A

Acetic acid-(CH3COOH) is the common name for ethanoic acid. It is an

organic chemical compound that has a distinctive pungent odor and sour flavor,
recognizable as the scent and flavor of vinegar.

Acetone- or propanone, is the organic compound with the formula (CH3)2CO.

It is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid and is the simplest and smallest
ketone. Acetone is miscible with water and serves as an important solvent in
its own right, typically for cleaning purposes in laboratories.

Alcohol-is formed when yeast ferments (breaks down without oxygen) the
sugars in different food.

Alkanes-or paraffin (a historical name that also has other meanings), is an

acyclic saturated hydrocarbon. In other words, an alkane consists of hydrogen
and carbon atoms arranged in a tree structure in which all the carbon–carbon
bonds are single.

Alkenes-is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains at least

one carbon–carbon double bond.
Alkynes-is an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one
carbon—carbon triple bond.

Antiseptic -are antimicrobial substances that are applied to living tissue/skin

to reduce the possibility of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction.

Atom-an atom Tom and Annamatter that constitutes a chemical element.

Every solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is composed of neutral or ionized atoms.
Atoms are extremely small; typical sizes are around 100 picometers.

Atomic Mass-is the mass of an atom. Its unit is the unified atomic mass unit
where 1 unified atomic mass unit is defined as ¹⁄₁ ₂ of the mass of a single
carbon-12 atom, at rest.
Atomic Number-or proton number of a chemical element is the number of
protons found in the nucleus of every atom of that element. The atomic number
uniquely identifies a chemical element. It is identical to the charge number of
the nucleus.

Atomic Orbital-is a mathematical function that describes the wave-like

behavior of either one electron or a pair of electrons in an atom.

B
Bohr Model-is a system consisting of a small, dense nucleus surrounded by
orbiting electrons—similar to the structure of the Solar System, but with
attraction provided by electrostatic forces in place of gravity.

Boiling point-is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid

equals the pressure surrounding the liquid and the liquid changes into a
vapor.

Boric Acid-also called hydrogen borate, boracic acid, and orthoboric acid is
a weak, monobasic Lewis acid of boron

Butane-is an organic compound with the formula C4H10 that is an alkane with
four carbon atoms. Butane is a gas at room temperature and atmospheric
pressure. The term may refer to either of two structural isomers, n-butane or
isobutane (also called "methylpropane"), or to a mixture of these isomers.

Butene-also known as butylene, is a series of alkenes with the general

formula C₄ H₈ . The word butene may refer to any of the individual compounds,
or to a mixture of them. They are colourless gases that are present in crude oil
as a minor constituent in quantities that are too small for viable extraction.

Butyne-also known as ethylacetylene, but-1-yne, ethylethyne, and

UN 2452, is an extremely flammable and reactive alkyne with
chemical formula C₄ H₆ and CAS number 107-00-6 that is used in
the synthesis of organic compounds. It occurs as a colorless gas.
C
Calcium Chloride-is an inorganic compound, a salt with the chemical
formula CaCl2. It is a white coloured crystalline solid at room temperature,
highly soluble in water.

Carbon-is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6. It is

nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent
chemical bonds. It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table.

Carbonyl Compounds-is a functional groupcomposed of a carbon atom

double-bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O. It is common to several classes of
organic compounds, as part of many larger functional groups.

Chemistry-is the study of matter, its properties, how and why substances
combine or separate to form other substances, and how substances interact
with energy. Many people think of chemists as being white-coated scientists
mixing strange liquids in a laboratory, but the truth is we are all chemists.

Chemical Compound-is a chemical substance composed of many

identical molecules composed of atoms from more than one element held
together by chemical bonds.

Chemical Bonding-is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or

molecules that enables the formation of chemicalcompounds. The bond may
result from the electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions
as in ionic bonds or through the sharing of electrons as in covalent bonds.

Chemical element-is a species of atom having the same number of

protons in their atomic nuclei.

Compound-is a substance formed when two or more chemical elements are

chemically bonded together. In mixtures, the substances present are not
chemically bonded together. The type of bonds holding elements together in
a compound can vary: two common types are covalent bonds and ionic
bonds.
Condensed structural fomula-is the formulawhere the symbols of
atoms are listed in order as they appear in the molecule's structure with bond
dashes omitted or limited.

Copper(II) sulfate-also known as copper sulphate, are the

inorganic compounds with the chemical formula CuSO₄ ₓ, where x
can range from 0 to 5.

Covalent-relating to or denoting chemical bonds formed by the sharing of

electrons between atoms.

Covalent Bonding-also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that

involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are
known as shared pairs or bonding pairs, and the stable balance of attractive
and repulsive forces between atoms, when they share electrons.

Covalent Compound-is a molecule formed by covalent bonds, in which

the atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons.

D
Disinfectant-a chemical liquid that destroys bacteria.

Ductile-(of a metal) able to be drawn out into a thin wire.

Double bond-is a chemical bondbetween two chemical elements involving

four bondingelectrons instead of the usual two.Occurs between two carbon
atoms and can be found in alkenes.

E
Electron affinity-is defined as the amount of energy released or spent
when an electron is added to a neutral atom or molecule in the gaseous state
to form a negative ion.
Electrons-are the subatomic particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom.
They are generally negative in charge and are much smaller than the nucleus
of the atom

Electronegativity-is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an

atom to attract a shared pair of electrons towards itself.

Electron configuration-is the distribution of electrons of an atom or

molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals.

Electron shell-or a principal energy level, may be thought of as an orbit followed by

electrons around an atom's nucleus.

Emission- is something that's been released or emitted into the world.

Energy level- inside an atom are the specific energiesthat electrons can
have when occupying specific orbitals.

Erwin Schrödinger-was a Nobel Prize-winning

Austrian physicist who developed a number of fundamental
results in the field of quantum theory: theSchrödinger
equation provides a way to calculate the wave function of a
system and how it changes dynamically in time.
Ernest Rutheford-was a New Zealand-born British physicist who came to
be known as the father of nuclear physics.

Ethene-(H2C=CH2) is a gaseous by-product of the process of cracking of

long chain hydrocarbons to produce much sought-after products such as petrol
and aviation fuels.

Ethyl Alcohol-is the only type of alcohol that you can drink without
seriously harming yourself, and then only if it hasn't been denatured or doesn't
contain toxic impurities. Ethanol is sometimes called grain alcohol because it
is the main type ofalcohol produced by grain fermentation.
F
Fingerprint-the color,number and position of all lines produced.

Flammability-is the ability of a chemical to burn or ignite, causing fire or

combustion. The degree of difficulty required to cause the combustion of a
chemical is quantified through fire testing.

Flourine-is a chemical element with the symbol F and atomic number 9. It is

the lightest halogen and exists as a highly toxic pale yellow diatomic gas at
standard conditions.

Formalin-(Formaldehyde)is a naturally occurring organic compound with the

formula CH₂ O. It is the simplest of the aldehydes.

Fuel-is any material that can be made to react with other substances so that it
releases energy as heat energy or to be used for work.

G
Gas-is one of the four fundamental states of matter. A pure gas may be made
up of individual atoms, elemental molecules made from one type of atom, or
compound molecules made from a variety of atoms. A gas mixture, such as air,
contains a variety of pure gases.

Gasoline-or petrol, is a colorless petroleum-derived flammable liquid that is

used primarily as a fuel in spark-ignited internal combustion engines. It
consists mostly of organic compounds obtained by the fractional distillation of
petroleum, enhanced with a variety of additives.

Glucose-is a simple sugar with the molecular formula C₆ H₁ ₂ O₆ . Glucose

is the most abundant monosaccharide, a subcategory of carbohydrates.
Glucose is mainly made by plants and most algae during photosynthesis from
water and carbon dioxide, using energy from sunlight.
H
Halogens-are a group in the periodic table consisting of five chemically
related elements: Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine (I), and Astatine. The
artificially created element 117 may also be a halogen. In the modern IUPAC
nomenclature, this group is known as group 17.

Helium-is a chemical element with the symbol He and atomic number 2. It is

a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas, the first in the
noble gas group in the periodic table. Its boiling point is the lowest among all
the elements.

Hydrocarbon-is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and

carbon. Hydrocarbons are examples of group 14 hydrides. Hydrocarbons from
which one hydrogen atom has been removed are functional groups called
hydrocarbyls.

Hydrogen- is the chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number 1.
With a standard atomic weight of 1.008,hydrogen is the lightest element in the
periodic table.Hydrogen is the most abundant chemical substance in the
Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass.

I
Ion-an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of
one or more electrons.

Ionic bonding-is the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between

atoms. It is a type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely
charged ions. Inionic bonds, the metal loses electrons to become a positively
charged cation, whereas the nonmetal accepts those electrons to become a
negatively charged anion.

Iodine-is a chemical element with the symbol I and atomic number 53.

J
J.J Thomson-was an English physicist and Nobel Laureate in Physics,
credited with the discovery and identification of the electron, the first subatomic
particle to be discovered.In 1897, Thomson showed that cathode rays were
composed of previously unknown negatively charged particles (now called
electrons), which he calculated must have bodies much smaller than atoms
and a very large charge-to-mass ratio.[2] Thomson is also credited with finding
the first evidence for isotopes of a stable (non-radioactive) element in 1913, as
part of his exploration into the composition of canal rays (positive ions). His
experiments to determine the nature of positively charged particles

K
Kerosene-also known as paraffin, lamp oil, and coal oil, is a combustible
hydrocarbon liquid which is derived from petroleum. It is widely used as a fuel
in aviation as well as households.

L
Lewis Structure-are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a
molecule and the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule.

Liquefied petroleum gas-or (LPG), also referred to as simply propane or

butane, are flammable mixtures of hydrocarbon gases used as fuel in heating
appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles.

Loiue de Broglie-was a French physicist who made groundbreaking

contributions to quantum theory. In his 1924 PhD thesis, he postulated the
wave nature of electrons and suggested that all matter has wave properties.

Lustrous-having luster; shining.

M
Malleable-(of a metal or other material) able to be hammered or pressed
permanently out of shape without breaking or cracking.
Matter-anything that occupies space and has mass.

Metallic bonding-is a type of chemical bonding that rises from the

electrostatic attractive force between conduction electrons and positively
charged metal ions. It may be described as the sharing of free electrons
among a structure of positively charged ions.

Metals-is a material that, when freshly prepared, polished, or fractured,

shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well.
Metals are typically malleable or ductile.

Methane-is gas that is found in small quantities in Earth's atmosphere.The

simplest hydrocarbon, consisting of one carbon atom and four hydrogen
atoms.Flammable, and is used as a fuel worldwide. It is a principal component
of natural gas.

Methyl Alcohol-(METHANOL)is a chemical with the formula CH₃ OH.

Methanol acquired the name wood alcohol because it was once produced
chiefly by the destructive distillation of wood.

Molecules-is a particle made up of two or more atoms that are chemically

bonded together; the number of atomic nuclei making up a molecule is a
determinate number. For example, HCl(g) is a molecule made of one
hydrogen atom bonded to one chlorine atom. It is made of two atoms and is
called a diatomic molecule.

Monosodium Glutamate-also known as sodium glutamate, is the sodium

salt of glutamic acid, one of the most abundant naturally occurring
non-essential amino acids. Glutamic acid is found naturally in tomatoes,
grapes, cheese, mushrooms and other foods.

N
Napthalene-is a white, volatile, solid polycyclic hydrocarbon with a strong
mothball odor.Also, obtained from either coal tar or petroleum distillation and is
primarily used to manufacture phthalic anhydride, but is also used in moth
repellents.
Niels Bohr-was a Danish physicist who made foundational
contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum
theory,Bohr developed the Bohr model of the atom, in which he
proposed that energy levels of electrons are discrete and that the
electrons revolve in stable orbits around the atomic nucleus but
can jump from one energy level (or orbit) to another.

Non-metals-an element or substance that is not a metal.

Nonpolar covalent bond-are a type of chemicalbond where two atoms

share a pair of electrons with each other.

Nucleus-the very dense central region of an atom.

O
Octane-is a hydrocarbon and an alkane with the chemical formula C₈ H₁ ₈ ,
and the condensed structural formula CH₃ (CH₂ )₆ CH₃ .

Octet rule-is a chemical rule of thumb that reflects observation that

elements tend to bond in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its
valence shell, giving it the same electronic configuration as a noble gas

Odor- is caused by one or more volatilized chemical compounds that are

generally found in low concentrations that humans and animals can perceive
by their sense of smell. An odor is also called a "smell" or a "scent", which can
refer to either a pleasant or an unpleasant odor.

Oil-is any nonpolar chemical substance that is a viscous liquid at ambient

temperatures and is both hydrophobic and lipophilic.
Orbitals-a mathematical function that describes the wave-like behavior of
either one electron or a pair of electrons in an atom.

Organic Compound- are generally any chemical compounds that contain

carbon. Due to carbon's ability to catenate, millions of organic compounds are
known. The study of the properties, reactions, and syntheses of organic
compounds comprises the discipline known as organic chemistry.

Oxygen-is the chemical element with the symbol O and atomic number 8.A
highly reactive nonmetal, and an oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with
most elements as well as with other compounds.

P
Paraffin wax-is a soft colorless solid, derived from petroleum, coal or shale
oil, that consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules containing between
twenty and forty carbon atoms.

Pentane-is a hydrocarbon that can be burned as a fuel. Its chemical formula

is C5H12 and it is a volatile, colourless liquid with a characteristic gasoline-like
odour.

Pentyne- is a terminal alkyne. It is an isomer of 2-pentyne, an internal

alkyne.

Periodic Table of Elements-also known as the periodic table of

elements, is a tabular display of the chemical elements, which are arranged by
atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties. The
structure of the table shows periodic trends.

Phase-adjust the phase of (something), especially so as to synchronize it

with something else.

Phosphorus-is a chemical element with the symbol P and atomic number

15.Because it is highly reactive, phosphorus is never found as a free element
on
Polar Covalent Bond-bonding is a type of chemical bondwhere a pair of
electrons is unequally shared between two atoms.

Principal Energy Level-refers to the shell or orbital in which the electron

is located relative to the atom's nucleus.

Propane-is a three-carbon alkane with the molecular formula C3H8. It is a

gas at standard temperature and pressure, but compressible to a transportable
liquid. A by-product of natural gas processing and petroleum refining, it is
commonly used as a fuel.

Q
Quantum Mechanical-including quantum field theory, is a fundamental
theory in physics which describes nature at the smallest scales of atoms and
subatomic particles.

S
Sea of Electrons-that surrounds the positively charged atomic nuclei of the
interacting metal ions.

Single bond-is a chemical bondbetween two atoms involving two valence

electrons. That is, the atoms share one pair of electrons where
thebond forms.

Spectroscope-an apparatus for producing and recording spectra for

examination.

Spectrum-is a condition that is not limited to a specific set of values but can
vary, without steps, across a continuum.

Solid phase-is a method in which molecules are covalently bound on a solid

support material and synthesised step-by-step in a single reaction vessel
utilising selective protecting group chemistry.
Solution-a liquid mixture in which the minor component (the solute) is
uniformly distributed within the major component (the solvent).

Sublevel-refer to energies associated with electrons

Substance-a particular kind of matter with uniform properties.

Sulfur-is a chemical element with the symbol S and atomic number 16. It is
abundant, multivalent, and nonmetallic. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms
form cyclic octatomic molecules with a chemical formula S₈ . Elemental sulfur
is a bright yellow, crystalline solid at room temperature.

T
Triple bond-is a chemical bond between two atoms involving
six bonding electrons instead of the usual two in a covalent single bond. The
most common triple bond, that between two carbon atoms, can be found in
alkynes.

U
Uncertainty principle-is any of a variety of mathematical inequalities
asserting a fundamental limit to the precision with which certain pairs of
physical properties of a particle.

V
Valence Electrons-is an outer shell electron that is associated with an
atom, and that can participate in the formation of a chemical bond if the outer
shell is not closed; in a single covalent bond, both atoms in the bond contribute
one valence electron in order to form a shared pair.

Vanillin-is an organic compound with the molecular formula C8H8O3. It is a

phenolic aldehyde. Its functional groups include aldehyde, hydroxyl, and ether.
It is the primary component of the extract of the vanilla bean.
Viscosity-is another type of bulk property defined as a liquid's resistance to
flow. When the intermolecular forces of attraction are strong within a liquid,
there is a larger viscosity.

Volatility-is a material quality which describes how readily a substance

vaporizes. At a given temperature and pressure, a substance with high
volatility is more likely to exist as a vapor, while a substance with low volatility
is more likely to be a liquid or solid.

W
Wavelength-is a property of a wave that is the distance between identical
points between two successive waves. The distance between one crest (or
trough) of one wave and the next is the wavelength of the wave.

Werner Karl Heisenburg-was a German theoretical physicist and

one of the key pioneers of quantum mechanics.