GROUP MEMBERS

DE LOS TRINO, FRANCES CHARIZA I.

URBANO, KHAREN
BLAY, ALEXANDRA

CHAPTER 1
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

The developments in Science and technology are brought about by gradual improvements to
earlier works from different time periods. Behind the continuous progress is the desire to raise
the quality of life of people.

ANCIENT TIMES

TRANSPORTATION & NAVIGATION

§ Significant during the time because people were trying to places and discover new
horizons.
§ They travel for food, find better locations, and trade their surplus goods in exchange for
things that they lacked.

COMMUNICATION
§ In order to facilitate trade and prevent possible conflicts.
§ Record-keeping was important to document places they had been to and keep records
of their history and culture.

WEAPONS AND ARMORS

§ Created for security and protection purposes as there was always a risk of conflict when
people meet others with different culture and orientations.

§ Primary challenge they faced was the CONSERVATION OF LIFE. Different illnesses and
diseases, both natural and man-made, hampered the full potential of a human being.
Science and Technology played major role in the discovery of cures and prevention of
illnesses.

ENGINEERING
§ Establishment of bigger and stronger infrastructures that would address their specific
needs and wants, also for protection from human attacks and natural disasters.

ARCHITECTURE
§ Elaborate architectures were signs of technological advancement of a particular
civilization. It served as a status symbol among nations of how advanced their
technology is.
§ Humans later developed technology to improve how they look. The discovered that
people looked visually presentable and appealing by adding some features and
decorations in their body.
 SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION

SUMERIA is located on the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia. Sumerians were known for
their high degree of cooperation with one another. They were known for their desire for great
things -- this desire pushed them to develop many things connected with science and technology

CUNEIFORM
§ One of their major contributions is the development of the first system of writing, which
is the cuneiform
§ It utilizes word pictures and triangular symbols which are carved on clay tablets
§ This allowed them to record their daily lives

URUK CITY
§ Considered as first true city in the world
§ Built using only mud or clay, mixed with reeds, producing sunbaked bricks

THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR

§ Also known as the mountain of god
§ Was built the way the City of Uruk was built, using sun-baked bricks
§ The ziggurat served as a sacred place of their chief god and only the priests were
allowed to enter
§ It does not only showcase Sumerian architecture but as well as it represents the

technology used to built it.

IRRIGATION CANALS AND DIKES

§ As population increased, so was the demand for food
§ The Sumerians were challenged to mass produce food items
§ Their environment was uncooperative that time, so decided to create dikes and
irrigation canals to bring water in and control flooding
§ Solution for bringing water to farmlands and controlling the flooding rivers
§ Considered one of the world’s most beneficial engineering works as they have increased
their production because of it.

SAILBOATS
§ The Sumerians were said to be the first to build sailboats
§ Main mode of transportation, used to carry large quantities of products and were able
to cover large distances
§ Ropes are used for sails and the bottom part of the boat are made of reeds or sticks

WHEEL
§ Sumerians invented the wheel so that it would be easier to carry/push trading goods
around. It was invented in 3500 BCE.
§ The first wheel was called a water wheel, it allowed them to move heavy objects and
even water from place to place.
 § This invention led to the invention of the chariot, water wheel, cogwheels, and
astrolabes for sailors to navigate.
§ Made for farm work and food processes

THE PLOW
§ It was invented to dig the ground at a faster pace
§ Used in seed planting, invented to dig the ground for faster pace for mass production of
food without taking much effort and time.

ROADS
§ In order to facilitate faster and easier travel, the Sumerians developed the first roads
§ The built the roads using the same technology in making the sun-baked bricks

BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION

The Babylonians were great builders, architects, and engineers.

HANGING GARDENS
§ One of their greatest contributions is the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, which was built
for Amytis by order of Nebuchadnezzar
§ Considered as one of the greatest engineering and architectural achievements of the
world

BABYLONIAN MATHEMATICS
§ Functional Knowledge of the Pythagorean Theorem

BABYLONIAN MATHEMATICS
§ The Babylonians were the first to make use of straight roads
§ First to make use of right angles at crossings or intersections
§ Precursor to Urban Planning

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
Egypt is located in North Africa. The Egyptian civilization aside from their massive infrastructures
and architecture has also contributed other practical things. Egyptians are famous for their
infrastructures established by Pharaohs.

PAPER / PAPYRUS
§ Although the Egyptians were not the first to develop a system of writing, they were able
to make writing much easier
§ Used for record-keeping and communications

INK
§ Alongside their invention of the papyrus, they also invented the ink.
 § They invented the ink using soot with different chemicals to produce ink of different
colors

HEIROGLYPHICS
§ The Egyptians also developed a system of writing symbols, which is the hieroglyphics
§ This was the language that Egyptians used to tell the modern world of their history and
culture
§ A system of writing using symbols believed to be provided by their gods.
§ Can be seen today carved at the walls in their pyramids and other important Egyptian
structures.

COSMETICS
§ Their functions in ancient Egypt was both for health and aesthetics
§ Egyptians used Kohl around the eyes to treat eye diseases.
§ They also believed that the person wearing make-up was protected from evil evil and
beauty was a sign of holiness
§ At present, is a booming industry

WIG
§ Worn for health and wellness purposes
§ Used to protect the shaved heads of the wealthy Egyptians from harmful rays of the sun.
§ Considered cleaner than natural hair because it prevented the accumulation of head
lice.

WATER CLOCK / CLEPSYDRA

§ Used to measure time by utilizing gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel
to the other.

GREEK CIVILIZATION

GREECE is known as the birthplace of western philosophy, famous for their in-depth works in
philosophy and mathematics.

ALARM CLOCK
§ Used to tell an individual when to stop of when to start
§ Made use of large complicated mechanisms to time the alarm with either water, small
stones or sand.
§ PLATO was believed to have utilized the alarm to signal the start of his lectures with four
water vessels lined up vertically.

WATER MILL
§ Commonly used in agricultural processes like milling of grains which is necessary for
food processing, mass production of rice, cereals, flours and the like
 ROMAN CIVILIZATION

Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west.
Considered to be the cradle of politics and governance during the period. Other civilizations
looked up to it as their model in terms of legislation and codified laws.

NEWSPAPER
§ First newspaper known as GAZETTES which contained announcements of the Roman
Empire to the people
§ Used to be engraved in metal or stone and then publicly displayed but was made easier
since the invention of paper
§ Easy access to government information as documents were edited and published on the
same day that they were recorded

BOUND BOOKS / CODEX

§ Used for their record-keeping purposes, mainly documenting historical events and newly
legislated laws
§ According to sources, JULIUS CEASAR started the tradition of stacking up papyrus to
form pages of a book. Covers made of wax and animal skin were later on provided to
protect the papyrus.

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
§ Sturdier and stronger infrastructures-large cathedrals, basilicas, aqueducts, coliseums,
amphitheaters, residential houses
§ Were able to redesign old architectural patterns to adapt new trends and were fully
supported and funded by the Roman government

ROMAN NUMERALS
§ Devised their own number system to specifically address the need for a standard
counting method that would meet their increasing communication and trade concerns.

CHINESE CIVILIZATION

Also known as the middle kingdom, considered the oldest civilization in Asia.

SILK
§ Developed the technology to harvest silk and process it to produce paper and clothing
that resulted in the creation of a product for trade
§ This product bridged the gap between the western world and the middle kingdom

TEA PRODUCTION
§ Beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling water over crushed or shredded dried tea
leaves. Machine was invented to increase production of tea and trade with other nations
 § Believed that the first tea was frunk by a Chinese emperor, developed production made
it one of the most famous beverages in the world today

GREAT WALL OF CHINA

§ Once considered the only man-made structure that could be seen from the outer space
§ Made of stone, brick, wood, earth and is said to be the largest and the most extensive
infrastructure that the nation built, made to keep out foreign invaders and control the
borders of China

GUNPOWDER
§ Widely used in fireworks during celebrations and to propel bullets from guns and
cannons which cause countless deaths
§ Originally developed by Chinese alchemists who aimed to achieve immortality but
accidentally invented a black powder that could easily generate large amounts of heat
and gas in an instant.

MEDIEVAL / MIDDLE AGES

The start of the middle ages was marred with massive invasions and migrations. Wars were
prevalent which resulted in population decline, but during the latter part of the period, there was
a significant rise in population.

PRINTING PRESS
§ Invented by JOHANN GUTENBERG, made to address the need for publishing books
§ Soon evolved to mechanical printing press, made accessible to individuals who could
not even write

MICROSCOPE
§ Developed by ZACHARIAS JANSSEN, used to observe organisms in order to discover
new means in preventing and curing various illnesses

TELESCOPE
§ Invention of an optical instrument needed to see far and wide to navigate and avoid
dangers of the sea
§ Made sea travelling easier, along with the compass, oars, and rudders

WAR WEAPONS
§ Developed CROSS BOWS, LONG BOWS and IRON BODY ARMORS as offensive tools
and defensive instruments from their enemies.
 MODERN TIMES

Development of industries, food processing and medicine.

PASTEURIZATION
§ Invented by LOUIS PASTEUR, used the process of heating dairy products to kill the
harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster

PETROLEUM REFINERY
§ SAMUEL KIER was able to invent KEROSENE (“illuminating oil”) by refining petroleum

TELEPHONE
§ Invented by ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL, to address and discuss important day-to-day
decisions at the fastest time possible

CALCULATOR
§ Revised into an easy to carry version in order to be utilized when computing more
complicated equations
§ Lead to the development of complex processing machines like computer

PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
Many of its inventions are built from indigenous materials to adapt to the harsh tropical
environment.

SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE

§ Invented by VICTOR LLAVE and his team H20 TECHNOLOGIES which can cross not
only flooded streets but also rivers and lakes

SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE LIGHTING LAMP (SALT)

§ Invented by AISA MIJENO
§ Environment-friendly light source that runs on salt water which poses no risk of fire and
emits no toxic gases

MEDICAL INCUBATOR
§ Invented by DR. FE DEL MUNDO to maintain conditions suitable for newborn/pre-term
babies

MOSQUITO OVICIDAL/LARVICIDAL TRAP SYSTEM

§ Made of natural ingredients that are lethal to mosquitos but safe for humans and the
environment

EJEEPNEY
§ Utilizes electricity and is environment-friendly since it does not emit any smoke and
noise