HPE1023

CIVIL ENGINEERING (CONSTRUCTION SAFETY)

ASSIGNMENT 3: TERM PAPER
CHILDHOOD SEXUAL VICTIMIZATION LEAD TO ADULT
DEPRESSION

NURUL ATIKA BINTI M NURDIN PTM160109889

SYAZWANI SYAHIRAH BINTI AZMAN SHAH PTM160109949
NURUL FAIDATUL SOFEA BINTI IEZAM PTM160109921

Prepared for:

MOHD JURAIMI BIN OMAR

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

KPTM KUANTAN
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY ............................................................................................. 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM ............................................................................................ 3

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY ............................................................................................. 5

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 RESEARCH ESTIMATES ABOUT CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE ....................................... 6

2.2 REPORTING CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE ........................................................................... 8

2.3 EFFECTS OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE ON VICTIM ................................................... 10

2.4 DEFINITION OF DEPRESSION...................................................................................... 12

2.5 TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION .................................................................................... 14

2.6 PREVENTION OF DEPRESSION ................................................................................... 16

3.0 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................. 18

4.0 REFERENCE LIST ........................................................................................................... 18

1.0 INTRODUTION

1.1 Background of study

Child sexual abuse is a form of child abuse that includes sexual activity with a
minor. A child cannot consent to any form of sexual activity, period. When a perpetrator
engages with a child this way, they are committing a crime that can have lasting effects
on the victim for years. Child sexual abuse does not need to include physical contact
between a perpetrator and a child. (Child Sexual Abuse, n.d)

Even using relatively conservative definitions, there is evidence that sexual abuse
is much more widespread internationally than was once thought. For a long time, most of
the studies of sexual abuse came from North America, and some sceptical believed that it
might be uniquely common or isolated to that area. However, there have now been
community epidemiological surveys in at least 20 different countries. In every case,
these surveys have found child sexual abuse histories in a large fraction of the
population. In every country, the studies have established a prevalence of abuse far
exceeding the scope of the problem that would be inferred from the number of cases that
were officially reported. At this magnitude, it is clear that virtually any mental health
professional is going to be dealing with many individuals who have been sexually
abused, whether disclosed or not.

The high rate found in the Netherlands, for example, is the result of very sensitive
and well-trained interviewers using a meticulous interview protocol with 14 separate
questions related to a history of abuse. It shows that people’s willingness to disclose a
history of abuse is related to the interviewers’ ability to demonstrate a sincere and
sensitive interest. But it doesn’t tell us much about cross-cultural patterns of abuse.

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 Unfortunately we do not know enough about cross-cultural patterns. According
David Finkelhor (1997), claims about some cultures that sexual abuse is rare have
usually been wrong. Large amounts of underlying sexual abuse can occur in an area with
few official reports, especially if the culture is one that treats sex with a great deal of
shame or secrecy. The international epidemiological studies suggest to me that the
burden of proof is now on those who would argue that sexual abuse is rare. (Challenges
Facing Child Protection and Mental Health Professionals, 1997)

Child sexual abuse is a complex issue in Malaysia. There are 9.36 million children
out of 30.098 million populations in Malaysia. 4.56 (49%) million are girls, while 4.8
(51%) million are boys. Child sexual abuse is a situation where an adult or adult
adolescent involve a child in a sexual activity for sexual gratification.

Out of 37,2634 rape cases committed in Malaysia from 2000-2015, 2,854 victims
were sodomized while 4739 were incest-rape cases. 44.5% of all sexual crimes
committed in Malaysia involve children aged below 16. Based on Department of Social
Welfare statistics for the period between 2010 and 2013, there were 14,6625 child abuse
cases. Out of only 46 cases which were successfully prosecuted, 26% were child sexual
abuse cases. When the same data on child abuse was requested in 2014, the answer given
was 16,0656, an increase of 2,600 child abuse cases within 1 year. Royal Malaysia
Police data for the year 2012 showed 2,584 reported child related cases; 2,299 were child
rape cases. For years 2010-2015, reported child abuse cases are for 2010 with 937 cases,
2011 with 824 cases, 2012 with 963 cases, 2013 with 1,093 cases, 2014 with 1,829 and
2015 with 1,6198. (Azira Aziz, 2016)

This problem is not focused only in Malaysia. A study conducted on 22 countries

in 2009 stated that 7.9% men and 19.7% women experienced sexual abuse before the age
of eighteen. (Azira Aziz, 2016)

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1.2 Statement of Problem

It is well known that many more girls than boys are the victims of sexual abuse. This
statistic is confirmed regardless of the information that is used. Across different types of
research—all reliable studies conclude that girls experience more sexual abuse than do boys.
Studies have found that the percent of victims who are female range from 78% to 89%. Some
data from both agency cases and adult retrospective reports show a relatively uniform risk for
children after age 3. Other studies find that older children are more likely to be abused; one
study found that over half of the children who were sexually victimized were between 15-17
years old. One national study that uses information from law enforcement agencies found that
14% of sexual assault victims are ages 0-5, 20% are ages 6-11 and 33% are ages 12-17. In the
absence of complete agreement on this issue, it is probably best to say that the risk continues
across the spectrum of childhood, with teens at possibly higher risk. (Childhood Sexual
Abuse Fact Sheet, May 2005)

Some studies have found more sexual assault and sexual abuse among children from
lower income backgrounds. Among cases coming to the attention of authorities, however,
sexual abuse is less related to low income than other forms of child maltreatment. Studies
have also found that sexual abuse to be associated with other family problems, for example,
parental alcoholism, parental rejection, and parental marital conflict. Children who
experience other forms of victimization are more likely to be the target of sexual
victimization. (Childhood Sexual Abuse Fact Sheet, May 2005)

Many complexities challenge our understanding of factors and relationships that

exacerbate or mitigate the consequences of abusive experiences. The majority of children
who are abused do not show signs of extreme disturbance. Research has suggested a
relationship between child maltreatment and a variety of short and long term consequences,
but considerable uncertainty and debate remain about the effects of child victimization on
children, adolescents, and adults. The relationship between the causes and consequences of
child maltreatment is particularly problematic, since some factors (such as low intelligence in
the child) may help stimulate abusive behaviour by the parent or caretaker, but low
intelligence can also be a consequence of abusive experiences in early childhood.

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 The scientific study of child maltreatment and its consequences is in its infancy. Until
recently, research on the consequences of physical and sexual child abuse and neglect has
been based on primarily on retrospective studies of adolescents or adults that are subject to
clinical bias and inaccurate recall (Aber and Cicchetti, 1984). Research on consequences of
abuse is also challenged by the hidden nature of much abuse and because these experiences
may not come to anyone’s attention until years after they occur. Maltreatment often occurs in
the presence of multiple problems within a family or social environment, including poverty,
violence, substance abuse, and unemployment. Distinguishing consequences that are
associated directly with the experience of child maltreatment itself rather other social
disorders is a daunting task for research investigator. (6 Consequences of Child Abuse and
Neglect, 1993)

Sexually abused children, particularly those abused by a family member, may show
high levels of dissociation, a process that produces a disturbance in the normally integrative
functions of memory and identity (Trickett and Putnam, in Press). Many abused children are
able to self-hypnotize themselves, space out, and dissociate themselves from abusive
experiences (Kluft, 1985). In some clinical studies, severely abused children appear to be
impervious to pain, less empathetic than their non-abused peers, and less able than other
children to put their own suffering into words (Barahal et al., 1981, Straker and Jacobson,
1981).

However, victims of abuse were also likely to have read or talked about the problem
recently and tended to see it as a more common occurrence than non-victims. These findings
are generally consistent with other studies on the long-term impact of abuse and add to the
sense of this as a social problem with important social and psychological ramifications.
(David Finkelhor, 1989)

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1.3 Significance of Study

There are a few significance of conducting this research. Child sexual abuse needs to
be seen both as a children’s rights issue and as a health and mental health problem (Beezley
Mrazek, 1981). The lack of psychological knowledge in the legal intervention itself may even
defeat its own purpose resulting in ‘crime-promoting crime prevention’ or ‘abuse-promoting
child protection’. The legal intervention may therefore not only fail in its own aim but may
inflict additional secondary psychological damage on the child (The Multi-Professional
Handbook of Child Sexual Abuse, 1991).

In differentiating between human rights aspects and mental health issues in child sexual
abuse we cannot and must not make the equation that all sexually abused children are
automatically psychiatrically disturbed, although all may be confused to some degree by the
experience.

The number of sexual abuse cases involving children is much bigger than indicated in
hospital records, according to child rights activist James Nayagam. Sharmila Sekaran, who
chairs the child rights organisation Voice of the Children, said parents must be made more
aware of the need to talk about sex abuse involving children. This research is significance to
bring awareness to the public that sexual abuse of children is particularly alarming and all
parties must play a role in preventing these crimes from recurring.

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2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Research Estimates About Child Sexual Abuse

By Paramedical Students of Hospital Ipoh.

There has been increasing awareness that sexual abuse of children is a problem in
Malaysia. Existing data is based on notification of cases. Population based studies are
required to plan services for sexually abused children. Pediatric Department of Hospital Ipoh
(2011) self-administered questionnaire was given to student nurses and trainee medical
assistants at the Ipoh School of Nursing and Hospital Bahagia Medical Assistant Training
School. Questionnaires were distributed directly to all students in a classroom setting and
retrieved after a 30-minute interval.

Information collected included questions on personal experiences of sexual abuse.

Sexual abuse was defined as rape, sodomy, molestation, or exhibitionism occurring to a child
less than 18 years of age. Six hundred and sixteen students participated in the study; 6.8% of
the students admitted to having been sexually abused in their childhood, 2.1% of males and
8.3% of females. Of those abused, 69% reported sexual abuse involving physical contact,
9.5% of whom experienced sexual intercourse. The age at first abuse was < 10 years in
38.1% of the cases; 59.5% were repeatedly abused and 33.3% had more than one abuser. Of
the abusers, 71.4% were known to the respondent, 14.2% of whom were brothers, 24.5%
relatives, and 24.5% a family friend. Further, 28.9% of all students knew of an individual
who had been sexually abused as a child.

While this population may not be entirely reflective of the community, this study does
provide an indication of the prevalence of sexual abuse in Malaysian children. The
prevalence figures in this study are lower than those reported in industrialized countries and
this may reflect local sociocultural limitations in reporting abuse.

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By Malaysian Police Data.

Most complaints of child sexual abuse in Malaysia do not lead to successful

prosecutions, largely due to weaknesses in the nation's criminal justice system, police,
lawmakers and child welfare groups say. According to classified data Malaysian police
compiled and shared with Reuters, 12,987 cases of child sexual abuse were reported to police
between January 2012 and July of this year. Charges were filed in 2,189 cases, resulting in
just 140 convictions.

The data doesn't show how many people were involved, or what happened in the cases
where there were no convictions after charges were filed. No details were disclosed in the
cases where there were convictions. Child rights advocates have long pushed the government
to publicly disclose data on child sexual abuse to increase awareness so action can be taken to
address what they call a growing problem. A veil was lifted in June when a British court
handed Richard Huckle 22 life sentences for abusing up to 200 babies and children, mostly in
Malaysia, and sharing images of his crimes on the dark web.

The reason the Malaysian government doesn't publish child sexual abuse data is because
it is protected under Malaysia's Official Secrets Act. The government provides data on child
abuse only at the request of a member of parliament because don’t want people to
misinterpret. The government doesn't want to unduly alarm the public about possibly high
numbers of child abuse cases (Ong Chin Lan, 2016).

It is unclear how Malaysia's number of reported cases compares with its neighbours,
some of whom are also reluctant to disclose a high incidence of child sexual abuse.
Thailand's government declined to provide data to Reuters. A senior health ministry official,
who did not want to be identified, said it could "make Thailand look bad".

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2.2 Reporting Child Sexual Abuse

Every published empirical study on the disclosure of child sexual abuse indicates that a
high percentage of those child sexual abuse victims who report their abuse to authorities
delay disclosure of their abuse, and that a significant number of children do not disclose the
abuse at all. Consequently, child sexual abuse is significantly underreported. Summit’s
(1983) model of child sexual abuse, the Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome,
explains the hindrance to disclosure. This syndrome consists of five components: secrecy (the
abuse occurs when the victim and perpetrator are alone, and the perpetrator encourages the
victim to maintain secrecy); helplessness (children are obedient to adults and will usually
obey the perpetrator who encourages secrecy); entrapment and accommodation (once the
child is helplessly entrenched in the abusive situation, he or she assumes responsibility for the
abuse and begins to dissociate from it); delayed disclosure (because the victims who report
child sexual abuse often wait long periods of time to disclose, their disclosures are
subsequently questioned); and retraction (as in the recantation stage described by Sorenson
and Snow, the victims may retract their disclosures of abuse after facing disbelief and lack of
support after their disclosure).

VICTIM’S RELATIONSHIP TO THE PERPETRATOR.

If the perpetrator is a relative or acquaintance, victims of child sexual abuse are less
likely to report the offense, or they are likely to disclose the abuse after a delay (Arata, 1998;
DiPetro, 2003; Hanson et al, 1999; Smith et al, 2000; Wyatt and Newcomb, 1990). In Arata’s
study, 73% of the victims did not disclose the abuse when the perpetrator was a relative or
stepparent, and 70% did not disclose when the perpetrator was an acquaintance. Goodman-
Brown, Edelstein, and Goodman found that those children who felt responsible for the abuse,
often because the abuse occurred within the family, took longer to report the abuse. Wyatt
and Newcomb found that the women who did not disclose their abuse to anyone were likely
to have been closely 8 related to the perpetrator and abused in close proximity to their home.

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SEVERITY OF SEXUAL ABUSE.

Research results vary in regard to disclosure of abuse in relation to the severity of that
abuse. Arata (1998) found that child victims who experienced more severe levels of sexual
abuse were less likely to disclose this type of abuse. This is consistent with the findings of
Gries, Goh, and Cavanaugh (1996), who reported that fondling was reported by 80% of their
subjects who disclosed. In contrast, however, Hanson et al. (1999) found that of their 341
adult females who were victims of childhood rape, the more severe assaults were likely to be
reported. DiPietro et al. (1998) also found that contact sexual offenses were those most
commonly reported in their sample of 76 children.

GENDER DIFFERENCES.

DeVoe and Coulborn-Faller; Gries, Goh, and Cavanaugh; Lamb and Edgar-Smith; and
Walrath, Ybarra, and Holden all found that girls are more likely to report abuse than boys.
Reinhart found that sexual abuse of males was more likely to be disclosed by a third party.
There are no methodologically sound empirical studies that indicate that males disclose at a
higher rate than females. Gender does not appear to be as important, however, as victim
perpetrator relationship in disclosure of abuse (Paine and Hanson, 2002).

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2.3 Effects of Child Sexual Abuse on Victims

For victims, the effects of child sexual abuse can be devastating. Victims may feel
significant distress and display a wide range of psychological symptoms, both short- and
long-term. They may feel powerless, ashamed, and distrustful of others. The abuse may
disrupt victims’ development and increase the likelihood that they will experience other
sexual assaults in the future.

In the short-term (up to two years), victims may exhibit regressive behaviours (e.g.,
thumb-sucking and bed-wetting in younger children), sleep disturbances, eating problems,
behaviour and/or performance problems at school, and unwillingness to participate in school
or social activities.

Longer-term effects may be wide-ranging, to include anxiety-related, self-destructive

behaviours such as alcoholism or drug abuse, anxiety attacks, and insomnia. Victims may
show fear and anxiety in response to people who share characteristics of the abuser, i.e., the
same sex as the abuser or similar physical characteristics.

Victims may experience difficulties in adult relationships and adult sexual functioning.
Survivors may feel anger at the abuser, at adults who failed to protect them, and at
themselves for not having been able to stop the abuse (page 1). Victims may experience
traumatic sexualisation, or the shaping of their sexuality in “developmentally inappropriate”
and “interpersonally dysfunctional”. Victims may feel betrayed and an inability to trust adults
because someone they depended on has caused them great harm or failed to protect them.
Victims may feel powerless because the abuse has repeatedly violated their body space and
acted against their will through coercion and manipulation. Abusers may cause victims to feel
stigmatized (i.e., ashamed, bad, deviant) and responsible for the molestation.

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 Victims of child sexual abuse have higher rates of re-victimization (later sexual
assaults) than non-victims. Some victims may appear to be free of the above symptoms. A
study conducted in 1986 found that 63% of women who had suffered sexual abuse by a
family member also reported a rape or attempted rape after the age of 14. Recent studies in
2000, 2002, and 2005 have all concluded similar results. Children who had an experience of
rape or attempted rape in their adolescent years were 13. 7 times more likely to experience
rape or attempted rape in their first year of college. Those with a prior history of sexual
victimization are extremely likely to be re-victimized. Some research estimates an increased
risk of over 100%.

A child who is the victim of prolonged sexual abuse usually develops low self-esteem,
a feeling of worthlessness and an abnormal or distorted view of sex. The child may become
withdrawn and mistrustful of adults, and can become suicidal. (Victims Of Crime, 2014)

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2.4 Definition of Depression

Depression is a common and serious mental illness that negatively affects how you
feel, think and act. Part of the variability in the disorder happens because it can co-occur with
many other mental disorders such as anxiety disorders or substance use disorders, which
shape the manifestation of depression. But depression is treatable. The patient depression can
cause feeling of sadness or loss interest in activities once enjoyed. It can lead to a variety of
emotional and physical problems.

Depression symptoms can vary from mild severe and can include change of appetite,
loss of energy or fatigue and thought of dead or suicide. Depression affects an estimated one
in 15 adults (6.7%) in any given year and one in six people (16.6%) will experience
depression at some time in their life. On average it first appear during the late teen to mid-
20s. The percentage woman will get depression is higher than man. Some studies show that
one-third of women will experience a major depressive episode in their lifetime.

ADULT DEPRESSION

As you get older, you may go through a lot of changes like death of loved ones,
retirement, stressful life events, or medical problems. It’s normal to feel uneasy, stressed, or
sad about these changes. But after adjusting, many older adults feel well again.

Depression is different. It is a medical condition that interferes with daily life and
normal functioning. It is not a normal part of aging, a sign of weakness, or a character flaw.
Many older adults with depression need treatment to feel better.

For the information there are 3 types of depression, major depression, Persistent
Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) and Minor Depression. Firstly, major depression severe
symptoms that interfere with your ability to work, sleep, concentrate, eat and enjoyed life.
Second, persistent depressive disorder or its’ called Dysthymia, the depression symptoms
that are less severe than those of major depression but it is long lasting at least 2 years.
Finally, minor depression. The depression symptoms that are less severe than those of major
depression and dysthymia, and symptoms are not last long.

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DEPRESSION IS DIFFERENT FROM SADNESS OR GRIEF

The deaths of a loved one, loss of a job or the ending of a relationship are difficult
experiences for a person to endure. It is normal for feelings of sadness or grief to develop in
response to such situations. Those experiencing loss often might describe them as being
“depressed.” But being sad is not the same as having depression. The grieving process is
natural and unique to each individual and shares some of the same features of depression.
Both grief and depression may involve intense sadness and withdrawal from usual activities.

They are also different in important ways. For some people, the death of a loved one
can bring on major depression. Losing a job or being a victim of a physical assault or
a major disaster can lead to depression for some people. When grief and depression co-exist,
the grief is more severe and lasts longer than grief without depression. Despite some overlap
between grief and depression, they are different. Distinguishing between them can help
people get the help, support or treatment they need.

Sansonnet-Hayden et al. (1987) found that depressive symptoms and

schizoid/psychotic symptoms (hallucinations) significantly differentiated adolescent
inpatients with a history of sexual abuse from those with no history of sexual abuse, although
it was not clear whether these behaviours came before or after the abusive experiences.
Prospective and longitudinal research appears warranted to assess the extent to which this
self-destructive and negative life trajectory characterizes abused and neglected children.

One example of the potential impact of time on recollection of childhood victimization

may be found in Russell's (1984) research, in which she found that older women reported less
sexual abuse than younger women. Although one might conclude from this that the incidence
of sexual abuse had increased over the years, other possible explanations are that the passage
of time leads to forgetfulness about these experiences or that older women may simply be
more embarrassed about revealing this information. Memories of abusive experiences change
during one's lifetime, and thus retrospective studies cannot guarantee the validity of
information about childhood victimization.

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2.5 Treatment of Depression

The primary treatment options for depression include medication and psychotherapy. It
is important to remember that as doctors and therapists develop a personalized treatment plan
for each individual, different treatment or treatment combinations sometimes might be tried
until you find one that works for you.

Medication for depression patient is called antidepressants. Some told that it work well
to treat depression. Somehow the symptoms usually begin to improve within a week or two
or they can take several weeks to work fully. As you know it also has some side effects,
which in most cases can be managed and minimized. The most common side effects of
antidepressants include vomiting, weight gain, sleepiness and sexual problems.
Older adults also tend to be more sensitive to medications. Therefore, lower or less frequent
doses may be needed. Before starting a medication, older adults and their family members
should talk with a doctor about whether a medication can affect alertness, memory, or
coordination, and how to help ensure that prescribed medications do not increase the risk of
falls.

Psychotherapy (or “talk therapy”) can also be an effective treatment for depression. It
helps by teaching new ways of thinking and behaving, and changing habits that may
contribute to the depression. Psychotherapy can help you understand and work through
difficult relationships or situations that may be causing your depression or making it worse.
Research shows that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), including a version called
problem-solving therapy, and may be an especially useful type of psychotherapy for treating
older adults and improving their quality of life.

Research also suggests that for older adults, psychotherapy is just as likely to be an
effective first treatment for depression as taking an antidepressant. Some older adults prefer
to get counselling or psychotherapy for depression rather than add more medications to those
they are already taking for other conditions.

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 All sexually abused need some protection work but not all sexually abused children
need therapy. All sexually abused are to some degree confused about their experience as a
result of the secrecy. Sexually abused children need explicit licence and encouragement to
talk about their sexual experience and they need some work which helps to prevent further
abuse. All sexually abused children need some relief from their confusion and all children
need prevention work. But not all sexually abused children are psychologically disturbed to a
degree which requires therapy.

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2.6 Prevention of Depression

There are a number of things people can do to help reduce the symptoms of depression.
For many people, exercise regularly helps to create a positive feeling and improvement of
mood. Getting enough quality of rest or sleep can help to reduce symptoms of depression.
Then eating a healthy diet and reduce alcohol can avoid depression.

Depression is a real illness and help is available. With proper diagnosis and treatment,
the percentage of people with depression will overcome. If there is a symptom of depression
a first step is to talk with the family or seeing a psychiatrist. Talk about your concerns and
request a thorough evaluation. This is a start to addressing mental health needs.

Training parents to teach proper names for genitals and other reproductive organs to
their youngest children can help to increase youths’ empowerment to resist sexual abuse or
disclose it to trusted adults. It can also reduce shame, stigma, and self-blame for youth who
have experienced child sexual abuse.

School-based prevention programs that teach avoidance skills to youth show evidence
that youth empowerment and safety can be increased, and also help reduce stigma and self-
blame for sexually abused youth (Kurt Conklin, February 2012).

We also need to give children the explicit licence and permission to communicate
about their experience of sexual abuse before they can talk about the abuse in other contexts
such as group treatment or individual therapy. The reality-creating responsibility meeting
which is held instantly after the abuser has admitted to the abuse is especially therapeutic
when the abuser is subsequently unavailable following imprisonment or family breakup or
when he is uncooperative in subsequent treatment. The family meeting as naming event
should therefore, if at all possible, be part of the very initial crisis intervention of disclosure
irrespective of any subsequent form of long-term therapy (Tilman Furniss, 1991).

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3.0 Conclusion

Unlike with physical abuse or neglect, there are often no clear signs that a child is
being sexually abused so detection often relies on a child being brave enough to tell someone
(Goodyear-Brown, 2012).

In order to make a disclosure a child has to find someone they can trust and who they
feel safe telling. Victims of sexual abuse can be reluctant to tell anyone because their abuser
may have told them that they will not be believed (Allnock, 2010).

The biggest obstacle towards preventing child sexual abuse towards at risk and
vulnerable groups of children is lack of knowledge and understanding of the purpose of sex
education for children. It is also due to the general ignorance of the adults involved with
caring and lack of safeguards to ensure their safety. This paper strongly recommends focus
on advocacy and comprehensive awareness programmes for adults involved in the care,
education and protection of children. While a Sex Offender Registry would helpful in
identifying alleged and convicted sex offenders, a change in cultural mind set and attitude
must take priority despite initial resistance and dive in public opinion polls.

The vast majority of sexual violence committed by family members or others who are
living with or visiting family house children - those trusted by children and entrusted to their
care. In Malaysia, almost 59% of perpetrators of sexual abuse in 2007 were close family
members, relatives, or members of host families. However, predators or paedophiles also
kidnap children for sexual abuse (An overview of the current research literature on child
sexual abuse, 2013)

This study aims to bring awareness to the community to be aware of your surroundings
and take appropriate action when there is a crime of sexual abuse of children. We, as adults,
educators, leaders and parents are responsible for ensuring that it applies to children who are
the most valuable asset and the most easily influenced by various elements that can
contaminate character, safety and their future.

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4.0 Reference List

 Child Sexual Abuse, (July 2013). From

https://www.nspcc.org.uk/globalassets/documents/information-service/research-
briefing-child-sexual-abuse.pdf

 Tilman Furniss, (1991). The Multi-Professional Handbook of Child Sexual Abuse.

New York, NY: British Cataloguing in Publication Data.

 National Research Council. 1993. Understanding Child Abuse and Neglect (pp. 208-
231) Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

 Blake Chen & Mikha Chan, (2016, November 13). Child Sex Abuse A Bigger
Problem Than We Think. From
http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2016/11/15/child-sex-abuse-a-
bigger-problem-than-we-think/
 YB. Rodziah Ismail, (n.d). Setiap Kanak-kanak Adalah Anak Kita. Retrieved
December, 2012. From http://rodziahismail.com/wp-
content/uploads/2013/12/FULL_Presentation-Setiap-Kanak-Kanak-adalah-anak-
kita.pptx

 Child Sexual Abuse, (2016). From https://www.rainn.org/articles/child-sexual-abuse

 Emily M. Douglas David Finkelhor, (May 2005). Childhood Sexual Abuse Fact
Sheet. From
http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/factsheet/pdf/childhoodSexualAbuseFactSheet.pdf

 David Finkelhor, (December 1, 1989). Sexual Abuse and Its Relationship to Later
Sexual Satisfaction, Marital Status, Religion, and Attitudes. From
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/088626089004004001

 Azira Aziz, (September 2016). Child Sexual Abuse Prevention in Malaysia. Retrieved
October 1, 2016. From
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308777185_Child_Sexual_Abuse_Preventio
n_in_Malaysia

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 Ranna Parekh, M.D., M.P.H., (January 2017). What is Depression? From
https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/depression/what-is-depression

 Older Adults and Depression, (n.d). From

https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/older-adults-and-
depression/index.shtml#pub4

 Jeffrey M Lyness, M.D., (Jan 6, 2016). Patient education: Depression in adults

(Beyond the Basics). From https://www.uptodate.com/contents/depression-in-adults-
beyond-the-basics

 Major Depressive Disorder, (April 5, 2017). From

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder

 Ferder, F. & Heagle, J. (1995). Clergy pedophiles and ministry: Another perspective.
America, 173 (14), 6-11

 Child and Youth Protection, (March 26, 2017). From https://www.usccb.org/issues-

and-action/child-and-youth-protection

 Prevalence of childhood sexual abuse among Malaysian paramedical students, (March

26, 2017). From https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8800523

 Effects of Child Sexual Abuse on Victims, (March 26, 2017). From

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 Child Sexual Abuse, (March 26, 2017). From

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse

 Kurt Conklin, (February 2012). Child Sexual Abuse I: An Overview. From

http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/publications/publications-a-z/410-child-sexual-
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