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® PRINCIPLES OF MATHEMATICAL 3, Binomial coefficients of terms equidistant from


INDUCTION the beginning and the end are equal, since nCr =
nCn_r (0 < r < n).
Let P(?0 be a statement involving the natural number n. 4. The term "CrJcw~r / is the (r + l)th term from the
To prove that P(n) is true for all natural numbers n, we beginning of the expansion. It is usually denoted
proceed as follows: by Tr+l and is called the general term of the ex-
1. Prove that P(l) is true. pansion.
2. Assume that P(k) is true.
3. Using steps 1 and 2, prove that P(k + 1) is true.
@ MIDDLE TERM(S)

Sometimes step 2 is replaced by step 2'. If n is even, then the expansion (1) has just one middle
2'. Assume that P(n) is true for all n <E N, where
!</!<*.
term, viz. — +1 th term. It is given by
The First Principle of Mathematical Induction compris-
es steps 1, 2 and 3. Steps 1, 2' and 3 constitute another prin-
ciple of mathematical induction, aisually called.-the Second If n is odd, then the expansion (1) has two middle terms,
Principle of Mathematical Induction.
viz. th term and — +1 j th term. These are given

@ BINOMIAL THEOREM (FOR A POSITIVE by


(n-l)/2 (n+D/2
INTEGRAL INDEX) * y

If n is a positive integer and x9 y are two complex numbers, and


then
The Greatest Coefficient
(x + y)11 = "V + nClXn-1 y + "C2y-y + . . .
If n is even, the greatest coefficient in the expansion of
CD Ifn is odd, there are two greatest coefficients in the expan-
The coefficients WC0, nCl9 • • • , WCW are called binomial
coefficients. sion of (x + y}n. These are nC(n _ 1)/2 and nC(n + 1V2-

e PROPERTIES OF THE BINOMIAL The Greatest Term


EXPANSION To find the greatest term in the expansion of (x + y)n, xy y
> 0, n e N put
1. There are (w + 1) terms in the expansion (1),
2. In any term of (1), the sum of the exponents of x
and y is always n.
7.2 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main

If a is not an integer, then the expansion of (x + yf has © REVERSING TECHNIQUE "


just one greatest term and it is given by k = [a] where [a]
denotes the greatest integer < a, If «0, a t , «2, . . . ., «„ are in A.P., then sum of the series
If a is an integer, then expansion of (x + y)n has two great- a 0 C 0 + a 1 Ci + .... + a n C n
est terms viz. ath and (a + l)th terms.
can be obtained by the reversing technique explained be-
low. Let
S=a0C0 + alCl + a2C2 + .... + an_lCn_l + anCn
, (1)
A- ' ; * If we are given that tr is numerically the greatest term,
we use .: . ' Using CT = Cn_r and reversing the order in which terms
are written above, we obtain
,; and
iwi< i',i
|^j|< |*,| .
--'•"-.- . --c
' >? .- . , _ S = an C0 + an _ j Ci + an _ 2 C2+ . .'. . + a, Cn _t + a0 Cn
r~ '- to obtain two inequalities from which some other re- ' .'-. - :• ' ...:•-. (2)
sults can be found. Adding (1) and (2) we get
2S = (a0 + aj C0 + (nj + an _ j) Q + (a2 + an _2) C2 + . . . .
Some Other Useful Expansions + (ftn - \ «i) cn -.1 + («» + %> CK
As a0, aj, a2, . . .an are in A.P., we have
In the following expansions Cr stands for "Ce
1. (x + yy + fr-y)* so that 2S = (a0 + «n) (C0 + Ct + C2 + ____ + CB)
= 2 [C0xn + C2x"-2y2 + C4x"'-4y4 + ....]
2. (X + ?-(X-yf
yi-1

e.g. (i) C 0 - 3C2 + ---- + (n -f


3. n (n-l) (n -2). . . (»- k~+ !).{*+ y)n~k
(ii) Cj H- 2C2 + ----

4. (1 + xf + (1 -x)n = 2 [C0 + Czx2 + C4x4 + . ...]


5. (1 +x)n -(l-x)" = 2 [ClX + C3x? + ...
• MULTINOMIAL THEOREM
6. C + 2Cx + 3Cx2 +____+ nCxn~1
n-l
If we wish to expand (x + y + z)n (where n is a positive
z x3 xn* integer and x9y9 z are complex numbers), we may take y
•f z = a, expand the binomial (x + a)n, and then expand (y
• j i +1
H- zf in each term of the expansion of (x + of. In general,
we have the following result:
y n! i^ ^--a ^
(aj + a 2 .+ ,..+ <2m) — ^ t | |1 2 %" m (1)
nlln2l nml
© SOME PROPERTIES OF THE BINOMIAL
COEFFICIENTS where the summation is taken over all non-negative inte-
gers nj, w2, ...»»„! such that nj + «2 + " * *+ nm ~ n-
The number of distinct terms in the expansion (1) is
1. CQ + Cj + G2 + . . . . • n + m- \/-i
2. C0 H- C2 + C4 + . . . . = c3
8 SOME USEFUL TIPS AND TRICKS
4. For n > 1,
L To find remainder when xn is divided by y, try to
G| — ^^2 ~^~ 3 — * * •
express x or some power of x as ky ± 1 , For in-
Mathematical Induction and Binomial Theorem 73

stance, to find the remainder when 7200 is divided SOME PARTICULAR EXPANSIONS
by 50, we write 72 = 50-1 and then use binomial
theorem, *.-..'• , ForUKl
2, If a, b, r e Q and \fr is an irrational, ^num- L (
ber, then sometime it is useful to switch from 2. (
a + bvr to a - b4r , 3. (
4. (
3. If p, q € Q and V.P , V? are irrational, then often 5. (
it is preferable toif simplify (^ + ^fq)2n by first 6. (

usng ± q ' = p - $* 2 q ' ' ' "" where if n is a natural number,


4. If three consecutive binomial coefficients R C r _ 1?
Expansion when x is very small
C r .C r + i l are in A.
If x is very small so that x2 and higher powers of x can be
5. Four consecutive binomial coefficients can never neglected, then
be in AJP.
j ; ,- / . i .^.!-- , : w :•-. , ; _. • -. J ' • - i ; -•.•' 'i-:-- ••?,*'
6, Three consecutive binomial coefficients can never If jc is very small so that x and higher powers of x can be
be in G.R or HLR • neglected, then

Straight Objective Type Questions

/ ^Y (a) 15C (b) 0


Example 1 If the coefficients of x1 and #8 in 2 + — (c) - ( C 9 ) (d) 15Cn
are equal, then value of n is . (c)
Solution Tr + L the (r + l)th term in the expansion of
(a) 56 ; : (b) 55
15 •'• "' " •' ' •'••'
(c) 47 (d) 19
Ans. (b)
Solution T r + j, the (r + l)th term in the expansion of __L -15c
C (_1//5-5r
T
^
- 15
"
l5~r - rv ij X

2+— is given by
To obtain constant term, we set 45 - 5r = 0 ^ r = 9
/. Coefficient of constant term is 15C9 (-1)9 = - 15C9,
Example 3 If a is real and the 4th term in the expansion
According to the given condition ( lY
of \x + — is 5/2, for each x € R - {0}, then values of
f^n-S\, , V x)
a and n are respectively
37..}. ..-. "I 3°
(a) 5, 1/2 (b) 6, - 1/2
«! ; 8!(n-8)! (c) 3, 1/3 (d) 6, 1/2

48 = n - 7 ra = 55
Solution ,We have
1
A i5
Example 2 In the expansion of \ - -y , the con-
; '
stant term equals
7.4 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main

As this is true for.each x. e R -?{ 0 } | we, geft N , (a) 8 r-',


- (c) 10, - (d) 11
Am. (b)
Solution We have
3 5 3!3! 5 -1 ' 1 d/2s
a = -X - = -x — = -
2 ; 6! 2 20 8 ,1/6 J/6
^ 0 = 1/2. ' \ '
__21 r 7-r/2.2r/3-7/2
Thus, /w = 6, 0 = 1/2. , ;
Example 4 If the 6th term in the expansion of
Since exponents of a and & in the (r + l)th term are equal,
+ ;c Iog10 jc is 5600, then value of x is r
...; n7 _--,-•2r-- , L7._ _ =2J
^ _ j l7 ^
= : ^ r = ^ r = 9>
,t
2 3 2 2 6
(a) 2 (b) A 5 Example 6 If A and B are coefficients of jc" in the expan-
(c) VlO (d) 10 sions of (1 + x)2n and (1 + x)2n~ l respectively, then
Ans.(A) (a) A = B (b) A = 2B
Solution Note that for log l(fc to be defined, x> 0. (c) 2A = = £ . . . (d) none of these .
Aiw. (b)
Wehave Solution We know that coefficient of jcr in the expansion
x
of(l+jc) m is m C r
Thus, A = 2nCn 2n~l C.

• T *• > ' " 2n Cnn (2n)l (n!) (n -


- 1)! 2n
=> 5600 = 56 ^2 (log 10%)5 We have — = -^ =-— -— £-£-^—
^—^^
— —— = — = 2
B 2n~lCn nlnl (2n-l)l n
=> 100 = x2 (log 1(>^)5
=> 100// Example 7 If x2k occurs in the expansion of
The curves y = x +—i-Y~, 3then
v -' v •
jc y
(a) /i - 2A; is a multiple of 2
intersect in just one point, (b) w - 2^ is a multiple of 3
See Fig, 7.1. This points is (10, 1), vc^ /c — u
fr\r — A

(d) none of these


Therefore, x = 10.
y Solution Tr+1 the (r + l)th term in the expansion of
"3
x + —1 \s given
- -by u

o 1 10 9, f i Y~3
As jc occurs in the expansion of Lx + — , we must
\ s
have n - 3 - 3r =-2A: for some non-negative integer r.
=> 3(1 + r) =-/2 - 2k => w- 2^: is a multiple of 3.
Fig. 7.1
Example 8 Coefficient of the term independent of x in the
Example 5 If the (r + l)th term in tHe Expansion of x-l 10
f 1/3 ^1/2 Y21 ,
expansion of IS

—jj^ + ^jj^ has equal exponents of both a and b,


(a) 210 (b) 105
then value of r is (c) 70 (d) 35
Ans. (a)
Mathematical Induction and Binomial Theorem 7.5

Solution We have Example 10 If n > 1, and (1 + x)n = C0 + C3 x + C2 A^2 +


x + 1 = (*1/3 1), ... + Cnxn then value of C0- 2Cj + 3C2 -4C3 + ... + (- 1)

(a) - 1 (b) 0
(c) 1 (d) 2
and ;c-.x1/2= >/*(>/* - 1) ,
Ans. (b)
Solution Putting x = -1 in the equation ( 1 ) of alternative
solution to Example 9, we get
- v 4. 1 n -u v~ ^ - v v~1/2
— Jt 173 T 1 — \l ~r X 3/2 ) — X i/3 — X C0 - 2Cj + 3C2 - 4C3 +. . . + (-1)" (;i + l)Cn = 0 + 0 = 0
Now, the (r + l)th term in the expansion of (xl/3 - jc~1/2)10 is Example 11 If w G N, n > 1, then value of
£ = a-w-C1 (a- 1) + WC2 (a -2) +... + (- If (a-n) f Cn) is
(a) n (b) 0
(c) a2 (d) 2n
For this term to be independent of jt,
Ans. (b)
10 5r -0
--- A 10 6 A
= — x- =4 Solution We can write E as
3 6 3 5
Thus, coefficient of the term independent of x in the given n rc0 - "d + "c2 - . . . + (-ir f Q] +rcj -
expression is (2) (»C2) + (3) f C3) -...-(- I)" (n) (nCn)}
= 0 -f- F where
4161 F= w C 1 -(2)fC 2 ) + (3)fC 3 )-.,.^
(- If (n) CQ
Example 9 If (1 + x)n = C0 + C^ -f- C2;t2 + ... + Qt",
then value of C0 + 2Cj + 3C2 + . . . -h (n +1)CW is
(a) 2n~l (b) n(2" - 1 )
Differentiating, we get
(c) n(2n~l) + 2n (d) (^ + 1)2^
5. (c) 3f C3)jc2 + ... + < Cn)xn-1

Solution Let E = C0 + 2Cl + 3C2 + ... Putting x = - 1, we get


(1) 0 =nCl - 2f C2) + 3f C3)- ... - (-1
Using Cr-Cn_ r, we can rewrite (1) as V f\ £"*

Thus, E = 0 + 0 = 0.
(2)
Example 12 If 6> ^ 1, is a cube root of unity, then sum
Adding (1) and (2), we get 100
2£ = (n + 2)C0 + (w 2)C2 + ... of the series 5 = £ 100Cr (2 + co2)™"' cor is

(a) 1 (b) - 1
(c) 0 (d) 100
Ans. (a)
Alternative Solution
Solution We have
We have
C0^: + Cj x2 + C2z3 + ... + Cn Example 13 The positive integer just greater than S =
Differentiating both the sides, we get (l+O.OQ01) 10000 is
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 5

Putting jc= 1, we get Ans. (b)


3C +,,., Solution Let n = 10000, then
7.6 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main

1Y =» n = m + 10 and
1 1
2H H 2m m
_ 1 n(n-l) l/i(n-l)(n-2)
=$ (m+ 10) (m + 9) + m(m - 1) - 2m(m -h 10) = 20
" 2 ! H2 3! «3
=> m2 + 19m + 90 + m2 - m - 2m2 - 20m = 20
t ;
=> -2m = -70 => m = 35.
n\ n = 45
Example 16 The sum of the series S = 20C0 - ^ +
« n 20 C 2 - 20 C 3 H-...-f 20 C i0 is

+ ••• + — 1-- (a) -(20C10) (2°C10)

— + — + ••• + — (c) 0 (d) 2UC10


2! 3! w!
'-(b)
But Vr>2. Solution Using nCr = WCW _r, we can write
r! 1.2.,. r 2r~1
, 20^ , 20^
-h <- l g - ... T C1Q
Thus, S< 1 + 1 + - + -V
2 22
r\0 / O V 10 /
L L

1-1/2 Example 17 The expansion of


Example 14 The coefficient of the middle term in the JC 3 -1)
+ (x - Jjc3 -1) is a polynomial of degree

binomial expansion of (1 + ax)4 and of (1 - ax)6 is the (a) 5 (b) 6


same if a equals (c) 7 (d) 8
3 _ 10 . (c)
(a) -
10 Solution Using (a + 5)5 + (a - b)5
= 2[a5 + 5C2 a3b2 + 5C4

we :
Aas. (a)
Solution Middle term in the expansion of (1 + ax)4 is = 2[x5+ 10rV - 1) + 5x(x3 - I)2]
4C2(ax)2 = 6a2;t2 and the middle term in the expansion of
which is a polynomial of degree 7.
(1 - axf is6C3(-axf = -20 a3 *3.
Example 18 The coefficient of xr in the expansion of
9 « 3
We are given 6 or = -20 a ^> a = 0 or a = --
5 10
Example 1 5 For natural numbers m and n is
(a) y-'-2*-r (b) n C r (3 r -2 r )
and aj = a2 = 10, then (m, n) equals (c) nCr(3n~r-2n~r) (d) none of these
. (a) (35,45) (b) (20,45) . (c)
(c) (35,20) (d) (45,35) Solution We can write
Ans. (a)
Solution, J -y)1" (1 +y)» = (1 - my + m C 2 y 2 - ...) (1 +
s= = (3+x)"-(2+xf
i- xx ++23
We are given .: Coefficient of xr = "Cr(3"-r-2"~r)
Mathematical Induction and Binomial Theorem 7.7

Example 19 Number of zeros at then end of 991001 + 1 is Example 22 The sum of the rational terms of
(a) 2 (b) 4
(c) 1002 (d) 1004 (a) 71 (b) 85
Ans. (a) (c) 97 (d) none of these
Solution Let n = 1001. We can write Ans. (d)
991001 + 1 = (100 -!)"+! Solution 3T r+1 , the (r + l)th term in the expansion of
= nc0ioon - "c, (2 1/5 -hV3) 2 °is
Tr+1 = 20Cr (21/5)20 ~r (31/2 ) r = 20Cr (3) r/2
where m = *C0100" ~ ' - "C, 100" ~ 2 + "C, 100" ~ 3 -
As 2 and 3 are relatively prime 24 "r/5 and 3r/2 will be
As nCn _ j = 1001, the units digit of m is different from 0. rational if both 4- r/5 and r/2 are integers, i.e. if r/5 and
Thus, the number of zeros at the end of 99 1001 + 1 is two. r/2 are integers. This is possible if
r = 0, 10, 20.
Example 20 The coefficient of xk in the expansion of
Thus, the sum of rational terms is
:= 1 + (1 + x) + (1 +xf + ... + (1 +x)n is 20C0(24) (3°) + 20C10 (22) (35) + 20C20 (2°) (310)
(a) nCk (b) *+lCk
As this is more than 71, 85 or 97, answer is (d).
(c) n+lCk+l (d) none of these
Example 23 If in the expansion of *3 —r-
( 1 Y , n e N,
Ans. (c)
V x J
Solution We have sum of the coefficient of x5 and x10 is 0, then value of n is
E = 1 + (1 + x) + (1 + xf + ... + (1 + x)n (a) 5 (b) 10
(c) 15 (d) 20
Ans. (c)
Solution r the (r + l)th term in the expansion of
Thus, coefficient of xk in £
1
= Coefficient of jc*+1 in [(1 + ^) w+ J - 1] JC 3 - is

Example 21 The number of irrational terms in the ex- (- 1) x"


pansionof (51/6 + 21/8)100 is
(a) 96 (b) 97 3/2-5
For the coefficient of x5, we set 3n - 5r = 5 => r =
(c) 98 (d) 99 = p(say) and
Ans. (b) for the coefficient of xlQ, we set 3w - 5r = 10 => r =
Solution T'J.+ I, the (r +l)th in the expansion of 3/1-10 , .
—-— = q (say)
_ Note that p-q- 1 . We are given
r+l - r \*
As 5 and 2 are relatively prime, Tr +1 will be rational if (-!)« = 0
i AH _ v r
- and - are both integers, i.e. if 100 - r is a multi-
ple of 6 and r is a multiple of 8. As 0 < r < 100, multiples
of 8 upto 100 and corresponding value of 100 - r are n = 2p-l
r = 0, 8, 16,24, ...,88,96
100- r = 100, 92, 84,76, ...,12,4 n + 1 _ 3/i-S
Thus, ~T~ "" 5
Out of these values for 100 - r, multiples of 6 are 84, 60,
15 =n
36,12
Example 24 In the expansion of (1 + px)n, n € N, the
there are just four rational terms in the expansion of
coefficient of x and x2 are 8 and 24 respectively, then
(a) n = 3,p = 2 (b) n = 49p = 2
number of irrational terms is 101 - 4 = 97 (c) /i = 4,p = 3 (d) n = 5,p = 3
Ans. (b)
7.8 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main

Solution We have Example 27 If (1 + x)15 = C0 + Cl x + C2 ^2 + ... +


(1 +px)n = 1 + *Cv(px) + *C2(px)2 -f ... C15 jc15 then value of the expression 5 = C2 -5- 2C3 + 3C4 +
... + 14C15is
= 1 + npx + - n(n - I)p2x2 + . . . (a) 13(214)+1 (b) 13(215)
£
(c) 13(234) (d) none of these
According to the hypothesis,
Ans. (a)
np = 8 and - n(n - l)p2 = 24 Solution We add -1C0 + OCl to both the sides of S and let
Putting /? = 8/n in the second expression, we get
Note that
n-l 24x2 3
i - li ) - =*24=*
1 8 A
- Sl = - 1C0 lC2 + 2C 3 -f... + 13C14+14C15
2 UJ n 8x8 4
(D
=> 4n-4 = 3n => # = 4 Using Cr = Cn _r, we rewrite the above expression as
Putting this value in np - 8, we get/? = 2. Sl = 14C0 + 13^ + 12C2 + ... + OC14 + (-1)C15
Example 25 The greatest value of the term inde- (2)
pendent of jc, as a: varies over R, in the expansion of Adding (1) and (2), we get
sinaf0 .1C 2Sl = 13 [C0 + Q + C2 + ... + C15] = 13(215)
X J
=> 5j = 13(214) => S = 13(214) + 1
(a) 2°C10 (b) 20C15

(c) 20C19 (d) none of these Example 28 Let R = (2 + >/3)2w and/= ,R - [R] where
[ ] denotes the greatest integer function, then R(l-f) is
Ans. (d)
equal to
Solution rr+1, the (r+l)th term in the expansion of (a) 1 (b) 22
0 . 20^ / x20-r f sinaY (c) 22" - 1 (d) 2nCn
x cos a + - is 2UCr (x cos a)2U r -
X j \ Ans, (a)
Solution As 0 < 2 - V3 < 1 we get 0 < F = (2 - ^3 )2w < 1
For this term to be independent of jc, we set 20 - 2r = 0 We have
=> r=10.
Let /? = Term independent of jt, then
^ = 20C10(cosa)10(sina)10
= 20C10 [ cos a sin a]10
/02w-4x x /Tx4 -i
(2 )(v3) ... J
Thus, the greatest possible value of /J is 20C10 nV°
— . => /? + F is an even integer.

Example 26 Sum of the last 20 coefficients in the ex- => [/?] +/+ F is an even integer.
pansion of (1 + x)39, when expanded in ascending powers => /+ F is an integer.
of*, is
ButO</< 1 a n d O < F < 1 =* 0 < / + F < 2
(a) 219 (b) 2
(c) 40C20-219 (d) 2 But the only integer between 0 and 2 is 1. Thus,

. (d) /+F=1 => 1-/=F


Solution There are 40 terms in the expansion of Now, R(l -f) = RF = (2 + ^)2W (2 - ^)2"
(l-i- jc)39: Sum of the last 20 coefficients is
*
= (4 - 3)2w = I2* = 1
39, Example 29 If [ ] denotes the greatest integer function,
"18 "r ••• "*" M "*" ^0
[using nCr = nCn_r] then [( y/2 + if] is equal
Adding the above two expansions, we get (a) 199 (b) 198
(c) 197 (d) 196
5 = 238 Ans. (c)
Mathematical Induction and Binomial Theorem 7,9

Solution Let (A/2 -I- I)6 = R +f where R is an integer Solution We have 2 4 = 16 =17-1
andO</<l. 22000 = f?4)500= (11 — I)500
Note that = 500C0 17500 - 500C, 17499 +500C2 17498
-500C317497 + ...-500C499(17) +
AIsoO< A/2-1 < 1 = = > 0 < F = ( A/2-1)6 <1. 500

Wehave,£+/+F = (^/2 + if + (fc - 1)6 = 17« + 1


where m is some positive integer.
- 2 [6C0 (A/2 )6 + 6C2 (A/2 )4 + 6C4 (A/2 )2 + 6C6]
Thus, the required remainder is 1.
- 2 [23 + 15(22) + 15(2) + 1] = 198 Example 32 If (1 + x + x2)4* = a0 + a^ x +
=» / + F = 198- /? is an integer. a2 }? + . : .+ a96 jc96, then value of a0 - a2 + a4 - a6 + ...
As 0 </< 1 and 0 < F < 1, 0 </+ F < 2. + a% is
(a) -1 (b) 0
But the only integer between 0 and 2 is 1. Therefore (c) 1 (d) 48
Ans. (c)
Thus, = 198-/f #=197 Solution Putting x = i, we get
(1 + i + i2)48 = 00 + fll i + «2 i2 + ... + a98 z96
Example 30 Sum of the coefficients of the terms of de-
gree m in the expansion of (1 + x)n (1 + yf (1 + zf is
(a) <"CJ3 (b) 3f CJ Equating the real parts we get
(c) "C^ + a96=

s. (d) Example 33 Sum of the series 5 = T1 (10C0) -10Ci + (3)


(10C2)-32(10C3)H-...H-39(10C10)is
Solution We have
(a) 29 (b)2 1 0 -l
n (l+yf
(c) - (2 n -2) (d) - (210)

A«5. (d)
= Z C^X' Solution We have
S = 3'1 [10C0 - 10C! (3) + 10C2 (32) - 10C3 (33)
For sum of the coefficients of degree m, we must have 4. _L. ^C C^®\\. -r *-"iQw )\ cj
r + s + t = m where r, s, t are integers with r,s,t> 0.
Sum'of such coefficients
= I Cc r )fc.)("c f ) Example 34 The coefficient of z53 in
100

- the number of ways of choosing a total m=0


number of m balls out of n black, n white (a) 10°C 47 (b) 100C53
and n green balls / r \r (d) 253
W - ^-53

An5. (c)
Example 31 The remainder when 22000 is divided by Solution We have
17 is 100
m Cm(x - =(x-5 + 4) 100 = (jc -
aoo
(a) 1 (b) 2
m=0
(c) 8 (d) 12
Ans. (a) .-. Coefficient of ^53 is 100 53 (-1)47 = - 100C53.
7.10 Complete Mathematics—-JEE Main

Example 35 The interval in which x (> 0) must Solution For n = 29


lie so that the greatest term in the expansion of P(2): (1 + x)2 = 1 + 2x + z2 > 1 + 2* as ^ * 0.
(1 + x)\2n has the greatest coefficient is Assume that
(a)
i —i n
n 'w-1
(b)f" U +l n )
P(£):(l + J t ) / C > l + J b ;
for some fc G N, fc > 1.
(1)

As jc > - 1, multiplying both the sides of (1) by 1 + jc, we get


(c) -,- (d) none of these
\n+2 n )
Ans. (b) >l+(fc+l)jc [v kx2>0]
Solution The greatest coefficient in the expansion of 1) is true.
(1 + x)2n is 2nCn. We are given 2nCn xn is the greatest term. By the principle of mathematical induction P(n) is true for
all n > I provided x & 0.
2n Cn_}xn-l<2nCnxnand
Example 38 For each n € N, 23" - 1 is divisible by
(a) 8 (b) 16
(c) 32 (d) none of these
Ans. (d)
n+l Solution We have

= 1 + "C, (7) + nC2 (72) + ... + "Cn (T) - 1


Example 36 If the coefficients of the rth, (r + l)th and
(r + 2)th terms in the binomial expansion of (I + y)m are in = 1m
A.R, then m and r satisfy the equation where m = "Cj+ "C2 (7) -K. .+wCn (7W ~ J ) is a positive
(a) m2 - m(4r + 1) + 4r 2 - 2 = 0 integer.
(b) m 2 - m ( 4 r - l ) 4 - 4 r 2 - h 2 = 0 Thus, 7 divides 23* - 1 for all n e N.
(c) m 2 - m ( 4 r ~ l ) - h 4 r 2 - 2 = 0 Example 39 For each n G N, ^2w~J + y2w ~l is divisible by
(d) m2 - m(4r + 1) + 4^ + 2 = 0. (a) x + y (b) (jc + y)2
Ans. (a) (c) ^c3 + y3 (d) none of these
Ans. (a)
Solution Coefficient of the rth term is mCr_ P
According to the given condition mCr_ j + mCr+ { = 2(mCr) Solution jc^+y 2 "- 1
j-jc^y + jc 211 - 4 ? 2 --

m + l-r r+1
Thus x2n ~ l -f j2" ~l is divisible by jc + y for all n € N,
=» r2 + r + (m - r) (m + 1 - r) = 2(m + 1 - r) (r + 1) Example 40 For all n e N, n(n + 1) (2n + 1) is divisible
=> r 2 -h r + m2 + (1 -2r)m-r(l - r) = by
2m(rH-l)-!-2(l-r2) (a) 6 (b) 8
(c) 15 (d) 9
=» m 2 - m(4r + 1) + 4r2 - 2 = 0.
. (a)
Example 37 Let jc > - 1, then statement Solution We have n(n + 1) (2n + 1) = 6{ I 2 4- 22 + , , .+ n2},
/. n(/i + 1) (2n + 1) is divisible by 6 for all n e N.
is true for
Example 41 If aw = V 7 + V 7 + >/7 + "' haying n radical
(a) all n € N signs then by methods of mathematical induction which of
(b) all n > 1 the following is true
(c) all n > 1 provided (a) £„ > 7 -V- w > 1 (b) an > 3 ^ n > 1
(d) none of these, (c) <an < 4 ^ n > I (d) an<3 ^ n>l
^. (c) Ans. (c)
Mathematical Induction and Binomial Theorem 7,11

Solution We have al - v7 < 4. Assume ak < 4 for some Example 45 The last term in the binomial expansion of
natural number L ( \ f I Vogs8
We have U/2 - -= I is —r , then the 5th term from the
V V2/ V3.9 3 y
+ 4 <4 beginning is
(a) 10C6 (b) 2(10C4)
.-. a<4 ^ n>\.
Example 42 If an = 22 + 1, then for ra > 1, last digit of (d) - 10C6
anis
(a) 5 (b) 7 Ans. (b)
(c) 3
Ans. (b)
(d) 4
ion « cn f-4=T
V v2y
=(3-* -m y083" = 3-5io&2 = 4-2 5
Solution For n = 2, £n = 24 -f- 1 = 16 + 1 = 17. Assume
that ak = 22 + 1 = 10m + 7 where k > 1 and m is some =^> n = 10.
positive integer. .-. 5th term from the beginning = 10 C 4 ( A /2) 1 °~ 4

Now, ak + l = 22k+l + l=(22k?+l


= (10m + 6)2 + 1 = 10 (10m2 -f 12m + 3) 4- 7
Thus, last digit of &n is 7 "V- # > 1.
Example 46 Degree of the polynomial
Example 43 Let S(K): 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2£- 1) = 3 +
^2 . Then which of the following is true?
(a) S(K)^ S ( f f + l ) (a) 7 (b) 8
(b) S(K)=>S(K+l) (c) 9 (d) 12
(c) S(l) is correct Ans. (b)
(d) principle of mathematical induction can be
used to prove the formula. Solution We have
Ans. (b) (x-y)* +(x + yf =

Solution 5(1): 1 = 3 + I 2 which is not true. Suppose Thus,


S(K) is true, then
= 2[4C0(*2)4 -h 4C2(^2)2 (1 - x3) + 4C4(1 - ^3)2]
Adding (2K + 1) to both the sides, we get which is a polynomial of degree 8.
Example 47 Coefficient of — in the expansion of
x
which is S(K+l).
(a) ^Q.! (b) 2nCn
(c) 1 (d) 0
Example 44 Let (1 +x)n = C0 + C{ x + C2x2 + ... + Cn xn P. (a)
c cn Solution We have
and —-1 + 2——
/^ 9
• + ••• +n- then
-n-l
value of & is
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 6 (d) 12. /. Coefficient of jT1 in (1 + *)" 1 + -
Afts. (a) \

_ra! (r-l)!(/i-r + l)! = Coefficient of jc"~ ! in (1 + x)2n


Solution r —— = r
T-l /i-r)! w!
=w-r+1
Example 48 Coefficient of x4 in (1 + x + x2 + x3)11 is
(a) 99 (b) 330
(c) 990 (d) 1050
Ans. (c)
7.12 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main

Solution We have Coefficients of the middle terms in the expansion of


(1 -hjt) 2 *- 1 are2*-1^ and 2n~lCn and their sum = 2|I"1CJ1_1
, 2n-l^ ___ 2«^r
"*" ^« "~ u «
Example 52 If a is a real number and if the middle term

of I - + 3 I is 1120 then value of a is

Thus, coefficient of x4 in (1 + jt + x2 + jc3)11 (a) ±2 (b) ±1

= (1)( 11 C 2 ) + ( 11 C 2 )( U C 1 ) + (11C4)(1) (c) ±>/3 (d) ±


= 55 + (55)(11)4-330 = 990 . (a)
Example 49 The sixth term in the expansion of (xl/3 + Solution Middle term of - + 3 is the - + 1 I th or
V3
ym)n, if the binomial coefficient of the third term form the 5th term. We have
end is 45, is
(a) 252x5/3y5/2 (b) 45
5/2
(c) 45jc 5/3 y (d) none of these
Am. (a) We are given T5 = 1 120 => 70a4= 1 120
Solution Binomial coefficients of the third term from => a4= 16 =24 =^a = ± 2
the end in the expansion of (xl/3 + yl/2)f\s Example 53 Suppose F is the fractional part of M =
nC2= 45 => n (n - 1) - 90 = 0 => n = 10.
(Vis + VTT) , then value of M (1- F) is
/. Sixth term in the expansion of (xl/3 + ym)n is (a) 128 (b) 64
(c) 32 (d) 16
Example 50 If coefficient of x2, x3, x4 in the expansion Ans. (b)
of (1 + x/af are in A.P., then a equals Solution Let N =
(a) (4 + ->/?)/3 (b) (4 + Vs)/3
AS (Vis-VTi) = -, we get 0
(c) 2-V3 (d) 2 + V3
Ans. (a)
Solution Coefficient of xr in the expansion of ( 1 + x/af
= 6Cr(l/a?
According to given condition 6C2( I/a)2, 6C3(l/a)3, 6C4(l/a)4
are in A.P.
= M + N is an integer, say, J
Let M = K+ F, where ^T is the greatest integer contained
inM.
=> 3a 2 -8a+3=0 We have
=$ a = (4±Jl)/3 J=M+N= K+N+ F
Example 51 Sum of two middle terms in the expansion
A s O < A ^ < l , 0 < F < l w e get, 0 < N + F < 2
Also, JV + F is an integer
/"!_ \2 — 1 /T
(a) 2 "-'C n - 1 (D) C.

'.(C) n "+ 1 .
Thus, M (i- F) = (Vis + Vn)6 (Vis - ViT)6 = 26 = 64
Example 54 The remainder when 82w- 62 2w+1is divided
Solution Two middle terms in the expansion of (1 n- x)2n"l by 9 is
are th and f-1 th terms, that is, nth (a) 7 (b) 8
\ ) V 2 (c))0 (d) 2
and (n +l)th terms. Ans. (b)
Mathematical Induction and Binomial Theorem 7.13

Solution 82" - 62 2n+1 Solution Coefficient of *" in


= (9- l)2"-(63-l)2"+1
__ /in/~i (\2n 2n/~i r\2n— 1 ,
— \Q jt — \^\s ~r
\2n-2 1 + — x + — x2 +.-••+—x"
11 2! n!
(y) + 62^ — ( CQ<
C2 (63 )— •••—h Cj(63) — CQ) 1 + — x + — x2 + •••+— x "
11 2! n!
= 9m -f l^-l = 9m H- 2 for some integer m
Thus, when 82* - 62 2w+1 is divided by 9, the remainder 1 1 1
is 2. =— +— r- + : - + •••• +
'nl l!(n-l)! 2!(n-2)!
Example 55 The coefficient of x1 in the expansion of
(n-l)!l! n!
(a) 132 (b) 144
(c) - 132 (d) - 144 1 p
___ I W/^» . W/^ _1_ ^/^ 1 ?I/~T
"i 2
_1_ ^/^ I

Ans. (d) ™"~i


».»L o i C 2" h *** ^s-i"^ ^J~"~T
J it?
Solution (1 - x - x2 + jc3)6 = (1 - x)6 (1 - x2)6
Example 58 The coefficient of V in the expansion of
coefficient of x1 in (1 - xf (I - jc2)6
= coefficient of x1 in [1 -6i + 6C2 .x2- • • • + 6C6 (a) (-l) w ii (b) (^l)"(l-n)
x II - Jt2 + 6Cx4- •-- + (c) (-^(n-l) (d) (»-l)
Ans. (b)
(-
V6C 3)3+
-^ , T(-
(6-C ) '(66C2) + (-6C5) (-6
63^
Solution (1 + x) (1 - ^)" = [2 - (1 - x)] (1 - jc)"
= - 144. = 2(l-^) n -(l-jc) l l +
.-. coefficient of xn in (1 + x) (1 - xf
Example 56 If « e N, then (>/3 -f l)2" - (^ is
(a) an odd positive integer
(b) an even positive integer
Example 59 Sum of the coefficients of jc3 and jc6
(a) a rational number but not a natural number
(d) an irrational number in the expansion of \ r 2 -- n9is
Ans. (d)
Ans. (a)
Solution J8-3r
Solution T r + 1 =9Cr
For coefficient of x3, x6, we set 18 -3r = 3,6
=» r = 5,4.
/. sum of coefficients of ^c3 and jc6
-(-l) 5 ( 9 C 4 )-h(-l) 4 ( 9 C 5 ) = 0
Example 60 For n > 2, let
which is an irrational number,
Example 57 The coefficient of y1 in the expansion of -, then value
r=0 ^r

1! 2! «!
y _L
of
r=l ^ C
2"
(b) —
n
an 2-1

1
(c) n! (d) (c) an
n! (d) a2
Ans. (a) Ans. (b)
7.14 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main

Solution For r > 1, r Cr = r f Cr) = • n f " l Cr_ •{)

Assertion - Reason Type Questions

Example 61 Again differentiating both the sides with respect to jc, we get
Stateinent-1: For each natural number n, (n + I)7 - n1 - 1 10
is divisible by 7 .7-2

Statement-2: For each natural number n, n1- n is divis- 7=1


ible by 7.
Am. (a) Putting ^ =1 in (1) and (2), we get

Solution For statement 2, write n = Ir + k, k = - 3, - 2, 10


-1,0,1,2,3
7=1
Now, n7-n = (lr + k)1 - (Ir + k)
10
Using binomial theorem, we get
and S, = (9) (28)=(90) (28)
n1 - n - (k1 - k) is divisible by 7.
7=1
<=> n7 - n is divisible by 7 if and only if k1 - k is Adding the above two equation , we get
divisible by 7
10
For k = ± 3, ± 2, ± 1 . k7 - * is divisible by 7 if and
only if k6 - 1 is divisible by 7,
But £6 - 1 = 728, 63, 0 for k = ± 3, ± 2, ± 1 . = (10)(28)(2 + 9)
k6- I is divisible by 7 for i = ± 3, ± 2, ± 1 .
=> S3 = (55) (29)
Thus, n7 - n is divisible by 7 for each n e N. Thus, Statement-1 is true but Statement-2 is false.
=> (n + I)7 - (n + 1) - (n7 - n) is divisible by 7
Example 63 Let ( 1 + x)n = C0 + C^x + C2x2 + • • • +
=> (n -f I)7 - n1 - 1 is divisible by 7.
Statement-1: 5C02 + 7C,2 + 9C22 + ••• + (5 + 2n)C
Therefore, both the statements are true and statement - 2
is a correct reason for statement- 1.
10
Example 62 LetS^ £jO-l)( 10 C,-) Statement-2: C02 + Q2 + - 4- C/ = 2nCB
7=1
. (a)
10 10
Solution C 2 + C2 + • • • + C 2
7=1 7=1

Statement-1 5 = 55 x 29 = number of ways of choosing n persons out


of n men and n women
Statement-2 Sj = 90 x 28 and S2 = 10 x 28
Anj. (c)
/. Statement-2 is true
Solution We have
10 Let
n (1)
7=0 Using Cr-Cn_r, we can rewrite (1) as
Differentiating both the sides with respect to x, we get
5 = (5 + 2n) C02 + (3 + 2n) Cj2 + - + 5C/ (2)
10
(1) Adding (1) and (2), we get
7=1 2S = (10 + 2w) (C02 + Cj2 + - + C/)
Mathematical Induction and Binomial Theorem 7.15

nn
Example 64 Let -— e ibwelequations, we get
(1)
Statement-!': —£. + —L + —2. + • • • + -
- 1.2 2.3 3.4 i Example 66 Let (1 + *)" = C0 + C^ + C2x2+ •• • + Cn^w.
Statement-1: S = C0 H- (C0 + C) + (C0 + Cr + C2) + • • • +
«+'2

Statement-2: 2. _ + . _ . . . + (_!)" _ s _ =0 Statement-2:


2 3 4 v ' n+2 7=1 i<7
A/i,y. (c) ,
. (b)
Solution We can write
Solution From(l)
- 2)C2 OC
\o (l+:t)ndt= I"*
«*o
[Co + C i r + C ^ + ' - ' + C/2]^ (1)
; . ,. , • . * {. - ; . S . .-'• • . •1. ? . . . • , . , . " • - .

Using C r = C n _ mr , we qan rewrite tij as


1 ,
n+ l

(2) Adding (1) and (2) we obtain,^


1 2 n+ l
25 = n[C0 + Ct + C2 4- •••i-i- J- n(2")
Multiplying (1) by t and integrating, we get

(1 +t)ndt= \[C(f+Clt*> + •-• + C ll f fI + 1] A


In the expression ^ 2^ (Q + Cj) ?£ch ^ (Q,- ! ~ w)

w +1 (w + ] occurs exactly n times. Thus


n n
C
T^ *^x+T
C C
n +2
E (C 4- C") = W
* J

Putting x = - 1 in (3), we obtain that the second statement Example 67 Let (1 H- x)3n = C0 + QJC +
is true. - f|,,'co C3w;c3", and a) & 1 be a cube root of unity
Putting x = 1 in (2) and (3) and subtracting, we obtain that Statement-!: C0 + C + Ca) +
statement- 1 is also true.
Example 65 Let(l +x)" = C0 + Clx + C2x2 + ••• + Cnxtl. Statement-2: Cube roots unity form a triangle otarea^S-
square units,
Statement-1: For m > 2, C0 - Cj + C2 - • • • +
.- i \m - 1 (-• _ / i \ - 1 ,n - I,-, \)
An5. (c)
C m _ ! = (-!) ( Cm_j)
Solution C0 + Cjfi)+ C2o^ + C3:+ C46)+ C56)2 + '•••
Statement-2: "Cr = "~lCr_ , + "~ lCr for 1 < r < n - 1
. (a)
Solution
= (- of)3" = (- I)3" G)6"
n— 1 x-t H — \f-t
1 *-0~ '-'I = (- iy (i)=<-1)".
Statement-2 is false as area of triangle formed by cube
_ n- Is^i n- \ i\'»-l/'/^ ^ —/ i \ i w - l / w - l ^ roots of 1unity
j."- /^ is\)3>/3/4 square units.
(^m-l)-(- 1) ( Cm~2+ Cm-V
C " "~
7,16 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main

^^
; >x<
Jk^^^^
Straight Objective Type Questions
Example 68 The number of rational terms in the expan- - u tt

using l/(x)dx = J/(a - x)"dx


sion ol \""" v * "•" v •>) is
(a) 7 (b) 11
(c) 12 „ (d) 12 ,.(xtt+l xn+2
Ans. (a)
Solution A term in the expansion of (1+ is
of the form 1
6! (n + l)(n + 2)

6!
• . i2 r/2 )(5 J/3 )
-r-5)!^ ; \ll

This term will be rational if 2r/2 and 5s13 are both rational
numbers. This is possible if and only if r is a multiple of
2 and s is a multiple of 3. Possible values of r are 0, 2, 4 = ^._S.+ S._ +^
and 6 whereas the possible values of s are 0, 3 and 6. Also 2 3 4 '" n+l
note that 0 < r + s < 6.
For r = 0, s can take value 0, 3 or 6. Thus, Q . _ i + 2._ i ( l)» "
2 3 4 n+l
For r = 2, j can take-value 0 or 3.
For r = 4, s can take value 0. -. • • • 1 i . ^ - - ; • • • • • • :
For r = 6, 5 can take value 0. (n+ !)(« +2)
Thus, the number of rational terms i s 3 - h 2 - h l H - l = 7
Example 70 Two values of x for which the sixth term
Example 69 The sum of (n-+ iy terms of the series
of the expansion o f E =
is
2 3 4 5 is 567, is
1 (a) 3,4 (b) 3,1
(a) (b)' (c) 2,7 (d) none of these
n+2
Ans. (b)
1
(c) (d) Solution Put y='^^ log 3 j=log 3 V9 1 21

s. (d)
Next, put z=(7(1/5)los'[(4)-3U"2'-9]).
Solution We have
(-1)" Cnx" 1/5
=> log, z = l5c--21 - 9] = log, [(4) 3w-a - 9]
Iog7 [(4)35c

=» . , Z=;[(4)3'*-2I-9]1/5 , ,. :,

Now, E = (j + z)7 and the 6th term in its expansion is


Jjc(l -x)"dx= given by

T6 = 7C5 y7-5 z5 = 21 (3U-21 )2 {(4) 3'^21 - 9}


(D
= 21{32U-21}
L.H.S.of(l)
* * • . : . . . • ' . * .- ' - . ' • 27 = {(4)33te"2l-(9)(32U"21)
= J *(1 - jc)" dx = J(l -*)(!- (1 - *))"
27 = (4)33U-2l-(9)32lr-21
Mathematical Induction and Binomial Theorem 7.17

=» 4u3- 9w2 - 27 = 0 where u = 3 U ~ 21 Solution Let n = 2m - I . Using Cr - Cn _r, we get sum


of the series in 0,
Note that u = 3 satisfies this equation*.
Example 74 If n is even, then sum of the series
C02 - Q2 + C22 - C32 s
x = 2 ± l = 3orl. (a) "^(-l)"7 (b) "Cn
2 2
Example 71 Let an denote the term independent of x
(c) X-i (d) (-1)"/2IIC2
in the expansion of ,thenlim^
.(a)
equals
Solution Let w = 2m. We have
(a) 0 (b) 1 2m
(c) e (d) e/y/3 T (_l)r C2 = Coefficient of the constant term in
s. (a)

Solution Tr+t = 3X*3"~r[sinf-Y| x~


= Coefficient of x2m in (1 + x)2m (x - lfm
For this term to be independent of jc, set
= Coefficient of x2m in (1 -x2)2"1
3/2 - r - 2r = 0 r=
a=3nC$inn-
Example 75 If (1 + x)n = C0 + Cj * + C2 *2 +
... + C^ x"9 then value of C02 + 2C2 + 3C22 + ... +
Now, ^^s. = sin*1 - -» 0 as w —>00

Uy (/i+l)C^is
Example 72 The largest term in the expansion of (a) (2fi+l)( 2 B C J I ) (b) (2n-l)(2nCn)

(3 + 2^)50, where x- - , is " (d)


Aws. (c)
^ 50 /^ o44 ^ o43
o
<a) C73 I- Solution Let
\) 5°C4337(f) (d)
44
S = C02 + 2C^ + 3C22 + ... + (n + 1)CB2 (1)
50 Using Cr = Cn _T, we rewrite (1) as

s. (a) 5 = (n + l)C02 + «C 12 +... + CB2 (2)


(51X2/5) = 6 ,. Adding (1) and (2), we get
e . *•
Solution i , 7* =
Let
3 + 2* 17/5 25 = (n + 2) [C02 + C,2 + . . . + C2] = (n + 2) (2"Cn)
As k is an integer, there are two greatest term viz. 6th and
7th terms
We have
Example 76 If Cr stands for "Cr, the sum of the series

2l\ [C02 - 2C12 + 3C22 -... + (- If (in

In fact T6 = T7. where w is an even positive integer, is equal to


(a) (- if2 (n + 2) (b) (- 1)" (n + 1)
Example 73 If n is odd, then sum of the series C02 - C2 (c) (- lf /2 (n + 1) (d) none of these
Ans. (a)
(a) 0 (b) 1 Solution Let n = 2m, and
(c)
( 2nCn (d) -(2nCn) c _ /"• 2
O — Vx-Q
^x^r 2 , o^ 2
Z* \^ J i ~'*-^2 ***
,

Ans. (a) (-l) 2 m (2m+l)C 2 m (D

* From available answer, possible values of u are 3I3~21 = 3 for the choices (a) and (b) and 31212-21 _ oO .
A - 3° = 1 for the choice (c).
7 d8 Complete Mathematics—-JEE Main

Using Cr = Cn_r, we rewrite (l)as 4


71 ^"4(2 1(3^/8) 71jt
S — f2m
, /~t2
4- 1 \C f9»M^r 2 + c?TO -iv 2
"*" C 2w • ,, ,-•;-...... -. - C2) r4 10C3(27)(3V8)3 64
we get T1 /^
25 = (2m + 2)[C 02 --c,i + c22-... + c|j Now, -2-<l => — <l =» -jc < - 2 or ^ >2.
?4 X
= (2in + 2)( 2 *C JB )<-ir
f O = (m + 1) (2mC ) (_ n m N ^ • 2U •• 64 • ' 64
°Xt> T4 ~* 64 " "" 21 "A " 21
nizfn' N) «!
— V— I/ 1 ~ "T 1
)/n\ /" 64 64^\s x e (-00, -2) u (2, oo

2(4(4
:=*> J.2.M.2/ c = -.( n" /2 r»4.7^ I 21 ) { 21 J

Example 77 Sum of the coefficients of integral powers Example 79 Assuming x to be so small that x3 and high-
er powers of x can be neglected, then value of !
of x in the expansion of (i - 2 Vx) is ,5

(a) ^(3 50+ l) (b) 1(3») (a) 64 + 96jc + 720;c (b) 65 -97* + 72 U
(c) 64-9&C + 720C2 (d) 64
(c) ( (d) ( . (d)
An^. (a) Solution We have
Solution The coefficients of integral powers of x are

Let ^2 , 50, 3
IrYl+l-
'2" VA 2'
L V i-r^; T^I-Z.; j ^ -TAJ
X5

Example 78 Given that the 4th term in the expansion of 2 A 4

2+— has the maximum numerical value, then x lies fi 1 V]- 4 ^


8J l+2^l T
in the interval 3 _45
(a) |~,-- 2X 4 "

Example 80 If (1 + x + ^:2)8 = a0 + 12 a2x + * • • + al6

» x16, then a5 eqnals


(a) 504 (b) 506
(c) 508 (d) 502
Solution We have
(d) none of these
ARS. (a)
Solution Since T4 is numerically the greatest term,
U 3 I < l/ 4 ! and \T5\ l/ 4 i
trri l ^ irjt I J IT 7 I ^f IT* t
For coefficient of x5, we set/? 4- 2q = 5
This is possible if p = 5,q = Q,p = 37q
< 1 and Thus, coefficient of x5 is

But 3 ^^ 1QC2(28)(3V8r _2 5!3! 3!4! 2!5!


T4 io/
10C3(27)(3,T/8)3 *
Mathematical Induction and Binomial Theorem 7.19

?l ^&i^^^Mi^-^S^Ji&^S/l^^'^^^^^ L-ISt'in,
EXERGSE (LEVEL ^ ***«»»«».*& Jtt&J&L
te,

Straight Objective type Questions


10 9, If m and 71, are positive integers, then value of
m/~i n/~i , 'm'^ " n-/^. , , m/^ n/~< .
1. Coefficient of x4 in the expansion of J — —r- co Lk + c r c jt-i + •••+ c^ co
IS

504 (c) m+nCn+k,^L .rtl (d) none of these


(a) '- /—^~- \ / ; I — o~
256
, . 459 •* • . , •
(jc +v^c -11 +IJC-VJC -
: 3 s
»'-:. , « v v.,: r;i .-irri- : /• ivNff.^7 ^V:
(c)
512 «-I a polynomial of degree
(a) 6 .,, ..,,, (b) 7
^ "... ,
: , itf
2. If a and ft are the coefficients of xr and xn r
(c),? 4 Ti>.., t! ,, fJ ; i > ? <d> 10
respectively in the expansion of (I + x)n, then
11. Thernuniber of distinct termsJn the expansion of
(a) a = £ 5 (lV3;e-F 3^ 2 t^ 3 ) 7 is "'"
(b) a + @ = n. _. . ^ , i;f
- (a) 18 ^.V^-'-'" (b) 19 - : v Z '-
(c) a = £j8for some constant k ' i ' : j ; '
(c) 28 (d) 22"" v-l ''-
(d) a + fi = 2n l
12. If,x> 0, then the? number of positive* terms in the
3. If the coefficients of (2r + 4)th and (r - 2)th terms expansion of (1 + ix)4n is ' -S> : M ^
in the expansion of (1 + ^)18 are equal, then value
of r is , (a) n + 1 (b) n=r-
'(d) a^ !
(a) 5 (b) 6
(c) 7 .., . (d) 9 13. The number of terms whose :values depend on x
4. The total number of terms in the expansion of "-•jr; in the expansion of
( %2u-2
'"' + —i V is -.;fi
(x + a)200 + (x - a)m after simplification is V , JC / : .

(a) 101 (b) 102 (a) 2n (b) 2 i i + l r


(c) 201 (d) 202 ' (c) 2n-
5. The coefficient of x5 in f the expansion of
14. If the third term in the^ expansion of J ^+.*logl°*
fi V
\ J
(a) 30 (b) 40, I : ' ., > x > 1, is 1000, then value of x is,,.
(c) 50 • (d) 60
6. If n > 2, r > I and the coefficients of (3r)th and (a) VlO (b) 10
(r + 2)th terms in the expansion of (1 + ''x)2n are (c) 100 (d) 10V10
equal, then
15. Let^= (^ + l) 2??tl ,f2EN,and/=J?~[^],where[]
(a) n = 2r (b) n = 3r
(c) n = 2r + 1 (d) n = 2r + 2 ' denote the greatest integer function, ,R/is equal to
/ \
it ;^; ( a ) ; l h , -> •-.* -
/u\«(b);:2
+1
.7. If (1.+ pjc)n = 1 + 24* t 2642;c2 +... then
(c) 2 2 ^-l (d) none of these
(a) p-29n = 6 (b) p = 2, TI = 12 v
(c) p = 3, /2 = 6 (d) none of these 16. The coefficient of jc60 in (1 + *)51 (1 -x +jc2)50 is
10 . (a) 50C20 ' (b) -(50C20)
8. Sum of the series y(-lf(
>^—»
10Cr) — + -7- is
\ f-)f tj^r
(c) 51C2b '-'^- - (d) -(51C20) -
17. If ^ = 9950 +V10050 and b = 10150, then
'+1 210-1 (a) a<l? f (b) a = i
(a) •220 (b) - >20
12
2 2Q -1 18. If (1 + * - 2xn)6{ = ^AX' then va.lue of A2 +
(c) 020
(d) none of these,. 4
; r=0
7.20 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main

(a) 30 (b) 31 27. If sum of the coefficients in the expansion of


(c) 32 (d) none of these
19, The sum of the coefficients in the expansion of x + —1Y is 128, then coefficient of x in the
xJ

(a) 0 (b) 1 expansion of \ + — is


V xJ
(c) -1 (d) 24320
(a) 51 (b) 48
20. The greatest integer contained in (\J3 +1] is (c) 35 (d) 28
(a) 208 (b) 416 28. If, in the binomial expansion of (a - b)n, n > 5 the
(c) 415 (d) 207
sum of 5th and 6th term is zero, then value of — is
21. The number of terms in the expansion of (x2 + 6x b
+ 9)30 is n-5
(a) (b)
(a) 31 (b) 61 6 n-4
(c) 91 (d) none of these n-4 5
(c) (d)
22. The expansion of (x + y + zf is given by n-4
22 23 >n
(a) Y, :— xp yqzr where p,q,r> 0, 29. The value of 2C0 + — Cj + — C2 +
*"* plqlrl i s 2 3
n!
p\q\r\pyqzr, where p + q + r = n (a) — (211 - 1) (b) i(3 n -

(c) zr, where p + q + r = n (c) — (113-1) (d) —


p\q\r\) none of these
30. If Cr = "Cr, then value of
23. The number of terms in the expansion of the mult-
inomial (x + y + z)n is IS

(a) (b) (a) n(n -1) (b) n(n + 1)


(c) n2 - 1 (d) i?2 + 1
31. If Cr = nCr, then the value of
(c) - (n + 1) (n -*• 3) (d) none of these

24. The number of terms in the expansion of (xl + x2 n_,


+.,.4- xr)n is
(a) n+l€r (b; (a) (b)
2* n!
/ j\ -h f— l/i
r+l (d) Cr

25. If the coefficient of x7 in the expansion of (c) (d)


n! n
1
2 +— and the coefficient of x~ 1 is the 32. If Cr = "C,., then C0 - -q + -C2 ••• upto (n + 1)
bxj
terms equal
expansion of (\ax -- 1- V1 are equal, then
V bxr ) (a) (b)
(a) ab^ (b) ab = 11
(c) ab = (d) a& = 6 (c) 0
MH-4
26. If * + j = 1, then value of ^(r)(nCr)xn~ryr is 33. Let (1 + jc2)2 (1 +*)" = ]£ arxr . If Cj, a^ a3 are
r=0 r =l
in A.P., then ^2 is equal to
(a) 1 (b) 0
(a) 6 (b) 5
(c) ^j (d) iry (c) 7 (d) 2,3,4
Mathematical Induction and Binomial Theorem 7.21

(a) 19 (b) 6
34. The value of +4n+l C2n_k) is (c) 25 (d) 1
*=o
41. In the expansion of (x + a)n, if the sum of odd
(a) (b) 24H+1 terms be A and the sum of even terms be B, then
,4n
(c) 2™ (d) 24"+1- value of (x2 - a2)n is
35. Coeffiecient of t24 in the expansion of (a) AB (b) 2AB
(1 + t2)12 (1 + t12) (1 + t24) is (c) 4AB (d) A2-B2
(a) l2C6 (b) 1 2 C 6 + l 42. Coefficient of the term independent of x in the
(c) 12C6 (d) 12C6 i i \ i \12
36. If the value of the third term in the expansion of expansion of h- JC-- I IS
xj V *,
(x + xlog™x}5is I®6, tihen * may have value(s) (a) 192 (b) 194
(a) 1, 10 (b) 10, 1Q~5/2 (c) 196 (d) 198
(c) 10, 10~3/2 (d) 102, 10~3/2 43. For all n e N, (3) (52n +1) + 23n +1 is divisible by
37. The greatest term in the expansion of (1 + jc)10 (a) 19 (b) 17
when x = 2/3 is (c) 23 (d) 25
(a) 210(3/2)6 (b) 210(2/3)4 44. 1.2,3 + 2.3.4 + 3.4.5 + ... upto n terms is equal
(c) 210(3/2)4 (d) none of these to
38. The greatest term in the expansion of (3 + 5.x)15,
when x = 1/5, is (a) - ( n + l ) ( n + 2)(w+'3)
4
(a) 151:>C3(3") (b) 15C4(312) (b) I (n + 2) (n - 2) (n - 3) (n + 3)
(c) 15C4(310) (d) none of these 4
39. If sum of the coefficients of x7 and x4 in the ex-
(c) - n(/i + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3)
I ^ h\n of is zero, then 4
(d) none of these
Va xJ
(a) ab=l (b) a = b 45. If a, b,c, e N, «w + bn is divisible by c when ^
(c) ab = -l (d) a + & = 0 is odd but not when n is even, then value of c is
(a) a + b (b) a-b
193+63+(3)(19)(6)(25) (c) a3 + b3 (d) a3 + &3
40. The value of is
+ 6(243)(2) + (15)(81)(4) + (20)(27)
(8) + (15)(9)(16) + (6)(3)(32) + 26

Assertion-Reason Type Questions


46. Let (1 + x)n = G0 + QJC 4- C2^ + - 48. Statement-1: For any positive integers m, n (with
n
n>m\n (n-2^ fm\n +
Statement-1: ^ Cr sin (rx) cos (n - f)x
r =0 m JH\ J + '" + \mj =\
= 2n sin («x)
?2
Statement-2: Coefficient of xr in the expansion
Statement-2: ^ Cr = 2"
r =0 of (1 + xf is
47. Statement-1: The coefficient of the term of inde-
( 9 Y 49. Statement-1: If n is an odd prime, then greatest
pendent of x in the expansion of \ + — + 6 is
V ^ / integer contained in (2 + V5 J -2n+ is divisible
by 20 n.
nlnl Statement-2: If p is a prime and 1 < r < p - 1,
Statement-2: The coefficient of xr in the expan-
n then is divisible by p.
sion of (1 + x) is \r
\r
7.22 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main

50. Stateraent-1: Greatest term in the expansion of


50 . (1 + x)n, x > 0 is the rth term if ^- — is not
IS "JC+'I

. , ... T(n + l)jc.1. where jjy] denotes


314 2n. an integer and r = —• ,
., = • , ...1 * +1 J
Statenient-2: Greatest term in the expansion of the greatest integer $ y.

»< •*'• ^•'•f•••'"•"'••''•'•**««' i~<~4 ; »iw.'-j :;.>..-u^v. . ; , - • • ,,. . " , - w %„«,« ;; „ ,'• • ^- s ,"i' ., ,; ,,-j

Straight Objective Type Questions,

. 51. LetJV = 10150 - 9950 - 1005°, then i: . (a) nn + 2nCn (b) (2nCn)2
(a) N = Q , , (b) N>0 ..: , .-(P)..^». .,-.. ;,-,
(d) nn
(c) N<0 , . (d) ^=-3020 57. Sum of the series
52. Value of .......
(40C0) (40C15) - ("C,X"C16) + (4°C2)(40C12)
-(40C25) (40C40) equals
•-•>•,: ' . . • • ;

equals
(a) i « + 1) (b) - n(n +. 2)
(a) 0 .• • (b) 40C25 • 6 3
(c) 40C20 (d) -1
... (c) - n (n + 1) (w + 2)(d) - n\n + 1) (n +.2)
53. The hundred's digit of 3100 is 6 6
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) ?; 58. If E<(*- 2 ) r =;£M*-3)'' ahcl '
r=0 r=0
54. If a,b, p e N and p is prime, then
K ft+ £ _ n. uicii £7^ equals
(a) p (b) p2
J ; 1 (a)n-l ;, (b) n
(c) -P^P ~ 1) (d) -p(p + 1) (c) 2«-l .. (d) .n+1
59. Coefficient of x50 in the expansion of
55. q J + - C ? + - C f -H-.-+ J c2 equals . , . „ ..(l.^...*)41.. (I .-.* + * 2yK>
2 3 w + 1" - • ^. ..-.•* ^ ... i- - , • -v \ - ; ' *»
t ••» ii i' '.- • •- I ' - • , . .. - . 2; »" t
is
(a) 0 (b).l
• (a\
w (2n
W v
}
Ir ••<-» I
7
w -4r
«+l
f2ii + l C r \; - " ' ••<**•)
(C) 40C '
Vc/ 1^19 (d) 40C29
l / W ~h 1 ^» \
(c)
V"/ i/ 2 *C+ 1 J )
\ *-V2 (d) 2" 60. If n e N, then X ( CMl t y j equals
n v ;

A (2n)I (a) 22a (b) 22"-1


56. Sum of the series 2 erq/ini1"
k
uais
.(d).'2«+l . . . , . ,.,
l~0(ki)2(n-k (c) 2n +lCn

Past Years' Questions1


1. If sum of the coefficients in* the expansion of 2. Let ar denote the coefficient of xr in the expansion
(x + j)72 is 4096, then the greatest coefficient in of (1 +x)p + q, then
the expansion is (a) ap = aq (b) ap = -aq..
(a) 792 : ^ (b) 924 - -^^ > (c) ap aq = 1 (d) none of these [2002]
(c) 1594 (d) 2990 [2002]
t Questions marked with * may be skipped for the present JEE Main syllabus.
Mathematical Induction and Binomial Theorem 7.23

3. The positive integer just greater that (1 + 0.001)10000 (c) a-b=l (d) a + ^ = l [2005]
is 12. *If x is small that x3 are higher powers of x may
(a) 2 (b) 3 be neglected, then
(c) 4 (d) 5 [2002]
4. If r, w e N r > l , n > 2 and the coefficient of (r
+ 2)th term and (3r)th term in the expansion of
(1 + x)2n are equal, then n equals (1 - x)l/2
(a) 3r (b) 3 r + l may be approximated as
(c) 2r (d) 2 r + l [2002]
(g\2 /J^\2
5. The number of integral terms in the expansion of Q O Q
(3 l/2 + 5l/8)256 is O ji O

(a) 33 (b) 34
(c) l-^x2 (d) Sjc + fjc 2 [2005]
(c) 35 (d) 32 [2003] O 0

6. *If x is positive, the first negative term in the 13. For natural numbers m and n, if (1 - y)m (1 + y)n
expansion of (1 + x)21/5 is
(a) 5th term (b) 8th term and al = a2 = 10, then (m, n) equals
(c) 6th term (d) 7th term [2003]
(a) (35,45) (b) (20,45)
7. Let S(K): I + 3 + 5 + ... + (2K - 1) = 3 + K2. (c) (35,20) (d) (45,35) [2006]
Then which of the following is true?
14. The sum of the series
(a) S(K)=f> S(K+l)
(b) S(K)=*S(K+1)
(c) 5(1) is correct
(a) -10
(d) Principle of mathematical induction can be
used to prove the formula. [2004]
/\-)
r\
" fH^ \"/
Z()C
10 [2007]
8. The coefficients of the middle terms in the bino-
mial expansions in powers of x of (1 + ax)4 and 15. In the binomial expansion of
of (1 - ax)6 is the same if a equals (a - fr)*, n > 0, the sum of 5th and 6th terms is
zero, then — equals
b
10

«l [2004]
(a)

(c)
n-4
n-5
(b)

(d)
n-5
n-4
[2007]
9. The coefficient of xn in the expansion of
(1 + x) (1 - x)n is
(a) (-If1 (n-l)2 (b) ( - l f ( l - n ) 16. Statement-1: ^ (r + 1) (nCr) = (n + T)T ~l
(c) n-l (d) (-l)n~ln [2004] r=0

10. If the coefficients of rth, (r + l)th and (r + 2)th n


terms in the binomial expansion of (1 + y)m are Stateinent-2: ^ (r + 1) (nCr)xr
in A.P., then m and r satisfy the equation
= (1 + x)71 + ^x (1 + ^)w -• l [2008]
(a) m2 - m(4r + 1) + 4^ - 2 = 0
(b) m-m(4r- 4r^ + 2 = 0 17. The remainder left out when 82w-62 2n+l is divided
(c) by 9 is
(d) m2 - m(4r + 1) + 4r2 + 2 = 0 [2005] (a) 7 (b) 8
r 1111
11. If the coefficient of x1 in ax2 + — , equals the
(c) 0 (d) 2 [2009]
L bxj 10 10
18. Let S^S./O'-lK10^), S 2 =^j( 1 0 Cp and
r 1111
coefficients of x~7 in lax- —- , then a and b 7=1 7=1
L for J 10
satisfy the relation
(a) - = 1 (b) ab = 1 7=1
7,24 Complete Mathematics—-JEE Main

Statement-!: S3 = 55 x 29 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (b)


Statement-2: Sl = 90 x 28 and 52 = 10 x 2s [2010] 10. (a) 11. (b) 12. (a)
19. The coefficient of x1 in the expansion of (1 - x - 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (d)
x2 + r3)6 is 16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (c)
19. (d) 20. (a) 21. (d)
(a) 132 (b) 144
(c) - 132 (d) - 144 [2011]
20. Statement- 1: For each natural number n, i^ LJIMTC
"7 A M n bULU
HUM 1 b MNU C/"\ IITl/MtIC
1 lUIMd
(n + I)7 - n1-! is divisible by 7.
Statement-2: For each natural number n, n1 -n is Level 1
divisible by 7. [2011]
, ^\Q-r s ,- y , ,-y
1 T 10^ ( X \ 3 } 10^ (-3) JLO-3r
21 . Ifn is a positive integer, then (^/3 + 1) * - (>/3 - 1) *
LTr+l~ C\2) I x2) ~ S10-'
is
For the coefficient of x4 set 10 - 3r = 4
(a) an odd positive integer => r-2.
(b) an even positive integer
2. a = "Cr and j3 = "Cn_r
(c) a rational number other then positive integer
(d) an irrational number [2012] .-. a = /5
l8/-» 18/^»
3 C 2r + 3 ~ Cr-3

ANSWtHm =>\ TI 2i riH - 3™— r—


o ,-,-t-J o
1 or l o/O-r-
— (2ri '?>+\ 3)
^ + '^^
(r - 3)
=> r = -6orr = 6
Level 1
4. (A: + a)200 + <jc - a)200
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b)
= 2[200C0 /°° + 200C2 ^19S ^2 + ... + 200C200 a200]
4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (a)
7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (a) These are 101 terms.
10. (c) 11. (d) 12. (a) 5. (1 + x2)5 (1 + ^:)4
13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (a)
= (1 + 5x2 + 10x4 + ...) (1 +'4* + 6^ + 4X3 + ...)
16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (b)
19. (c) 20. (c) 21. (b) /. Coefficient of ;c5 is (5)(4) + (4)(10) = 60
22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (b) 6. 2nC3r _ l = 2nCr + l => 3r - 1 + r + 1 = 2n
25. (a) 26. (d) 27. (c) => n = 2r.
28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (b)
31. (b) 32. (b) 33. (d) 7. (1 + p^f = 1 + npjc + - w(n - I)p2x2 + ...
2
34. (a) 35. (a) 36. (b)
37. (b) 38. (d) 39. (a) ,\p = 24, - n(n - l)p2 = 264
jLi
40. (d) 41. (d) 42. (d)
43. (b) 44. (c) 45. (a) Solve to obtain n = 12, p = 2.
46. (d) 47. (a) 48. (d) 10 r i -v i
49. (a) 50. (d) s. r
Z(-iy(»c
=o
r U + ^l
L2 2 J
Level 2
51. (b) 52. (a) 53. (a) ~
fil '^
1
M 1 0 ,^( -4)3 Y°-- 2lo+1
{ l 2 20
54. (a) 55. (a) 56. (b) 9. Given expression
57. (c) 58. (d) 59. (a) = number of ways of choosing k persons out m
60. (a) men and n women
m + n/~i
- c&
Past Years' Questions
10. Use (x + a)6 + (x - ^)6
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b)
= 2[*6 + 6C2 A2 + 6C4 ^2 «4 + 6C6 ^6]
4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (b)
Mathematical Induction and Binomial Theorem 7.25

Putting a = y x - 1 , we find it to be a polynomial 20. Let R = (v^3 + l)6 and R - [R] =/.
of 9.
Put F = (Vs - 1)6 , then 0 < F < 1 and
11. (1 + 3x + 3;t2 + ;t3)7 = ((1 + *)3)7 = (1 + jc)21
12. Positive terms are
4w/~i 4n/^r 4
= 2[33 + 6C2 (32) + 6C4(3)
.*. number of positive terms = (n + 1),
2n => /+ F = 416 - [/?] is an integer.
1
13. Now, show that/H- F = 1.
21. Use (jc2 + 6x + 9)30 = (jc + 3)60
Number of terms in the expansion is (In + 1) out 22. See Theory.
of which just one is independent of x.
23. Number of terms in (jc + y + z)n
14. = 5C2 - - number of non-negative integral solution
x ofp + q + r-n
= 1000
=> (2t - 3)t = 2 where t = loglox
24. Similar to Question 23.
=> 2? - 3t - 2 = 0
25. r r + 15 the (r + l)th term in the expansion
=> (2* + 1) (t - 2) = 0
— .
is
=> x = -L= or x = 100.
"

15. Let F = (V2 -1)2"+ 1 . Note that 0 < F < 1.


Also, R - F = 2m, where For the coefficient of Jt7, set 22 - 3r = 7 => r = 5.
m = 2[2n + '< -2 /- i V1 £?6
/. Coefficient of ^c7 in a^:2 + — is nC* —r- .
C2w + J is an integer V bx) 5 b5

=^ [/?]+/- F = 2m ^> / - F = 2m - [/?] is Next, r r+ 1? the (r + l)th term in the expansion of


an integer. n
J_
But- 1 <f-F< 1. Thus,/-F = 0 ax-- IS
bx2
/. Rf=RF= I
4- H/~t / \ n-r
r+\ ^r(ax)
16, The coefjficient of /° in (1 + ;t)51 (1 - x + ;t2)50
= the coefficient of x™ in (1 + *) (1 - ^3)50 ll-r

20 CT br
17. 10150 - 9950 = (100 + I)50 - (100 - 1)50 For the coefficient of ;c~7, s e t l l - 3 r = - 7 = > r = 6.
= 2[50C,(100)49 + 50C3(100)47 + ... + 50C49(100)] 5
/. Coefficient of x"1 in the expansion of = UC6 —
= 10050 + a positive term.
=» b = a + (a positive term) => a < b. 6 5
We are given UC5— = nC6— ^ ai=l.
18. Clearly A0 = 1.
Putting x = 1 and x = - 1, we get
26. We have (a + tf = ^ nCran~rf
0 "™~ jA I >d -}- >d
""• /Tk-f) T * * | ~ •^'•'2
-J-
***
-J_ >4
"^ 1 2
r =0
and (-2) = A0 — Aj + A2 + ... + A12 Differentiating both the sides with respect to t, we get
Adding we get

= 31
Multiplying both the sides by t and putting a = x
19, Put^: = 1. and t = y, we get
7.26 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main

r =0
33. (1 + 2jt2 + jc4) (1 + nClx + nC2x2 + n€3x3 + ...)

^ «! = *Cl9 a2 = nC2 + 2, <23 = nC3 + 2f Q)


27. Sum of the coefficients in the expansion of Now, aj, &2, ^3 are in A.P. implies
+ - ] is equal to T. 2fC 2 + 2) = nCl + "C3 + 2fC1)
xJ 1
=» ft(ft - 1) + 4 = 3n + - n(n - 1) (n - 2)
6
Now, rr + 1? the (r + l)th term in the expansion => 6(w2 - n) + 24 = 18n + n3 - 3^2 + 2n
of I x + — I is => w3 - 9^22 + 26n-24 = Q
=> (w - 2) (n - 3) (n - 4) = 0 =» n = 2, 3, 4
T - 7 rr*r ? - r f -1 T - 7 r r7-2r n
^r+l - C
\xJ
-C r^
34. y
For the coefficient of jc, we set 7 - 2r = 1 => r = 3.

Thus, coefficient of x in the expansion of \( H— n7


n \
is C = 35. = 24w + 4" + ! C2w [See Theory]
28. -4 " -5 =0
35. Coefficient of r24 in (1 + *2)12 (1 + ?12) (1 + r24)
= Coefficient of t24 in (1 + 12Ct t2 + 12C2 r 4 + ...)
an~4b4 _ nC5 a _ n-4 (1 + t12 + r24)
an-5b5~nC4 ~b~ 5 = 12C12 + 12C6 + 1 = 12C6 + 2
29. Given expression is equal to 36. T3 = 5 C2x5 - 2 )2 = 106 = 105

+ 3) = 5 where t = log10Jc => r = - 5/2, 1


=
37. a =
1 + 2/3 5
Thus, the greatest term is 5th term and it is given by
Cr n\, —r— = —
r -137
o\ /O^
= 210 -
vs
n-r + 1 a= (15 + l)(5)(l/5) =4
3 + 5(1/5)
Thus, 4th and 5th terms are the greatest, and T5
= n-r+1 = 15C4(3)U
-r-l 11-r

For coefficient of x4 and x1, we put 22 - 3r = 4


31. From the previous question, we have and 22 - 3r = 7
Cv => r = 6 and r = 5
-r-l We are given
11 /~t /
C6(- -i1)\ _a—5 7b6 .+11 /~TC5{ (- i \1) —06 L.5& =
rv
0

CH - l n!

32. 40. Numerator = 193 + 63 + 3(19) (6) (19 + 6)


= (19 + 6)3 = 253
Mathematical Induction and Binomial Theorem 7.27

and denominator = (3 + 2)6 = 56 Adding (1) and (2), we get


Thus, given expression = 1. n
25 = 5}; Cr {sin (r^:) cos [(n - r)^:] f
41, We have(jc + of =A + B and ~'(x - 'd)n = A - B.
.-. (x2 - a2)" = (x + a)" (x - of = (A + B) (A - B) sin [(n -r)x] cos (rx)}
= A2-B2.
n .n
42. .LI , x _^, =!*+_
T //
A V
\. T //
^ \\
— — ... = ^ : Cr sin (w^:) =• sin (nx) ^ C3

= 2^sin;(ra)

vX 8 4

.•.Coefficient of the term independent of x x'" \,


= (4C0) (8C8) - (4Ct) (8C6) + (4C2) (8C4) .*. Coefficient of the term independent of x
-(4C3)(8C2) + (4C4)(8C0) = 198
xH
,..
h 6 | in
43. For n = 1, 3(52n * *) + 23n +! = 3(53) + 24 = (17) (23) JC

Assume 3(52* + l ) + 23k + 1 - 17m for same m. 2n


Using this show that 3(52*+ 3) + 23k +4 is divisible 32" Coefficient of x" in the expansion of 1 + —
V { 3
by 17.
44. f r =r(r + 1) (r + 2) = (r + 1) {(r + I)2 - 1}
= (r+l)3-(r+l)
n n+1 n+1 [using statement-2]
48. LHS of (1)
= coefficient of xm in {(1 + xf + (1 + x}m + '
+ • • • + (1 + x)"} [using statement-2]
= coefficient of xm in

= coefficient of ^ + l in [(1 +jcf + 1 -(1 +^)m]

U+ U
We can also prove this by using the principle of math-
ematical induction.
49. We have
V
45.
= (a + b) (a2m - a2m ~l b + a2m ~ 2 b2
As p\p\, we get plr! (p - r)!
n
46. Let 5 = ^ Cr sin (r^:) cos (n - r)x] (1) But for 1 <: r <> p - 1, neither r! nor (p - r)! is
divisible by p.
Using Cr = Cn _r, we can write V
S= Cw _r sin cos [(w - r) x]
We have
Cr sin [(n - r)x] cos (rx) (2)
7.28 Complete Mathematics—JEE Main ,•

50, That statement-2 is false can be seen from theory.


=»Oo/5-2<'l => 0 < /
.
Let 2 + >/5* = AT'+F> where 0,< F < 1. Now, We can write (V3 .+.^)5° = 225 1 + JU ,- .

l)V3/2
Let —
1 + V3/2

(5)2 (1)
-
.["•" n is odd] , r = 51 (0.5505) = 28.07

n n
Since n is an odd prime, each of ^ lJfc] = 28.
I
Thus, the greatest term in the expansion of
, is divisible by n. / (>/3'+-->/2) is the 29th term and it equals
n - 2;
Thus RHS of (1) is divisible by 20 'n N28
314211
Also, F - / is an integer. Since
0 < F < 1 a n d O < / < 1, we get- 1 < F - / < 1.
As F -/is an integer, we get F -/= 0 or F =/.
/. integral part of (2 -{- Vs)" - 2" +! is N - 2W + \h is divisible by 20 n.

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