wall
of heart
• Self-exciting
tissue
• Large transverse
tubules
 Smooth Muscle
Characteristics:
* Uninucleated
* No striations
* Involuntary control
Appearance:
 Three Types of Muscular Tissue
Location Function Appearance Control

multi-
Skeletal move nucleated & voluntary
skeleton
bones striated
one nucleus,
Cardiac pump striated, &
heart involuntary
blood intercalated
discs
Visceral various various
(smooth muscle) organs, functions, one nucleus & involuntary
example: example: no striations
GI tract peristalsis
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Characteristics of Muscles
• Muscle cells are elongated
(muscle cell = muscle fiber)
• Contraction of muscles is due to
the movement of microfilaments
• All muscles share some
terminology
– Prefix myo refers to muscle
– Prefix mys refers to muscle
– Prefix sarco refers to flesh, muscle
cell
 Functional Characteristics of
Muscles
1. ELECTRICAL EXCITABILITY
– The ability to receive and respond to a stimulus
• In skeletal muscle, the stimulus is a neurotransmitter (chemical
signal) release by a neuron (nerve cell).
• In smooth muscle, the stimulus could be a neurotransmitter, a
hormone, stretch, pH, Pco2, or Po2. (the symbol  means “a
change in”)
• In cardiac muscle, the stimulus could be a neurotransmitter, a
hormone, or stretch.
- Stimulus is thus of two types: (a) autorhythmic electrical
signals arising in the muscular tissue itself, as in the heart’s
pacemaker and (2) chemical stimuli
– The response is the generation of an electrical impulse
(MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIALS) that travels along the
plasma membrane of the muscle cell.
 Functional Characteristics of
Muscles
2. CONTRACTILITY
– The ability to shorten forcibly when adequately
stimulated.
– This is the defining property of muscle tissue.
3. EXTENSIBILITY
– The ability to be stretched within limits, without
being damaged
– Smooth muscle is subject to the greatest amount of
stretching (stomach filled with food); Cardiac muscle
stretched when heart is filled with blood
 Functional Characteristics of
Muscles
4. ELASTICITY
– The ability to recoil and resume original length
after being stretched.
5. CONDUCTIVITY
– More than a local effect
– Electrical charge spreads along the muscle fiber
 TRIVIA QUESTIONS

• How many muscles are

used during the following
activities?
 SMILING

Guesses?????
SMILING ANSWER

17
 FROWNING

Guesses????
FROWNING ANSWER

41
 WRITING

Guesses???
WRITING ANSWER

~30
SWIMMING

Guesses???
SWIMMING ANSWER

213
Names of Skeletal Muscles
• Correct names of muscles include the term
muscle
• Exceptions:
– platysma
– diaphragm
Naming Skeletal Muscles
Naming Skeletal Muscles
 Descriptive Names for
Skeletal Muscles
• A muscle may be named based on:
– Location
– Size
– Number of origins
– Appearance
– Direction of fibers
– Origin and insertion
– Muscle action
 Location in the Body
• Identifies body regions:
– e.g., temporalis muscle, intercostal muscles
 Names for Muscle Size
• Longus = long
• Longissimus = longest
• Teres = long and round
• Brevis = short
• Magnus = large
 Names for Muscle Size
• Major = larger
• Maximus = largest
• Minor = small
• Minimus = smallest
Direction of Muscle Fibers
• Indicate the direction in which their fibers (and
fascicles) run in reference to some imaginary line,
usually the midline of the body or the longitudinal
axis of a limb bone
– i.e., rectus (straight), transversus (right angle),
oblique (oblique angle)
 Origin and Insertion
• First part of name indicates origin
• Second part of name indicates insertion:
– e.g., Sternocleiomastoid
– Has a dual origin on the sternum (sterno) and
clavicle (cleido), and it inserts on the mastoid
process of the temporal bone
 Relative Position
• Externus (superficialis):
– visible at body surface
• Internus (profundus):
– deep muscles
Structural Characteristics
• Number of tendons:
– bi = 2, tri = 3
• Shape:
– trapezius, deltoid, rhomboid
• Size
 Action
• Movements:
– e.g., flexor, extensor, retractor
• Occupations or habits:
– e.g., risor = laughter
 Naming Skeletal Muscles
• Several criteria are combined in the naming
of some muscles
– Example: extensor carpi radialis longus
– Action of the muscle: the muscles action (extensor)
– Location of attachment: joint it acts on (carpi = wrist)
– Location of muscle: lies close to the radius of the forearm
(radialis)
– Relative size of muscle: relative to other wrist extensor
muscles (longus)
• Unfortunately, not all muscle names are this
descriptive