CHM 420

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

NAME: NUR IZZATI BINTI IDRIS

STUDENT ID: 2019654024

LECTURER’S NAME: MS. NORFADILAH CHAYED

LABORATORY PARTNER’S NAME: NUR MAISARA BINTI MAT SUDIN

DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 1 OCTOBER 2019

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 8 OCTOBER 2019

INTRODUCTION

There are several general types of chemical reactions based on the reactant and product produce
based on the compounds used (Marilyne Stains et al., 2008). The most common types of chemical
reactions such as combination, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement and
combustion. In combination reactions, two or more reactants form one product. However, it depends
on conditions or the relative amounts of the reactants, it can be more than one product can be formed in
a combination reaction.

Next, decomposition reactions are really the opposite of combination reactions. In this reactions
a single compound allows to breaks down into two or more simpler substances. Other than that, for
single displacement reactions, a more active element displaces another less active element from a
compound while for double displacement reactions two ions are displaced and this type of reactions
occurs in a solution either an insoluble solid for precipitation reactions or water which is neutralization
reactions will be formed.

PURPOSE

To study the general types of chemical reaction and to write balanced equations for each type of reaction

CHEMICALS AND APPARATUS

Magnesium ribbons 1.0 M CuSO4 Crucible and cover

Sand paper 1.0 M NaOH Bunsen burner

Copper 1.0 M FeSO4 Tripod Stand

Iron nail 1.0 M H2SO4 Clay Triangle

Zinc 0.1 M AgNO3 Test tubes

Litmus paper 1.0 M HCl Wooden splint

KClO3(s) 1.0 M Pb(NO3)2 Tongs

Na2CO3 1.0 M K2Cr2

PROCEDURE

A. Combination Reactions
1. A crucible and a cover is obtained.
2. A piece of magnesium ribbon is cleaned using sand paper, and then was folded into small piece
to rest on the bottom of the crucible.
3. The crucible and contents is heated with brushing motion and after a while, it is heated to
redness for three minutes.
4. The gas burner is switched off when the reaction has completed.

B. Decomposition Reactions
1. A small amount of potassium chlorate (KClO3) placed in a clean and dry test tube and was
heated gently. KClO3 will formed gas bubbles and liquefy.
2. The test tubes is heated for one minute and the wooden splint is light up. The flame was blow
out and quickly insert the glowing splint into the mouth of the test tube as the reaction is still
occurred. The glowing splint will ignite if the compound is produced oxygen gas.

C. Single Replacement Reactions

1. Five test tubes is placed in a test tube rack and labelled with test tube 1,2,3,4,5. 1 ml of 1.0 M
CuSO4 is placed in test tube 1, 1 ml of 1.0 M FeSO4 is placed in test tube 2, 1 ml of 0.1 M
AgNO3 in test tube 3, and 1 ml of 1.0 M HCl each in test tube 4 and 5.
2. An iron nail is rubbed using sand paper and then placed in test tube 1. Three pieces of copper
is rubbed using sand paper and then placed in test tube 2,3 and 4. A piece of zinc is rubbed
with sand paper and then placed in test tube 5. Test tubes is left aside for 10 minutes and
observed. The nail in the test tube is removed and then is examined.

D. Metathesis or Double Replacement Reactions

1. Precipitation reaction
1 ml of 1.0 M Pb(NO3)2 solution is mixed with 1 ml of 1.0 M K2Cr2O4 in a clean test tube.

2. Acid-base neutralization
3 ml of 1.0 M NaOH solution is placed in a clean test tube. Then, 3 ml of 1.0 M H2SO4 is added
carefully into the test tube.

3. Formation of gas
5 ml of 1.0 M H2SO4is mixed with the solid Na2CO3 in a clean test tube. The test tube is
observed.
DATA AND RESULTS

Table 1: Observation for combination and decomposition reaction

Experiments Observation
A. Combination Reaction - White powder formed

B. Decomposition Reaction - Produce pop sound during the heating of KClO3

- Glowing the splint ignites

Table 2: Observation for single replacement reaction

Experiment Observations
Test tube 1 Test tube 2 Test tube 3 Test tube 4 Test tube 5
CuSO4 + Fe FeSO4 + Cu AgNO3 + Cu HCl + Cu HCl + Zn
C. Single - Iron nail - No reaction - Greyish - No reaction - Bubbles
Replacement coated with white takes place produce
Reaction brown coloured deposited - Black
substances grow off on coating on
- The solution the surface of zinc strip
becomes light cuprum strip surface
green

Table 3: Observation for precipitation reaction, acid-base neutralization and formation of a gas

Experiment : D. Metathesis or Double Observation/ Chemical Equations

Displacement Reaction
- Formed bright-yellow precipitate at the bottom of
1. Precipitation Reacion test tube
- Pb(NO2)3 + K2Cr2O4 → PbCr2O4 + 2KNO3
2. Acid-base neutralization - Clear solution
- 2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
- Bubbles formed
3. Formation of gas - Carbon dioxide gas produce
- H2SO4 + Na2CO3 → Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2
QUESTIONS

1. Write balanced chemical equation for the reactions involved.

A. 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

B. 2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2

C. 3 CuSO4 + 2 Fe → Fe(2SO4)3 + 3 Cu
FeSO4 + Cu → no reaction occur
2 AgNO3 + Cu → Cu(NO3)2 + Ag
HCl + Cu → no reaction occurs
HCl + Zn → ZnCl2 + H2

D. Pb(NO2)3 + K2Cr2O4 → PbCr2O4 + 2KNO3

2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
H2SO4 + Na2CO3 → Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2

2. Which test is used to identify carbon dioxide gas?

Test that used to identify carbon dioxide gas is metathesis or double displacement reaction for
formation of gas

3. How can you tell whether a chemical reaction has occurred?

Chemical reaction has occurred when there is a chemical and physical changes occurs on the
reaction. Chemical changes occur when a substances composition is changes when the atoms
to break apart from each other and new bond is formed. While for physical changes is something
that changes that can be seen without changing the composition such as texture, colour, shape
and state.
DISCUSSIONS

According the table above showing the results of every experiment that have been done which
to determine the general types of chemical reaction. From the table 3.1, it shows the combination
reaction which involving the reaction between magnesium and oxygen. The reaction is called
combination reaction. The oxidation or combustion of magnesium in air has long been used as a source
of intense light in photography and for other photochemical reactions. The energy released in this
combustion occurs as the magnesium reacts with oxygen in the air according to the equation:

2 Mg (s)+ O2 (g) → 2 MgO (s)

When the magnesium metal burns, it reacts with oxygen found in the air to form Magnesium
Oxide. Oxygen and magnesium combine in a chemical reaction to form this compound. After it burns,
it forms a white powder of the magnesium oxide. Magnesium gives up two electrons to oxygen atoms
to form this powdery product. This is an exothermic reaction. An exothermic reaction is a term that
describes a chemical reaction in which there is a net release of energy (heat).

Next, in decomposition reactions, a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler
substances. According to Lin et al., (2011) Potassium Chlorate are oxygen rich compounds. When
KClO3 is heated strongly, it breaks down, releasing oxygen gas and leaving behind a thermally stable
(i.e., heat-insensitive) solid residue of an ionic potassium compound. After complete decomposition of
the sample, oxygen and potassium chloride are produced through the equation as follows:

2KClO3 (s) → 2KCl (s) + 3O2 (g)

In single replacement reaction, test tube 1 shows the reaction between Copper (II) Sulphate and Iron.
The observations that has been recorded in the Table 3.2 indicate that reaction produces metallic copper,
which is seen precipitating as a finely divided red powder. This type of reaction, in which one metal
"displaces" another from a solution of one of its salts, is known as a single substitution reaction. A metal
capable of displacing another from a solution of one of its salts is said to be "more active" than the
displaced metal. Thus, iron (Fe) is more active that copper.

Next, the reaction does not take place between Iron (II) Sulphate and Copper since Iron is more
reactive than copper, that means it has a greater tendency to lose electrons and form positive ion,
displacing copper ion in copper sulphate solution. However, since copper is below iron in the reactivity
series, it is less reactive than iron and therefore unable to displace the ferrous ion (Fe2+) in ferrous
sulphate solution. Also, the reaction does not take place in between HCl with Copper since Copper is a
very unreactive metal, and it does not react with hydrochloric acid. It is above copper in a metal
reactivity series, so copper cannot replace the hydrogen in HCl.
 While the reaction between silver nitrate and copper shows the results by forming a greyish
white deposited grow off on the surface of Copper strip. This is because pure elemental form of Copper
is oxidised by the silver nitrate solution. This means that it loses electrons and forms copper ions. These
irons replace the silver ions which present in aqueous silver nitrate solution to form a copper nitrate
(new compound) So, as the silver nitrate is converted into its elemental form, the deposits of silver coat
the surface of copper strip. Besides, the reaction between HCl and Zn will produce bubbles since the
reaction will release hydrogen gas.
Double displacement reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which a cation from one
compound displaces the cation from another compound and vice versa. Thus, double displacement
reactions are observed in the solution phase, during which one of the formed product escapes from the
solution phase either as a precipitate or in the form of a gas (Gnanamani Simiyon, 2018). In first
observation of precipitation reaction, bright-yellow precipitate formed at the bottom of test tube. This
is because potassium dichromate react with lead (II) nitrate to produce lead (II) chromate and potassium
nitrate. The balanced equation for this reaction is:
Pb(NO2)3 + K2Cr2O4 → PbCr2O4 + 2KNO3

Both of potassium dichromate and lead (II) nitrate are soluble substances. However, the presence of
lead (II) chromate precipitate, which is insoluble salts.

In acid-base neutralization, there is no changes between the reactions of sodium hydroxide solution
with sulfuric acid solution. The solution colour remains clear solution. The balanced equation for this
reaction is:

2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

This reaction also involves acid-base reaction which is NaOH is a base and H2SO4 is an acid that react
together and formed salt and water. For formation of a gas, sulphuric acid solution will react with
sodium carbonate and produce sodium sulphate, water and released carbon dioxide gas. The balanced
equation for this reaction is:

H2SO4 + Na2CO3 → Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2

During this reaction, the carbon dioxide gas evolved which is seen by the formation of bubbles.
CONCLUSION

From the experiment, shown that many types of chemical reactions includes combination
reaction, single replacement reaction and metathesis or double displacement reaction. The chemical
reaction has occurred when there is a chemical and physical changes occurs on the reaction. Chemical
changes occur when a substances composition is changes when the atoms to break apart from each other
and new bond is formed and the physical changes is something that changes that can be seen without
changing the composition such as texture, colour, shape and state.

REFERENCES

Gnanamani Simiyon, G. (2018). Solid State Double Displacement Reaction at Room Temperature.
Resonance, 23(6), 683–691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12045-018-0664-5

Lin-Quan Liao, Qi-Long Yan, Ya Zheng, Zhen-Wei Song, Jun-Qiang Li, P. L. (2011). Thermal
Decomposition Mechanism of Particulate core-shell KClO3-HMX Composite Energetic Material.
Journal of Engineering & Materials Sciences, 18, 393–398.

Marilyne Stains, V. A. T. (2008). Classifications of Chemical Reactions: Stages of Expertise.

Chemistry, 45, 771–793.