DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

IIT DELHI

-D
IIT
1
44
Dr. Suresh Bhalla
VP
C

Professor
Tel: 2659-1040 Email: Sbhalla@civil.iitd.ac.in
08/10/2019 23
 PILES

-D
PRECAST CAST-IN-SITU

IIT
1
44
CASED UNCASED
VP
C

08/10/2019 24
WHEN PILES SHOULD BE USED??
Soil is too weak

-D
Predominantly lateral loads

IIT
High possibility of uplift

1
44
Under marine environment
VP

The structural engineer should choose

C

foundation type in consultation with the

Geotechnical Engineer.
08/10/2019 25
 INPUTS FROM SOIL REPORT
Pile type, diameter and length

-D
Load capacity in compression

IIT
Load capacity in uplift

1
44
Lateral load capacity
VP
In addition, good Geotechnical Engineers generally
C

provide pile reinforcement. Otherwise, they should

provide details of lateral load analysis.

08/10/2019 26
 DESIGN OF PILE
FOUNDATION SYSTEM
(1) Number and layout of piles (pile layout)

-D
Will depend on the load and moments at the base of

IIT
the columns.

1
(2) Design of pile caps

44
VP
C

08/10/2019 27
 NUMBER AND LAYOUT OF PILES
Chipped off
My concrete Rebars

-D
Hx

IIT
Mx
Hy

1
ELEVATION
PLAN

44 Loads and moments must

VP
P
be calculated at the base of
My the pile cap
Hx
C

D Pt = P + Overburden
Min 50mm
Mxt = Mx + Hy * D
Myt = My + Hx * D
08/10/2019 28
 NUMBER AND LAYOUT OF PILES
Chipped off
My concrete Rebars

-D
Hx

IIT
Mx
Hy

1
ELEVATION
PLAN

44
VP
P
My
Hx
C

D Min 50mm

Min 75mm thick levelling course

(1:5:10 lean concrete)
08/10/2019 29
 NUMBER AND LAYOUT OF PILES
Pile forces
3 My 4 F1 = (Pt /4)+ (Mxt/2y)+ (Myt/2x)

y (Compression)

-D
Hx
Hy
Mx F3 = (Pt /4)- (Mxt/2y)- (Myt/2x)

IIT
2 1 Could be negative i.e uplift
x Lateral force = sqrt (Hx^2+Hy^2)/4

1
44
Must make sure that
Max compressive force <= Pile capacity in compression
P
VP
My Max uplift force <= Pile capacity in uplift
Hx Max lateral force <= Lateral load capacity
D If unsafe
C

Min 50mm
Increase x or y or number of piles
Min 75mm
thick levelling If oversafe
course (1:5:10
lean concrete) Reduce number of piles

08/10/2019 30
 NUMBER AND LAYOUT OF PILES

My P
My

-D
Hx

IIT
Hx D Min 50mm
Mx
Hy
Min 75mm

1
thick levelling
course (1:5:10

44
lean concrete)
PLAN ELEVATION
Clear overhang = 100mm
VP
Preferably 150mm (Sinha, 2005)
C

Min D should be 500mm

08/10/2019 31
 NUMBER AND LAYOUT OF PILES

3
My
2y/3

-D
Mx

IIT
Hx
y/3
Hy
2 1

1
x

Pile forces 44
VP
F1 = (Pt /3)+ (Mxt/2y)+ (Myt/x) (Compression)
C

F2 = (Pt /3)+ (Mxt/2y)- (Myt/x) (Compression/ Uplift)

F3 = (Pt /3)- (Mxt/y) (Compression/ Uplift)

08/10/2019 32
 NUMBER AND LAYOUT OF PILES
Tie beam to take care of Mx

My

-D
Mx 1
2

IIT
Hx
Hy
x

1
44
VP

Pile forces
C

F1 = (Pt /2)+ (Myt/x) (Compression)

F2 = (Pt /2)- (Myt/x) (Compression/ Uplift)

08/10/2019 33
In general, for an array of n number

-D
IIT
of piles:

1
Fi = (Pt /n)± (Mxty/∑y2) ± (Mytx/ ∑x2)
44
VP
C

08/10/2019 34
 MINIMUM SPACING OF PILES
(IS 2911 Part 1, sec 2: 1979)

-D
Friction piles 3 * Pile diameter

IIT
End bearing piles through
2.5 * Pile diameter

1
compressible strata

44
End bearing piles through 3.5 * Pile diameter or
VP
compressible strata and 1050mm (whichever is more)
resting on stiff clays
C

It is always advisable to send the pile layout drawing to the

Geotechnical engineer before approving for construction

08/10/2019 35
 STRUCTURAL DESIGN
OF PILE CAPS

-D
IIT
Design for bending

1
44
Check for one-way shear
VP

Check for two-way/ punching shear

C

08/10/2019 36
 DESIGN FOR BENDING

P
My

-D
Hx

IIT
D

1
44
F

T
VP

Critical section for bending

C

moment
Top and bottom reinforcements can be found
similar to an isolated footing
08/10/2019 37
 CHECK FOR ONE WAY SHEAR

d/2
P
My

-D
Hx

IIT
D

1
D = effective depth

44 T
F
VP
Face of col.
In case of
C

Critical section for one way shear tension

Safety against one way shear can be found

similar to an isolated footing
08/10/2019 38
 -D
IIT
in case of footings on
soil and at a distance

1
equal to half the

44 effective depth
VP
C

08/10/2019 39
 CHECK FOR ONE WAY SHEAR

P
My
Hx

-D
P
My
D Hx

IIT
D

1
44
F

F
VP
This pile will make full
contribution in shear This pile will make no
C

contribution in shear

08/10/2019 40
 CONTRIBUTION OF A PILE FOR ONE
WAY SHEAR (IS 456)

-D
IIT
1
44
VP
C

08/10/2019 41
 CHECK FOR ONE WAY SHEAR

Critical section
P
My
Hx

-D
P
My
D Hx

IIT
D

1
Dp/2 Dp/2

44
F

Zero contribution if Full contribution if

VP
This pile will make partial pile centre here pile centre here
contribution in shear
100%
C

0%
Linear interpolation
if in between

08/10/2019 42
 CHECK FOR TWO WAY SHEAR

d/2

-D
P

IIT
1
44
VP
C

Critical section for two way shear

Safety against two way shear can be found

similar to an isolated footing

08/10/2019 43
REINFORCEMENT DETAILING (SP 34)

-D
IIT
1
44
VP
C

08/10/2019 44
 -D
IIT
1
MIN COVER TO

44 REINFORCEMENT
= 75mm (50mm as
VP
per IS 456)
C

08/10/2019 45
REINFORCEMENT DETAILING (SP 34)

-D
IIT
1
44
VP
C

08/10/2019 46