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School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering,
Mapua University, Muralla St.,Intramuros, Manila, 1002 Philippines
Abstract
Exposure to high temperature rise and water seepage influence the behavior of concrete
roof slabs. In this study, a water-based polyurethane membrane is selected to be applied
on Ordinary Portland Cement Concrete and Geopolymer Concrete to assess its
effectiveness. Seventy-two concrete samples were tested for Saltwater Absorption and
Surface Temperature Reading. The relationship among the thickness of the slab,
number of coatings applied, temperature change, water absorption, and hours of
immersion were analyzed. Results show that the greater thickness of concrete exhibits
lower heat transmission from the exposed face to the covered face. However, as the
number of coatings increase, the tendency of heat reflection also increases dramatically
but the concrete manifests a decrease in heat transmission. With regards to saltwater
absorption, thickness and number of coating varies inversely with its percentage of
absorption. The results show that the most effective and optimum thickness and number
of coatings that they have obtained, is to use 130 mm thickness and 2 coatings of
waterproofing for the OPC and to use 130 mm thickness and 4 coatings of
waterproofing for the GPC. Thus, if the thickness is subjected to change due to the
design constraints of the thickness of the slab, the number of coatings shall be
determined using the said mathematical models.
Keywords: waterproofing, polyurethane membrane, Portland cement, geopolymer
1. Introduction points. Otherwise, water ponding on
Concrete is known to be flat roof would occur which will cause
evidently prone to tension failures, thermal differences to the wet and dry
cracks and voids. Corrosion of steel side of the slab. It is also important to
reinforcement happens when water choose the suitable waterproofing
seep through the concrete with high membrane in accordance to the
permeability. While concrete is one of environment, area of the roof slab, cost
most durable manmade materials, it and other parameters.
becomes permeable after it hardens. Without waterproofing that
Chloride attack is one way that could keeps the moisture out, the concrete
possibly cause damage to it. This will be prone to expansion leading to
happens when a poor quality concrete the cracking of concrete, the formation
had contact with such substance that of rust from the water reacting with
allows its passage, which leads to the impurities or reinforcing metals in the
breakdown of the protection of the concrete, aggregate expansion, and
steel reinforcement bars that bacterial corrosion. Waterproofing of
accelerates the corrosion of the steel concrete ensures that almost all
and eventually causes concrete failure. moisture is kept out of the material. It
Porosity is often mistaken to provides a great deal of benefit to
permeability. The former is the concrete such as added strength,
measure of voids in concrete while the reduced maintenance costs and keep
latter is the rate of flow of a fluid in the concrete water-tight since they are
these pores. exposed to the weather.
On the other hand, concrete is a However, polyurethane
composite material that has thermal compounds have attracted scientific
properties. Its behavior is influenced interests due to its extraordinary
by several factors and one of it is the features. It has been widely used as a
rate of temperature rise. When exposed coating to protect the concrete from its
to high temperatures, deterioration corrosive environment. UV-curable
happens in its compressive strength, coating’s one auspicious area is the
tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, water-based polyurethane membrane
bond with reinforcements, etc. that constitutes safety to the
Concrete undergoes changes in its environment [1]. Thus, this membrane
chemical composition, physical particularly concerns its thermal
structure and water content reflection as well as the water
demonstrated by cracks and explosive penetration capabilities in concrete.
spalling due to the buildup of steam
pressure. It indicates that high 2. Methodology
temperature has a negative effect on This study is focused in
the workability of concrete. assessing the effectiveness of a water-
As a result, waterproofing is based polyurethane membrane on
utilized in order to keep a concrete roof Ordinary Portland Cement Concrete
water-tight. Proper design of the roof and Fly-ash-based Geopolymer
slab must be considered to effectively Concrete with each material varying
utilize the full effects of the waterproof from thickness and the number of
coatings. It must have flow paths that coatings applied. The researchers will
directs water to suitable discharge
conduct two laboratory tests which are used to compute for the concrete mix
Saltwater Penetration Test and Surface ratio. Table 1 shows the details of the
Temperature Reading Test. The mix.
Saltwater Penetration Test shall be
conducted in accordance to ASTM
D6489-99 and the Surface Heat Test
shall be in accordance to ASTM E
1862 – 14.
The conduction of tests of this Table 1. Mix Details per 1m3
study consists of seventy-two concrete
specimens. Ordinary Portland cement The concrete mixing is divided
and Geopolymer concrete are used as into parts due to time and space
the two classification of samples. Each constraints. A slump of 15cm, 13cm
concrete specimen varies from number and 15cm are obtained for each batch,
of coatings applied and thickness. respectively. After the specimens are
Thirty-six ordinary concrete samples removed from the formworks, the
are casted, twenty-four of which are specimens are submerged under water
coated with liquid applied for 20-day curing process.
waterproofing while twelve of them Aside from the Ordinary
are control specimens. Similarly, Portland Cement Concrete,
twenty-four Geopolymer concrete are Geopolymer is another kind of
coated while twelve of these thirty-six concrete specimen tested. It is
samples are control. Tests are carried currently being studied that sets forth
out using blocks of 200mm x 200mm to the future of cement alternative. Its
in which the thickness varies. An sample size will be the same as that of
interval of 30mm per thickness is used ordinary concrete with various
to gather a more distinctive result. thickness and coat. The making of the
Since roof slabs do not Geopolymer concrete blocks was made
experience very high water head simultaneously with the ordinary
throughout its lifespan, the test for the concrete. The mix details of
absorption of saltwater to the concrete Geopolymer concrete are shown in
does not require a pressurized test. Table 2.
Coatings vary from zero to four to
further assess its importance and Material Ratio
effectivity. Three concrete samples are Fly-ash 1.2 kg
casted per coat and thickness to collect Gravel 3 kg
accurate results by getting their means. Sand 2 kg
Ordinary Portland cement is a NaOH
usual material in the building 3.2 L
Activator
construction as one of the concrete mix Table 2. Geopolymer Concrete Mix
composition. The type of Portland Details
cement that is used in this study is in Maxelastic Pur HW
conformance to ASTM Type 1. In Thermocoat is a water-based
making the thirty-six ordinary concrete polyurethane membrane which is
blocks, the total volume of the mix is formulated to provide low thermal
initially computed. ACI Method is conductivity that is suitable for all
kinds of flat roofs especially concrete Due to time, space and equipment
roof slabs. Initially, all concrete constraints, the testing of the
samples except the control specimens specimens are tested with five
are coated with a primer prior to the specimens per batch. The Halogen
application of the waterproofing Spot Lamp is then turned on for 1 hour
compound. All coated specimens were to let the heat penetrate the concrete.
applied using a brush. Careful After an hour passed, the halogen spot
application and consistency of the lamps are turned off and the specimens
coatings are maintained and with the are removed from the stand to ensure
guidance of the experts in application. that the heat reading will purely come
In the conduction of absorption from the surface and not from the heat
test, the saltwater is replaced by a residue from the halogen spot lamp.
substitute water mixed with salt. In The temperature reading is recorded
reference to several studies and salinity using a device called Infrared
data of the Philippine ocean, a Radiometer Camera that takes a
percentage of salt on water was picture of the specimen that also shows
decided. According to Philippine the surface temperature of the surface.
Statistics Authority, marine water and The temperature of the top and bottom
body of ocean in the Philippines has a surface are recorded immediately after
salinity that ranges from 30,000 to removing it from the stand to ensure
40,000 ppm (part per million). These accurate data.
include the seawater environment, bay, The specimens are oven dried
gulf and channels. To elaborate and air dried after curing and are
further, the mean seawater salinity in placed faced down on the container.
Samar, Philippines is 32,130 ppm in The face of the concrete is the side
reference to a study conducted by E.H. wherein there is a waterproofing
Cebu and R. L. Orale. In this study, coating. To ensure that no water will
32,000 ppm of salinity is used. For penetrate on exposed sides of concrete,
every cubic meter of water used, there the researchers have also applied
will be 3.2% of that volume of water coating onto the 4 sides of each
already converted in kilograms. This is samples. Saltwater is free to circulate
to mimic the mixture and around the specimens since PVC pipes
concentration of salt in the marine were placed at the bottom. OPC and
environment. GPC are soaked for 24 hours and their
As a preparation for the surface weights are measured thereafter. The
temperature test, the researchers set up specimens are returned to the container
a stand for the artificial heat source and and weighed after 48 hours. Figure 1
the specimen in such a way that the shows the setup of the saltwater
surface of the specimen will have absorption test.
constant height from the heat source.
The researchers used Halogen Flood
Lamp of 500 watts as a heat source. As
for the setup of the test, the height of
the halogen spot lamp to the surface of
the blocks is maintained at 17 cm for Figure 1. Set-Up for the Salt-Water
more accurate results. Absorption Test
3. Results and Discussions Data obtained from the
3.1 Surface Temperature Test temperature reading of ordinary
Surface Temperature Test is concrete is given in Table 3. The table
the first test prior to conducting shows the average temperature
saltwater absorption test. All obtained from the top and bottom
specimens are subjected to around surfaces of the specimens including
100°C, measuring the temperature on their changes in temperature. Based
the exposed side and the covered side. from the results, it can be seen that
The exposed side of the concrete is the control specimens have higher
face of the specimen with temperature readings compared to
waterproofing. In the case of control specimens with waterproofing. To
specimens, the smoother face is treated further compare the results of the
as the exposed side. The measurement temperature between the top and
of the temperature is done using an bottom of each specimen, Figures 2, 3,
infrared radiometer camera, which also 4, 5. are given below.
takes photos of the subject with the
temperature reading.
Figure 2 Figure 3
Figure 4 Figure 5
Figure 6. Figure 7
Figure 8
Figures 6, 7, and 8 shows the in which shows that the thickness of
graphical representation of the OPC the specimen does not affect the top
specimens with various coatings surface temperature. Meanwhile, the
applied. As shown in the graph, the bottom surface temperature evidently
specimens with 0 coating has reached shows that the temperature decreases
a top surface temperature ranging from as the thickness of the slab increases
85 ℃ to 95 ℃ while specimens with 4 due to the properties of heat
coatings has a range temperature of conduction where heat transfer will
60 ℃ to 75 ℃. From the graph shown, occur slower to thicker slabs that
the top surface temperature is uniform, thinner slabs.
Figure 9. Graphical Representation of the Change in Temperature of Ordinary
Portland Concrete with respect to its Thickness.
Figures 11, 12, 13, and 14 which causing the heat be reflected,
shows the results of GPC specimens in thus lowering the surface temperature.
each thickness. The graphs display However, the bottom surface shows a
identical representation that shows a uniform temperature in each thickness
decreasing temperature on the top which shows that the number of
surface as number of coatings applied coating does not affect the bottom
increases, due to the reflective surface temperature.
capabilities of the waterproofing, in
Figure 15 Figure 16
Figure 17.
Figure 20. Graphical representation of average water absorption test results for
ordinary concrete in 24-hour immersion to saltwater
Figure 21. Graphical representation of average water absorption test results for
ordinary concrete in 48-hour immersion to saltwater
Figures 20 and 21 above show without coating signifies the
that as the thickness of concrete importance of waterproofing. To
becomes greater, its percentage of compare the test results with respect to
water absorption lessens. In a constant the relationship of the 24-hour and 48-
thickness of concrete, a greater number hour immersion with the percent
of waterproofing coating manifests a absorption in concrete of various coat
better performance in resisting water and constant thickness, Figure 22, 23,
absorption. A considerable difference 24, and 25 are given below.
in the absorption of concrete with and
Figure 22 Figure 23
Figure 24 Figure 25
Figure 27. Graphical representation of average water absorption test results for
Geopolymer concrete in 48-hour immersion to saltwater
Figure 28 Figure 29
Figure 30 Figure 31
Figure 32. Water Absorption vs thickness of Geopolymer and ordinary concrete in 24-
hour immersion
Figure 33. Water Absorption vs thickness of Geopolymer and ordinary concrete in 48-
hour immersion