MEP 1633

POWER SYSTEM DEVICES AND APPARATUS

TUTORIAL – SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

A. DESCRIPTIVE

1. Explain the following in relation to synchronous generator:

(i) Construction.
(ii) Operation.
(iii) Difference between types of rotor used in the machine.
(iv) Equivalent circuit representation for each type described in part (iv).
(v) Damper winding.
(vi) Armature reaction and its effect to generator operation.

2. What is the purpose of direct current exciter in the synchronous generator? Describe three
techniques commonly used to install the exciter on the generator.

3. Explain the change in a synchronous generator due to change of its

(i) excitation
(ii) turbine input.

4. Using suitable phasor diagram or mathematical representation, discuss how load sharing
process is performed for a synchronous generator connected to
(i) another generator.
(ii) infinite bus.

5. What is meant by synchronising power and synchronising torque? How these power and
torque help in maintaining synchronism in generators operating in group?

6. Sketch power angle characteristics for synchronous generator with

(i) cylindrical rotor, and
(ii) salient pole rotor.

7. What is the maximum power output of a synchronous generator, with its armature resistance
neglected?

8. Describe why synchronous motor is not self-starting. How the motor can be started?

9. Using phasor diagram, illustrate the change in synchonous motor when it is

(i) under-excited.
(ii) over-excited.
(iii) normally-excited.

10. Explain the change in a syncronous motor due to the following changes:
(i) Increase in mechanical loading.
(ii Decrease in field excitation.

11. How synchronous motor can be used as condenser? Describe advantages and disadvantages
of using synchronous motor as condenser.
B. CALCULATIONS

1. A 6 kV 1000 kVA 3 phase synchronous generator with reactance of 20% and negligible
resistance is connected to an infinite bus. The generator is delivering full load at 0.8 lagging
power factor. By changing the excitation, the induced voltage of the generator is increased by
25% at this load. Calculate the new current and power factor for the generator.
[207 A, 0.37]

2. A 6.6 kV 1000 kVA 3 phase synchronous generator has a reactance of 20% and is delivering
full power at 0.8 lagging power factor while being connected to an infinite bus. If steam
supply to the the turbine is gradually increased, calculate
(i) at what output will the power factor become unity
(ii) the maximum load which it can supply without dropping out of synchronism and the
corresponding power factor.
[2.7 MW, 5.7 MW, 0.75]

3. An 11 kV three phase wye connected synchronous generator having synchronous reactance

of 10  per phase and negligible resistance is connected to an infinite bus. While supplying a
load, the armature current is 220 A at unity power factor.
(i) If the prime mover input is maintained constant while the induced voltage of the
generator is raised by 25%, determine the current and power factor.
(ii) If excitation in (i) is maintaned while prime mover input is slowly increased, at what
power output will the generator break away from synchronism?
[290 A, 0.76, 16.2 MW]

4. A three phase wye-connected 11 kV synchronous generator has resistance and synchronous

reactance of 0.5  and 8 , respectively. It is connected to an infinite bus and delivering 200
A at unity power factor. Calculate exactly and approximately the new current and power
factor if the excitation of the generator is raised by 25%.
[296 A, 0.67 lag]

5. Two 20 MVA 3 phase synchronous generator operate in parallel to supply a load of 35 MVA at
0.8 lagging power factor. If the output of one machine is 25 MVA at 0.9 lagging power factor,
what is the output and power factor of the other machine?
[11.5 MVA, 0.48 lag]

6. (i) Derive the condition for maximum output of a synchronous generator connected to
an infinite bus and working at constant excitation.
(ii) A three phase 11 kV 5 MVA wye-connected synchronous generator has a
synchronous impedance of (1+j10)  per phase. Its excitation is such that the
generated voltage (emf, line-to-line value) is 14 kV. Determine the maximum output
of the generator at this condition.
[14.1 MW, 15.4 MW]

7. A 20-pole 693 V 50 Hz 3-phase delta-connected synchronous motor is operating at no-load

with normal excitation. It has synchronous reactance of 10  with negligible resistance. If
rotor is retarded by 0.5o (mechanical) from its synchronous position, calculate
(i) rotor displacement in electrical degree.
(ii) Armature current.
(iii) Electrical power drawn by the motor.
 How these parameters change when the motor is loaded and the rotor displacement is
increased by 5o (mechanical)?
[5o, 3.5-2.5 A, 4.2 kW, 33.8-25.1 A, 36.7 kW]

8. A 2300 V 3 phase wye-connected synchronous motor has a resistance and synchronous

reactance per phase of 0.2  2.2 , respectively. The motor is operating at 0.5 leading power
factor with line current of 200 A. Determine the value generated voltage per phase.
[1708 V]

9. A 3 phase 6600 V 50 Hz wye-connected synchronous motor has resistance and synchronous

reactance of 1  and 20 , respectively. It takes 50 A of current from the supply. Find the
power supplied to the motor and induced emf for a power factor of (i) 0.8 lagging and (ii) 0.8
leading.
[457.3 kW, 5651 V, 457.3 kW, 7700 V]

10. A 2200 V, 50 Hz 8 pole 3-phase wye-connected synchronous motor has synchronous

impedance of (0.4 + j6)  per phase. When the motor runs at no load, the field excitation is
adjusted to normal excitation. When the motor is loaded, the rotor is retarded by 3o
mechanical.
(i) Calculate armature current, power factor and power of the motor.
(ii) Determine maximum power the motor can supply without falling out of
synchronism.
[44.2 A, 0.998 lag, 165.7 kW, 250 kW]

11. A 3 phase 6600 V synchronous motor with negligible resistance and 10  per phase of
synchronous reactance is supplying a load at input power of 900 kW and induced voltage of
8900 V. Calculate the line current.
[149.2 A]

12. A 2000 V 3 phase wye-connected synchronous motor has a resistance and synchronous
reactance per phase of 0.2  and 2.2  respectively. The input is 800 kW at normal voltage
and and the induced voltage is 2500 V. Calculate the line current and power factor of the
motor.
[242 A, 0.95 lead]

13. A 3 phase wye-connected synchronous motor with negligible resistance and 2  of

synchronous reactance takes 48 kW at 693 V, the power factor being 0.8 lagging. The induced
emf is increased by 30% while the load remains constant. Find the new current and power
factor of the machine.
[46.4 A, 0.86 lead]