Topics in this exam: Photosynthesis, Respiration, Diffusion and Osmosis, Cell Division

Name: _______________________________ Date: ____________

1. The following graph shows how the rate of photosynthesis varied when a plant was
subjected to varying levels of light intensity or carbon dioxide concentration.

(a) What is happening at A? …………………………………….

(b) What is happening at B? ………………………………………

(c) Suggest a reason for your answer in (b) ……………...…………

(d) Where in a cell does photosynthesis take place? ……………

(e) Give two sources of the carbon dioxide that is found in the atmosphere.

(f) Suggest one way in which the rate of photosynthesis of plants in a greenhouse
could be increased

2. (a) State a precise role for each of the following in photosynthesis:

(i) Carbon dioxide

(ii) Water
(b) Answer the following questions in relation to an activity that you carried out to investigate
the influence of light intensity OR carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis.
(i) Name the plant that you used.
(ii) How did you vary light intensity OR carbon dioxide concentration?
(iii) State a factor that you kept constant during the investigation.
(iv) How did you ensure that the factor that you mentioned in (iii) remained constant?
(v) How did you measure the rate of photosynthesis?
(vi) Using labelled axes, sketch a graph to show how the rate of photosynthesis varied
with the factor mentioned in (ii) above.

3. (a) ATP is an abbreviation. What does it stand for? Explain briefly the role of ATP in the
energy exchanges of a cell. (9)

(b) (i) The first stage of photosynthesis is commonly known as the light-dependent stage. It
involves the energising of electrons and their subsequent passage along two possible pathways.
Give an account of what happens on each of these pathways.

(ii) What is the fate of each of the products of the light-dependent stage? (27)

(c) The effect of changing light intensity or carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of
photosynthesis may be investigated by using the pondweed Elodea. Answer the following in
relation to this investigation.

(i) Why is a water plant rather than a land plant used in this experiment?

(ii) How is the temperature kept constant in this experiment?

(iii) If pond water is used in the experiment, it is likely to contain dissolved carbon dioxide.
Suggest two possible sources of carbon dioxide in pond water.

(iv) Explain how light intensity or carbon dioxide concentration may be varied.

(v) Each time light intensity or carbon dioxide concentration is varied a precaution is
necessary. What is this precaution and why is it necessary? (24)

4. (a) (i) What is the primary role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

(ii) Write an equation to summarize photosynthesis. (9)

 (b) The second stage of photosynthesis is called the dark stage or light-independent
stage.

(i) Why is the dark stage given the alternative name of the light-independent stage?

(ii) Name a gas that is essential for the dark stage.

(iii) Two products of the light stage are vital for the dark stage. Name each of them.

(iv) State the precise role in the dark stage of each of the substances that you named
in (iii).

(v) To what group of biomolecules do the main products of the dark stage belong?

(24)

(c) (i) Water is essential for photosynthesis. Briefly outline how water from the
soil reaches the leaf.

(ii) What happens to water molecules when they reach the sites of photosynthesis? (27)

5. (a) What is the first stage process of respiration called? ……………………………

(b) In this first stage there is a release of ATP as glucose is converted to another substance.

Name this other substance ……………………………………….

(c) To what is the substance you have named in (b) converted under anaerobic conditions in:

1. Yeast? ……………….……………………..

2. A human muscle cell?………………………

(d) Under aerobic conditions the substance that you have named in (b) is converted to an acetyl group
and in the process a small molecule is released.

Name this small molecule. ………………………………………………….

(e) The acetyl group now enters a cycle of reactions. What name is given to this
cycle?...........................................................................

(f) Where in the cell does this cycle take place? ……………………......................
6. (a) Write a balanced equation on the line below to represent aerobic respiration.

(b) The first stage of respiration takes place in the cytosol. What is the cytosol?

(c) Does the first stage of respiration release a small or large amount of energy?

(d) What is fermentation?

(e) Where in the cell does the second stage of aerobic respiration take place?

(f) Is oxygen required for the second stage of aerobic respiration?

(g) Suggest a situation in which some cells in the human body may not be able to engage in the
second stage of aerobic respiration

7. Cellular respiration may occur in one stage or two stages.

(a) Give two differences, other than location, between Stage 1 and Stage 2.

(b) Where in a cell does Stage 1 occur?

(c) What term is used to describe respiration in which only Stage 1 occurs?

(d) Name a chemical end product of the type of respiration referred to in (c).

(e) In Stage 2 of respiration electrons pass along an electron transport chain, releasing
energy. In what molecule is this energy stored in the cell?

(f) To what are these electrons transferred at the end of the electron transport chain?

8. (a) (i) Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

(ii) Write a balanced equation to summarise aerobic respiration. (9)

(b) Answer the following questions in relation to the first stage of respiration.

(i) Where in the cell does this stage occur?

(ii) During this stage a small amount of energy is released. Explain the role of ADP
in relation to this released energy.

(iii) What is the final product of this stage under aerobic conditions?

(iv) If conditions in the cell remain aerobic the product you have named in (iii) is
used for the second stage of respiration. Where does this second stage take
place?

(v) If conditions in a human cell (e.g. muscle) become anaerobic the product named
in (iii) is converted to another substance. Name this other substance.

(vi) When the substance named in (v) builds up in the blood, a person is said to be
in oxygen debt. This debt must eventually be paid. Suggest how the debt is
paid. (24)

(c) If yeast cells are kept in anaerobic conditions alcohol (ethanol) and another substance
are produced.

(i) Describe, with the aid of a diagram, how you would keep yeast under anaerobic
conditions in the laboratory.

(ii) Name a carbohydrate that you would supply to the yeast as an energy source.

(iii) Give an account of a chemical test to demonstrate that alcohol (ethanol) has been
produced. Include the initial colour and final colour of the test.

(iv) What is the other substance produced under anaerobic conditions?

(v) Alcohol (ethanol) production is an example of fermentation. How would you

know when fermentation has ceased?

(vi) Why does fermentation eventually cease (stop)?

9. (c) Write a brief note on each of the following items in relation to respiration.

(i) Glycolysis.

(ii) Acetyl Co-enzyme A.

(iii) Adenosine triphosphate.

 (iv) Electron transport chain.

10. a) What did you use as the selectively permeable membrane in your investigation of
osmosis?

b) (ii) Water enters the outermost cells of the root by osmosis. What does this tell you
about the cell sap of these outermost cells?

(iii) Osmosis has been described as a special case of diffusion. Explain why.

(iv) Describe an investigation that you carried out to demonstrate osmosis.

(c) (i) In relation to membranes in cells, explain what is meant by selective permeability.
(ii) Give two locations in a cell at which there is a selectively permeable membrane.
(iii) 1. What is diffusion?
2. In the case of a named molecule, give a precise location at which it
diffuses in the human body.
(iv) Explain the biological basis for the use of high sugar or high salt concentrations in
the preservation of food.

11. Homeostasis often requires an organism to exchange materials between different tissues, or
between itself and the external environment by diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Explain
each of the underlined terms.

12. Study the diagram of a stage of mitosis in a diploid cell and then answer the questions below.

(a) Name A, B and C.

A ..…………………….. B …………………….. C ……..………………….

(b) What stage of mitosis is shown? …………………………………...

Give a reason for your answer…..………………………………………………………….

(c) What is the diploid number of this nucleus which is undergoing mitosis?…………………

(d) Give a role of structure A.

…………………………………………………………………………….

(e) Some cells in the human body undergo meiosis. Give one function of
meiosis………………………………………………………………………

13. Answer the following questions in relation to the cell cycle.

(i) Explain the term diploid.

(ii) Draw a labelled diagram to show the position of the chromosomes during anaphase
of mitosis in a diploid nucleus in which 2n = 4.

(iii) After telophase of mitosis, how do 1. animal cells; 2. plant cells, split in two?

(iv) What is the function of mitosis in 1. single‐celled organisms; 2. multi‐celled organisms?

14. The diagram represents the cell cycle.

(a)What stage of the cell cycle is represented by X?

(b) There are two types of cell division, mitosis and meiosis. Define mitosis.

(c) State two ways in which meiosis differs from mitosis.

(d) Explain the term cancer.

15. Indicate whether the following statements are true or false:

(a) Meiosis is an important source of variation.

(b) Mitosis occurs in mature red blood cells in humans.

(c) During mitosis the nuclear membrane temporarily disappears.

(d) Meiosis gives rise to the haploid condition.

(e) In multicellular organisms mitosis functions primarily in growth.

(f) In plants, a cell plate forms during telophase of mitosis.

(g) The human zygote divides by meiosis.

16. (a) What term is used to describe the long stage of the cell cycle when cell division is not
occurring?

(b) Name two types of biomolecule that are produced in the cell during this stage of the cell
cycle.

(c) Name one organelle that is replicated at this stage of the cell cycle.

(d) Give any two other changes which will have occurred in the cell by the end of this stage of
the cell cycle.

(e) Suggest why mature human red blood cells do not undergo cell division.
Sources of Questions:

1. 2005 Q 4
2. 2007 Q 9
3. 2004 Q 11
4. 2006 Q 11
5. 2006 Q 4
6. 2008 Q 5
7. 2011 Q 6
8. 2005 Q 11
9. 2012 Q 12 c)
10. 2012 Q 7 + 2008 Q 14 + 2010 Q14 c)
11. 2012 Q 15 c
12. 2007 Q 3
13. 2017 Q 13 c
14. 2018 Q 3
15. 2014 Q 5
16. 2016 Q 6