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Chapter 1 – Gyroscope
May – 16
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Dec – 18
Nov - 17
Jun – 19
Sr.
Questions
No.
Theory
How do the effects of gyroscopic couple and of centrifugal force make the rider of a two-wheeler tilt on
1. 07
one side? Derive an expression for its stability.
2. Illustrate the effect of Gyroscopic couple on a car. 06
3. Explain basic terms used for gyroscopic with proper diagram. 04
4. Discuss the gyroscopic effect and stability of a four wheel vehicle moving along a curved path. 07
5. How stability of four wheels automobile is affected due Gyroscopic couple and centrifugal force. 04
Explain with necessary expression.
6. What is Gyroscopic couple? 03
7. Explain the gyroscopic effect on steering of ship. 04 03
8. What is gyroscopic effect in aeroplane? How it can be reduced? 03
9. Explain the gyroscopic effect with suitable example. 03
10. Derive an equation for an Aeroplane taking turn with usual notations. 07
11. Derive an equation for stability of four wheeler taking turn. 07
Examples
The mass of a turbine rotor of a ship is 8000 kg and has a radius of gyration of 0.75 m. It rotates at
1800 rpm clockwise when viewed from stern. Determine the gyroscopic couple and its effect in the 07
1.
following cases:
(i) If the ship travelling at 100 km/hr steers to the left along a curve of 80 m radius. (ii) If the ship
Theory of Machines(2151902)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology
GTU Paper Analysis
pitches above and below the normal position and the bow is descending with maximum velocity.
50 50
The pitching motion is simple harmonic motion with a periodic time of 20 s. (iii) If the ship is rolling
with an angular velocity of 0.03 rad/s clockwise when looking from stern.
Also find the maximum angular acceleration during pitching.
The ship is propelled by a turbine rotor having mass of 6 tonnes and speed of 2400 rpm. The direction 07
of rotation of the rotor is clockwise when viewed from the stern. The radius of gyration of the rotor is
450 mm. Determine the gyroscopic effect when
1. The ship steers the left in curve of 60 m radius at a speed of 33.48 km/hr.
2. 2. The ship pitches 7.5 degree above and 7.5 degree below the normal position and the bow is 08
descending with its maximum velocity. The pitching motion is simple harmonic with periodic time of
18 seconds.
3. The ship rolls and at the instant, its angular velocity is 0.035 rad/sec counter clockwise when
viewed from the stern.
The turbine rotor of a ship having a mass of 200 kg rotates at 2000 rpm and its radius of gyration is 06
0.30 m. if the rotation of rotor is clockwise looking from the aft, determine the gyroscopic couple set by
the rotor when
3.
1. Ship takes left turn at a radius of 300 meters at a speed of 30 km/hr,
2. Ship pitches with the bow rising at an angular velocity of 1 rad/sec and
3. Ship rolls at an angular velocity of 0.1 rad/sec.
A four wheeled trolley car has a total mass of 3000 kg. Each axle with its two wheels and gears has a
total moment of inertia of 32 kg.m2. Each wheel is of 450 mm radius. The centre distance between two
wheels on an axle is 1.4 m. Each axle is driven by a motor with a speed ratio of 1:3. Each motor along
4. 07
with its gear has a moment of inertia of 16 kg.m2 and rotates in the opposite direction to that of the
axle. The centre of mass of the car is 1 m above the rails. Calculate the limiting speed of the car when it
has to travel around a curve of 250 m radius without the wheels leaving the rails.
A car is of total mass 1800 kg has the track width 160 cm. Each wheel having an effective diameter 60
5. cm and the mass moment of inertia 2.5 kg m2. The mass moment of inertia of rotating parts of the 07
engine is 1.4 kg m2. The engine axis is parallel to the rear axle and the crankshaft rotates in the same
Theory of Machines(2151902)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology
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sense as the road wheels. The gear ratio of the engine to the rear wheel is 3. The centre of mass of the
car is 50 cm above the road level. If the car is rounding a curve of 60 m radius at a speed of 110 km/h,
determine the load distribution on the inner and outer wheels.
Each road wheel of a motor cycle has a mass moment of inertia 1.5 kg-m2. The rotating parts of the
engine of a motor cycle have a mass moment of inertia of 0.25 kg-m2. The speed of the engine is 5
6. times the speed of the wheels and is in the same sense. The mass of motor cycle with the rider is 250 06
kg and the centre of gravity is 0.6 m above the ground level. Find the angle of heel if motor cycle is
travelling at 50 km per hour and is taking turn of 30 m radius. Wheel diameter is 0.6 m.
An automobile car of weight of 20 kN is taking right turn along a curved path of 25m mean radius at 30
km/h. the width of track of vehicle is 1.3m and the wheel base is 2m. The effective wheel radius is
7. 0.3m. The moment of inertia of the rotating parts is 10kgm2 and moment of inertia of each wheel is 10 07
kg.m2. The C.G. of the car is 0.75m above the road level. The engine flywheel rotates at 3000 rpm
clockwise when viewed from front. Find out the reactions between the wheels and the ground.
An aeroplane flying at 240 km/hr turns towards the left and completes a quarter circle of radius 60 m.
The mass of the rotary engine and its propeller is 500 kg and radius of gyration is 0.35m. The engine
8. 07
speed is 2200 rpm clockwise looking from tail end. Find the gyroscopic couple on the aeroplane and
state its effect.
An aeroplane makes a complete half circle of 50 meters radius, towards left, when flying at 200 km per 07
hr. The rotary engine and the propeller of the plane has a mass of 400 kg and a radius of gyration of 0.3
9.
m. The engine rotates at 2400 r.p.m. clockwise when viewed from the rear. Find the gyroscopic couple
on the aircraft and state its effect on it.
Theory of Machines(2151902)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology
GTU Paper Analysis
May – 16
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May – 18
Nov – 16
Dec – 15
Dec – 18
Nov - 17
Jun – 19
Sr. No. Questions
Theory
Derive expression for frictional torque for single plate clutch considering uniform wear and 07
1. 06
uniform pressure condition.
2. Establish formula for the fractional torque transmitted by single disc clutch. 07
3. What is the function of a clutch? Classify clutches. 04
What are the characteristics of good friction materials? State different friction materials used in 04 04
4.
friction clutches.
5. What are characteristics of friction lining material used for clutch? 03
6. Explain the working of cone clutch with neat sketch. 04
7. Derive expression for frictional torque for centrifugal clutch 06 04
8. List advantages and applications of centrifugal clutch. 03
9. With a neat sketch, explain construction, operation and application of a centrifugal clutch. 07
10. Give differences between brake and clutch. 04
11. Give classification of brakes. 04
12. Enlist the factors on which capacity of a break depends. 03 03
13. What is meant by a self locking and a self energized brake ? 04
14. Explain the working of band brake. 04
15. Give advantages of differential band brake over simple band brake. 03
7. 07
A differential band brake, as shown in Fig. has an angle of contact of 225°. The band has a
compressed woven lining and bears against a cast iron drum of 350 mm diameter. The brake is to
8. 08
sustain a torque of 350 N-m and the coefficient of friction between the band and the drum is 0.3.
Find the necessary force (P) for the clockwise and anticlockwise rotation of the drum.
A differential band brake has a drum with a diameter of 400 mm. The two ends of the band are fixed 07
to the pins on the opposite sides of the fulcrum of the lever at distances of 20 mm and 100 mm from
9.
the fulcrum. The angle of contact is 2700 and the coefficient of friction is 0.2. Determine the brake
torque when a force of 600 N is applied to the lever at a distance of 400 mm from fulcrum
A band and block brake, having 14 blocks each of which subtends an angle of 15° at the centre, is
applied to a drum of 1 m effective diameter. The drum and flywheel mounted on the same shaft has
a mass of 2000 kg and a combined radius of gyration of 500 mm. The two ends of the band are
attached to pins on opposite sides of the brake lever at distances of 30 mm and 120 mm from the
10. 08
fulcrum. If a force of 200 N is applied at a distance of 750 mm from the fulcrum, find: 1. maximum
braking torque, 2. angular retardation of the drum, and 3. time taken by the system to come to rest
from the rated speed of 360 r.p.m. The coefficient of friction between blocks and drum may be
taken as 0.25.
A car moving on a level road at a speed 50 km/h has a wheel base 2.8 meters, distance of C.G. from
ground level 600 mm, and the distance of C.G. from rear wheels 1.2 meters. Find the distance
11. travelled by the car before coming to rest when brakes are applied, 1. to the rear wheels, 2. to the 08 07 07
front wheels, and 3. to all the four wheels. The coefficient of friction between the tires and the road
may be taken as 0.6.
Chapter 3 – Flywheels
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Sr.
Questions
No.
Theory
Define Coefficient of fluctuation of energy and Coefficient of fluctuation of speed
1. for flywheel. Find a relation for the coefficient of speed in terms of maximum 07
fluctuation of energy.
2. Short note on Flywheel material. 03
3. Explain various applications of flywheel. 04 03
Derive the expression of maximum fluctuation of energy for multi-cylinder 06 07
4.
engine and coefficient of fluctuation of energy.
9. Prove that the maximum fluctuation of energy, ΔEmax = 2.E.Cs with usual 04
notations.
Examples
The turning moment diagram for a multi-cylinder engine has been drawn to a
vertical scale of 1 mm = 650 Nm and a horizontal scale of 1mm = 4.5 0. The areas
1. above and below the mean torque line are -28, +380, -260, +310, -300, +242, - 07
380, +265 and -229 mm2. The fluctuation of speed is limited to ±1.8% of the
mean speed which is 400 rpm. The density of the rim material is 7000 kg/m3 and
Theory of Machines (2151902)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology
GTU Paper Analysis
width of the rim is 4.5 times its thickness. The centrifugal stress in the rim
material is limited to 6 N/mm2. Neglecting the effect of the boss and arms,
determine the diameter and cross section of the flywheel rim.
Turning moment area for the revolution of a multi-cylinder engine with 07
reference to the mean turning moment in sq. cm are :
- 0.32, 4.08, - 2.67, 3.33, - 3.1, 2.26, - 3.74, 2.74, - 2.58
2. The scale for the ordinate and abscissa are 1cm = 140 , 1cm= 6000 N-m
The mean speed is 200 rpm with 1.5% fluctuation. if hoop stress in the rim
material is not to exceed 56bar, calculate the diameter and X-section of rim of the
flywheel. Neglect the effect of bars and arms. Density of material = 0.0672
kg/cm3 (Assume Value of K and G=1)
The T-θ diagram of an engine consists of intercepted areas which are +40, -85, 07
+79, -68, +96 and -62 mm2 in one cycle taken in the given order. The torque axis
scale is 1 mm = 75 N-m and crank angle scale is 1 mm = 50. Mean speed of the
engine is 500 rpm. Design the rim of the flywheel for the following data:
(a) Limiting rim speed at mean radius = 30 m/s.
3.
(b) The fluctuation of speed = 2 % around mean speed.
(c) Width to thickness ratio for rectangular rim section is 1.5 which contributes
100% of MI of flywheel.
(d) Material density is 7200 kg/m3. Neglect the flywheel effect of hub and arms.
The equation of the turning moment curve of a three crank engine is (5000 +
1500 sin 3θ) N-m, where θ is the crank angle in radians. The moment of inertia of
the flywheel is 1000 kg-m2 and the mean speed is 300 rpm. Calculate : 1. power
4. 08
of the engine, and 2. the maximum fluctuation of the speed of the flywheel in
percentage when (i) the resisting torque is constant, and (ii) the resisting torque
is (5000 + 600 sinθ) N-m.
A punching machine carries out 6 holes per minute. Each hole of 40 mm diameter
5. in 35 mm thick plate requires 8 Nm of energy/mm2 of the sheared area. The 07
punch has a stroke of 95 mm. Find the power of the motor required if the mean
Theory of Machines (2151902)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
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speed of the flywheel is 20 m/s. If total fluctuation of speed is not to exceed 3%
of the mean speed, determine the mass of the flywheel.
A machine punching 38 mm holes in 32 mm thick plate requires 7 N-m of energy
per sq. mm of sheared area, and punches one hole in every 10 seconds. Calculate
the power of the motor required. The mean speed of the flywheel is 25 metres
6. 08
per second. The punch has a stroke of 100 mm. Find the mass of the flywheel
required, if the total fluctuation of speed is not to exceed 3% of the mean speed.
Assume that the motor supplies energy to the machine at uniform rate.
A punching press is required to punch 40 mm diameter holes in a plate of 15 mm 07
thickness at a rate of 30 holes/min. It requires 6 N-m of energy per mm2 of
7. sheared area. If the punching takes 1/10 of a second and r.p.m. of the flywheel
varies from 160 to 140. Then determine the mass flywheel having radius of
gyration of 1 m.
A machine is coupled to a two-stroke engine which produces a torque of (800 + 07
180 Sin 3θ) N-m, where θ is the crank angle. The mean engine speed is 400 rpm.
The flywheel and the other rotating parts attached to the engine have a mass of
350 kg at a radius of gyration of 220 mm. Calculate;
8. 1. Power of the engine, and
2. Total fluctuation of the speed of the flywheel in percentage when
(i) the resisting torque is constant, and
(ii) the resisting torque is (800 + 80 Sin θ) N-m.
Chapter 4 – Governors
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Nov - 17
Jun – 19
Sr.
Questions
No.
Theory
What is isochronism in governors? Prove that a Porter governor cannot be
1. 03
isochronous.
2. Explain the terms: Hunting, Effort of a governor 04
Elaborate following terms in context of Governor.
1. Sensitiveness of Governors
3. 06
2. Stability of Governors
3. Isochronous Governor
4. Derive the expression for Effort and Power of a Porter Governor. 06
5. Explain working principle of centrifugal governor with suitable diagram. 04
6. What is a function of a governor? How does it differ from that of a flywheel? Also 04
explain the terms sensitiveness, hunting and stability relating to governors.
Explain following 04 04
7. 1. Sensitiveness of Governors
2. Isochronous Governors
Explain following 04
8. 1. Sensitiveness of Governors
2. Hunting and stability of governors.
9. What is isochronism in governors? 03
10. What is the importance of governor? 03
13. Explain the concept of controlling force with controlling force diagram for spring 07
controlled governors.
Examples
A Porter governor has equal arms each 250 mm long and pivoted on the axis of
rotation. Each ball has a mass of 5 kg and the mass of the central load on the
sleeve is 25 kg. The radius of rotation of the ball is 150 mm when the governor
1. 08
begins to lift and 200 mm when the governor is at maximum speed. Find the
range of speed, sleeve lift, governor effort and power of the governor when the
friction at the sleeve is neglected.
A Hartnell governor with central sleeve, spring and two right angled bell cranked
levers rotates between 288 and 320 rpm, for sleeve lift of 3 cm. the sleeve arm
and the ball arm are 10 and 14 cm respectively. The levers are pivoted at 12 cm
2. from the governor axis and the mass of each ball is 3 kg. The space restriction 08
imposes the condition that maximum radius of rotation of the fly ball not to
exceed 15 cm. calculate 1. Load on the spring at the lowest and the highest
equilibrium speed and 2. Stiffness of spring.
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Sr.
Questions
No.
Theory
Explain shaking forces and shaking moments. Derive their expressions for a four
1. 07
bar linkage.
List experimental methods used for finding out the radius of gyration of
2. components having complicated geometry? Explain any one method in detail, 07
with neat sketch.
3. Explain impulse and momentum. 07 04 04
4. How is the effect of friction forces considered in the static force analysis of a 07
mechanism having turning pairs?
5. Discuss the dynamic force effect on reciprocating engine using Klein’s 05
construction.
6. Discuss the effect of inertia force on connecting rod. 05 04
7. Define Centroid and centre of gravity. Give difference between two. 03
8. State and explain parallel axis theorem. 03 03
9. State Newton’s three laws of motion. 03 03
10. Explain the concept of Free body diagram with proper example. 04 04
11. State Lami’s theorem and give suitable example. 03 04
12. Derive an expression of radius of gyration for connecting road. 05
13. Discuss the effect of friction on the forces acting at joints of mechanism. 05
14. List experimental methods used for finding out the radius of gyration of 07
16. Derive the expression for total torque on crank shaft of IC engine by considering 07
dynamic force.
17. Differentiate between static and dynamic force analysis. 04
18. What is free body diagram? Give its importance for finding static force analysis of 07 04
any system using proper illustration.
19. Differentiate between applied and constraint force. 03 03
20. For all objects Center of Mass and Centroid must be on same point or not. Discuss 04
it using suitable example.
21. Give difference between Center of Mass and centroid. 03
22. Explain about equilibrium of a component acted upon by four coplanar and non- 04
concurrent forces.
23. Explain velocity analysis of a link by complex algebra approach. 07
24. Explain the principle of virtual work. 03
25. Define and explain the superposition theorem as applicable to a system of forces 03
acting on a mechanism.
Examples
In figure-1, a four bar mechanism is shown. Calculate the required value of 09
1. 07
torque T2 and various forces on links for equilibrium of the system.
Determine the time required to accelerate a counter shaft of rotating mass 500 07
kg and radius of gyration of 200 mm to the full speed of 250 rpm from rest
4. through a single plate clutch of internal and external radii 125 mm and 200 mm,
taking coefficient of friction as 0.3 and axial spring force of 600 N. Assume that
only one side of clutch is working.
A steel forging consists of a 60 x 20 x 20 mm rectangular prism and two cylinders 07
of 20 mm diameter and 30 mm length as shown in Fig. Determine the moments
5.
of inertia of the forging with respect to the co-ordinate axes passing from
centroid of prism. Density of steel is 7850 kg/m3.
A wheel rotates with constant angular acceleration and describes 100 radians 04 07
during time of 5 seconds. After that it has constant angular velocity for 5 seconds
6.
and it describes 80 radians. Find the initial angular velocity and the angular
acceleration.
In slider crank mechanism, the crank is 300 mm long and connecting rod 850 07
mm long. The piston is of 90 mm in diameter and gas pressure acting on the
piston is 5 MPa. When the crank has moved through 450 from I.D.C. find
(a) Thrust in connecting rod
7.
(b) Reaction from guide ( side thrust on piston)
(c) Torque acting on the crankshaft and
(d) Radial load on main bearing
10.
In I.C. Engine, the crank radius is 300mm and length of connecting rod is 750mm. 07
11. The mass of the piston is 1.25kg and diameter of the piston is 100mm. The speed
is 900 rpm and net gas pressure is 750kN/m2.
Theory of Machines (2151902)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
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GTU Paper Analysis
Find: 1. Piston Effort, 2. Thrust in connecting rod, 3. Piston side thrust, 4. crank
pin effort, 5. Torque acting on crankshaft and 6. Radial force or load on main
bearings when crank has made 450 from TDC.
Two equal weights of 1000 N each are lying on two inclined planes connected by 07
a string passing over a frictionless pulley as shown in fig. Using D’Alembert’s
principle, find the acceleration of weights and tension in the string. The
coefficient of friction between the plane and weights is 0.2
12.
Determine the range of values of force P for which the block of 500 N weight will 07
be in equilibrium on an inclined plane shown in Fig. Take μ=0.35.
13.
Find the inertia force for the following data of an I.C. engine: Bore = 175 mm, 04
14. stroke = 200 mm, engine speed = 500 r.p.m., length of connecting rod = 400 mm,
crank angle = 60° from T.D.C and mass of reciprocating parts = 180 kg.
A rectangular RCC column is centrally cast over a concrete bed. RCC (as shown in 07
15. Fig. 1) column is of section 30 x 45 cm and height 4 m. The concrete bed is of size
3 x 4.5 m and thickness 30 cm. Find the mass moment of inertia of the column
and bed combination about its vertical centroidal axis. Mass density of concrete =
The crank and connecting rod of a vertical petrol engine, running at 1800 rpm 07
are 60 mm and 270 mm respectively. The diameter of piston is 100 mm and the
mass of the reciprocating parts is 1.2 kg. During expansion stroke when the
crank has turned 20 from T.D.C., the gas pressure is 650 kN/m2. Determine the
find;
17.
(i) Net force on piston
(ii) Net load on gudgeon pin
(iii) Thrust on the cylinder walls
(iv) Speed at which the gudgeon pin load is reversed in direction.