Computations and Exercises

Exercise 1: Compute for the RMS value of the voltage and current in Run 1 using
the measured peak values. Compare the computed RMS values with the measured
RMS value of the voltmeter.

Table 1.1 (Measured Values)

Trial VP IP VRMS IRMS

1 6V 5 mA 4.2 V 3.7 mA
2 6V 1 mA 4.2 V 0.7 mA

Table 1.2 (Computed Values)

Trial VP IP VRMS IRMS

1 6V 5 mA 4.24 V 3.54 mA
2 6V 1 mA 4.24 V 0.71 mA

Computations:

Trial 1 Trial 2
𝑽𝑷 𝟔 𝑽𝑷 𝟔
𝑽𝑹𝑴𝑺 = = = 𝟒. 𝟐𝟒 𝑽 𝑽𝑹𝑴𝑺 = = = 𝟒. 𝟐𝟒 𝑽
√𝟐 √𝟐 √𝟐 √𝟐
𝑰𝑷 𝟓 𝑰𝑷 𝟏
𝑰𝑹𝑴𝑺 = = = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟒 𝒎𝑨 𝑰𝑹𝑴𝑺 = = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏 𝒎𝑨
√𝟐 √𝟐 √𝟐 √𝟐

Comparison:

The VRMS and IRMS that are shown in the tables above for the measured and
computed gives almost the same results. The results may vary due to or could
depend on the values of the voltage and current peak. While factors such as
rounding off, wirings, etc. may cause discrepancy or percent error to the results.
Exercise 2: Draw the voltage and current waveform in purely resistive, purely
inductive and purely capacitive circuits with the voltage and current having an
RMS value of 106 volts and 14.14 amperes respectively.

Given:
VRMS = 106 V
IRMS = 14.14 A

Solution:

𝑉𝑀 = 𝑉𝑅𝑀𝑆 ∗ √2 = 106 𝑉 ∗ √2 = 149.91 ≈ 150 𝑉

𝐼𝑀 = 𝐼𝑅𝑀𝑆 ∗ √2 = 14.14 ∗ √2 = 19.997 ≈ 20 𝐴

A. Purely Resistive Circuit

50𝑉
𝑣 (𝑡 ) = 𝑉𝑀 sin 𝜔𝑡 [ ]
𝑑𝑖𝑣
10𝐴
𝑖 (𝑡 ) = 𝐼𝑀 sin 𝜔𝑡 [ ]
𝑑𝑖𝑣

B. Purely Inductive Circuit

 50𝑉
𝑣 (𝑡 ) = 𝑉𝑀 sin 𝜔𝑡 [ ]
𝑑𝑖𝑣
10𝐴
𝑖 (𝑡 ) = 𝐼𝑀 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 90°) [ ]
𝑑𝑖𝑣

C. Purely Capacitive Circuit

50𝑉
𝑣 (𝑡 ) = 𝑉𝑀 sin 𝜔𝑡 [ ]
𝑑𝑖𝑣
10𝐴
𝑖 (𝑡 ) = 𝐼𝑀 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 90°) [ ]
𝑑𝑖𝑣

Answers to Questions and Solution to Problems

1. What is the effective value of a sine wave? Why is it called effective value?
 Answer: The effective value of a sine wave is the alternating voltage or current
that will have the same effect on a resistance as a comparable value of direct
voltage or current will have on the same resistance. Approximately the value of
the effective or RMS value of a sine wave of current is 0.707 or 70.7% of the peak
value. In other words, it is the equivalent value in DC which tells you how many
volts or amperes of DC that a time-varying sinusoidal waveform is equal to in
terms of its ability to produce the same power. It is called an effective value,
because it shows how effective will the voltage or current in the circuit will be.

2. Why is the effective value also called RMS (Root Mean Square) value?

Answer: The RMS value is the square root of the mean (average) value of the
squared function of the instantaneous values. It only refers to time-varying
sinusoidal voltages, currents or complex waveforms were the magnitude of the
waveform changes over time and are not used in DC circuit analysis or
calculations were the magnitude is always constant. Effective value is also called
RMS because it uses a mathematical quantity as described in the definition of
RMS to compare direct and alternating currents or voltages.

3. Compute for the effective value of a voltage with a maximum value of 325 volts

𝑽𝑷 𝟑𝟐𝟓
𝑽𝑹𝑴𝑺 = = = 𝟐𝟐𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝑽
√𝟐 √𝟐

4. A sine wave has a maximum value of 325 volts. What is the instantaneous value at 45°?
Compare this computed value with the answer obtained in No. 3. Do you notice
something?

𝑬 = 𝟑𝟐𝟓 𝑽 (𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒𝟓°) = 𝟐𝟐𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝑽

I’ve notice that the instantaneous value at 45° with a maximum value of
325 V is equal with the value of the effective value of a voltage with a maximum
value of 325 V
5. Are the voltage – current curves obtained in the experiment for the resistive, inductive
and capacitive circuits the same with existing theories? If not, explain the cause of the
discrepancies.

Answer: Yes, the voltage-current curves obtained in the experiment were the
same with the principles/theories discussed. In the purely resistive load, the
current in the circuit is in phase with the voltage. In the purely inductive load, the
current is lagging with the applied voltage by 90° in the circuit. Lastly, in the
purely capacitive load, the current lead the voltage by 90°.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

 The first experiment is focused on "Voltage and Current Relation and RMS Value
of Sinusoid", its concepts and theories. We all know the relationship between voltage and
current which is highly evident and describe through the Ohm's Law. We've already gone
through analyzing voltage and current in DC circuits and now we are in focus of AC
circuits, what could be their evident differences?

Most of us students begin their study with DC or Direct current, which is

electricity flowing in a constant direction and/or possessing a voltage with constant
polarity. Also DC is the kind of electricity made by a battery. While AC or Alternating is
an electric current which periodically reverses direction, in contrast to Direct Current,
which flows only in one direction. Alternating current is the form in which electric power
is delivered to residences and businesses, which is in the form of electrical energy that
consumers typically use when plugging in their appliances, technologies, etc.

Starting the experiment we need to find the effective value and peak value of the
supply voltage and the current with the use of an oscilloscope. The table below shows the
values and results we’ve measured.

Table 1.1 (Measured Values)

Trial VP IP VRMS IRMS

1 6V 5 mA 4.2 V 3.7 mA
2 6V 1 mA 4.2 V 0.7 mA
The values shown above are the values desired for this experiment. Observing the
values indicated above you notice that the two trials have different result for the peak
current value while they have the same peak voltage value. This could be caused by the
difference of their input voltage peak as for trial 1 is much higher than trial 2 and also
regarding the fact that there was a change in the resistance for trial 2 during the
experiment.

Table 1.2 (Computed Values)

Trial VP IP VRMS IRMS

1 6V 5 mA 4.24 V 3.54 mA
2 6V 1 mA 4.24 V 0.71 mA

The table shown above indicates the computed values for the effective and peak
voltage and current. Wherein in this case the peak voltage is set to be 6V.
 Findings and Conclusion

After conducting the experiment, I ‘am now able to understand and

explain the concepts regarding the Voltage and Current Relation and RMS
Value of Sinusoid. The concepts I've learned are: DC's and AC's current and
voltage differs in many ways such as in their respective results when graphed.
Wherein AC have a sinusoidal or pulse waveform that depends on the nature of
the load while in DC where it waveform has normally a straight line graph. They
also differ regarding to electron flow, wherein DC electrons flows in one
direction while AC electrons flows in reverse direction or keeps on switching.
I've also learned the time relation between voltage and current which have three
possible time phase: purely resistive, purely inductive and purely capacitive.
After the experiment I observed that the relation between the current and voltage
in a sinusoidal waveform depends whether the load is purely resistive, inductive
or capacitive. Hence it will determine whether between the current or voltage
will lead or lag. Concluding the experiment we were able to achieve the
objectives of this experiment. We now understand the relation of voltage and
current and how the RMS play a vital role in this experiment, for it helped us
decide whether the parameters given are efficient or not. Also it shows us how
certain factors can affect the values of the given data and lastly is surely proved
to us the concepts we discussed in our lecture.
 Bibliography

Cimatu, S. & Rebong, A. (n.d.). Resistance and Inductance of a Coil.

Laboratory Manual in AC Circuits

Effective Value of a Sine Wave. (n.d.). Retrieved from:

http://www.tpub.com/neets/book2/1f.htm

Inductive Reactance and Frequency. (n.d.). Retrieved from:

http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/accircuits/ac-
inductance.html