FRACTIONS RATIO AND PROPORTION

* Contains numerator and denominator Ratio

* Mixed, proper and improper
* Part of a whole
KINDS OF FRACTION
1. Mixed Fraction – integer and a fraction; ex. 1
and ½ or -1 and ½
2. Proper Fraction – numerator < denominator;
ex. ½
3. Improper Fraction – numerator >
denominator; ex. 7/2
DECIMAL NUMBERS
* Numbers whose whole number are fraction
part is separated by a point
* The number after the decimal point is always
less than one
TYPES OF DECIMAL NUMBERS
1. Terminating Decimal Numbers – has
limit/exact; ex. ½ = 1.5
2. Non-terminating Decimal Number – no limits
a. Repeating decimal numbers – 1/3 =
0.333333333333…
b. Nonrepeating Decimal Number – 𝜋 =
3.141592654
* Relationship between 2 or more like
quantities/units
* A:B, A is to B (A and B are called the terms of
the ratio)
* Can be expressed as fraction (A:B = A/B)
Rate
* A ratio with different quantities/units
Proportion
* Equality of two ratios
* A:B = C:D can be written as A/B = C/D where
B and C are the means and A and D are the
extremes
* Product of the means is equal to the product
of the extremes
TYPES OF PROPORTIONS
1. Direct Proportion – a variable y is said to be
directly proportional to a variable x if y=kx;
where k is not equal to 0.
2. Inverse/Indirect Proportion – a variable y is
said to be inversely proportional to a variable x
if y=k/x; where k is not equal to 0.
3. Partitive Proportion – partition of a whole into
more than two parts based on given ratios.

ROUNDING OFF NUMBERS BUYING AND SELLING

12,547.293278 Round Off Round Up Mark-on – difference between the selling price
Tenths 12,547.3 12,547.3 and the cost of an item.
Hundreds 12,500 12,647 Selling price – amount at which the product is
Hundredths 12,547.29 12,547.3 to be sold.
Thousands 13,000 13,000 Cost – actual price that the product was
bought from a manufacturer or wholesaler.
PERCENTS Markup – increase in the original selling price.
*% Mark Down – reduction in the original price.
* Numbers referring to a part of hundred
DISCOUNT
APPLICATION OF FRACTIONS, DECIMALS AND * Amount deducted from the selling price os a
PERCENTAGES product or service
Definition of Terms: * Difference with mark-on: kapag may
Base (B) – total number of entities/objects in a discount, hindi dapat bababa sa cost (greater
population then cost) you still have profit
Rate (r) – percentage or fraction of
entities/objects in a population TYPES OF DISCOUNT
Part (p) – actual number of entities/objects 1. Trade Discount – discount offered by a
exhibit the same characteristics manufacturer or wholesaler to encourage.
Applied on the list price or price tag.
2. Cash Discount – it is a cash discount to
persuade customers to pay in cash
immediately or within a specific time. Applied
on the net price.

* Net Price – the value at which a product or a

service is sold after all taxes and other costs are
added and all discounts subtracted.
* List Price – the list price is the price that buyers
pay for your product or service without any
discount.
* Supply chain – the movement of materials as
they flow from their source to the customer.
Manufacturer – Distributors – Wholesaler –
Retailer – Consumer