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Chapter 2:
Power Flow Analysis
Cont’
28 September 1
2018
Common techniques
Gauss -Seidel FAST DECOUPLED
Newton-Raphson
Gauss – Seidel method of successive displacements
Newton – Raphson a successive approximation procedure based
on an initial estimate of the unknown & the
use of Taylor’s series expansion
Fast Decoupled Same with Newton –Raphson but different in
angle and voltage magnitude
28 September 2
2018
The real and reactive power at bus i is:
Eq. 2
Eq. 3
Eq. 1 Eq. 3
non linear equation
& must be solve by
iteration
Eq. 4
28 September 3
2018
Iterative sequence for V thus becomes:
Eq. 5
28 September 4
2018
Knowing Eq. 2,
Eq. 2
Eq. 1 Eq. 6
Eq. 7
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2018
Obtaining Q from Eq. 6
Eq. 1 Eq. 6
Eq. 8
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2018
Vi Vj
Iij yij = yji
i j
Iji
Line flow from bus i to bus j,
Eq. 9
Eq. 10
Line loses between bus i and bus j,
28 September 7
2018
Figure below shows the one-line diagram of a simple three-bus power system with
generation at bus 1. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 per unit. The
scheduled loads at buses 2 and 3 are as marked on the diagram. Line impedances are marked
in per unit on a 100-MVA base and the line charging susceptances are neglected.
Figure 2
1) Using the Gauss-Seidel method, determine the phasor values of the voltage at the load
buses 2 and 3 (P-Q buses) accurate to four decimal places.
2) Find the slack bus real and reactive power.
3) Determine the line flow and line losses. Construct a power flow diagram showing the
direction of line flow.
28 September 8
2018
GAUSS-SEIDEL METHOD
Step 1
Step 2
Buses where the current is entering the bus, e.g. generator buses,
P and Q have positive values.
𝑆𝑖 = 𝑃𝑖 + 𝑗𝑄𝑖
Buses where the current is entering the bus, e.g. generator buses,
P and Q have positive values.
𝑆𝑖 = −𝑃𝑖 − 𝑗𝑄𝑖
28 September 9
2018
Step 3
Eq. 5
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2018
Step
4
Eq. 5
28 September 11
2018
Step
5
Eq. 8
28 September 12
2018
Step
6
Eq. 5
Step 3.
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2018
Step
7
Step 3-6
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2018
Step 8
Calculate S for slack bus using the final values of Vj. No iteration is
needed
Eq.1 Eq. 6
𝑛
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2018
Step 9
Calculate line flows and loses.
Eq. 9 𝑆𝑖𝑗
Eq. 10 𝑆𝑗𝑖
Eq. 11
Draw the line flows. For example, +Pij indicates the direction from bus i
to bus j while -Pij indicates the direction from bus j to bus i.
28 September 16
2018
Figure below shows the one-line diagram of a simple three-bus power system with
generation at bus 1. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 per unit. The
scheduled loads at buses 2 and 3 are as marked on the diagram. Line impedances are marked
in per unit on a 100-MVA base and the line charging susceptances are neglected.
Figure 2
1) Using the Gauss-Seidel method, determine the phasor values of the voltage at the load
buses 2 and 3 (P-Q buses) accurate to four decimal places.
2) Find the slack bus real and reactive power.
3) Determine the line flow and line losses. Construct a power flow diagram showing the
direction of line flow.
28 September 17
2018
Figure below shows the one-line diagram of a simple three-bus power system with
generators at buses 1 and 3. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05
pu. Voltage magnitude at bus 3 is fixed at 1.04 pu with a real power generation of
200 MW. A load consisting of 400 MW and 250 Mvar is taken from bus 2. Line
impedances are marked in per unit on a 100 MVA base, and the line charging
susceptances are neglected. Obtain the power flow solution by the Gauss-Seidel
method including line flows and line losses.
28 September 18
2018