Renewable Energy Whitepaper Provides Cost Analysis

Whitepaper Version 1.
0
LICHT PROJECT - The Blockchain Solution,
Distribution of renewable energy
Authors
Diederich Martell, BSc, MSc, PhD.
Francis Misch, BSc, MSc.
Jonas Schmidt, BSc, MSc.
Septmeber, 2018.
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LICHT PROJECT (LCT). http://www.licht-project.io
Disclaimer
The Licht Project is intended for the distribution of functional and sustainable energy
system across the globe. However, be sure to want to contribute towards the goal of
this project, if otherwise, kindly restrain from participating in the on-going Licht
campaign.
The project does not constitute an offer for the total sale of the company’s shares, rather
it offers 74 percent shares to the community to invest by buying and selling its security
tokens at will.
The information and analyses contained in this document is not intended to gear
participants to further purchase any other Licht products or services of any nature
whatsoever. The laws and regulations of the countries and regions that may govern the
project may evolve significantly in a way that may not be anticipated.
The Licht Project was born out of necessity to solving energy crisis in most part of the
world especially African countries but there might be some legal constraints imposed
by any country due to technical, legal, economic reasons which might limit our
operations in such countries.
Cryptocurrency investments are often perceived as high risk and extremely volatile and
can result in greater return on investment. We advise that, should you choose to invest,
only do so when you are satisfied with the objectives of the project.
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Abstract
Renewable power generation can help countries meet their sustainable development
goals through provision of access to clean, reliable and affordable energy. Renewable
energy has gone mainstream, accounting for the majority of capacity additions in power
generation today. Tens of gigawatts of wind, hydropower and solar photovoltaics are
generated worldwide every year in a renewable energy market that is worth more than
a hundred billion USD annually. Other renewable power technology markets are also
emerging. Recent years have seen dramatic reductions in renewable energy
technologies’ costs as a result of intensive research & development and also accelerated
deployment of these technologies. Even the policy-makers are often not aware of the
latest cost data.
International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) Member Countries have asked for
better, objective cost data for renewable energy technologies. This white paper aims to
serve that need and is part of a set of five reports on solar photovoltaics, wind, biomass,
hydropower and concentrating solar power that address the current costs of these key
renewable power technology options. This project provides valuable insights into the
current state of deployment, types of technologies available and their costs and
performance. The analysis is based on a range of data sources with the objective of
developing a uniform dataset that supports comparison across technologies of different
cost indicators, equipment, project and levelized cost of electricity – and allows for
technology and cost trends, as well as their variability to be assessed.
This white paper gives a detailed financial analysis of project economics. However, it
also provides simple, clear metrics based on up to date and reliable information with
the project’s evaluations, costs and performance to renewable power generation
technologies. It also gives information on the current debate about renewable power
generation and assist governments and key decision makers to make informed
decisions on policies and areas of investment.
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Table of Contents
1 Project Mission 6
1.1 Problems 7
1.2 Solutions 8
1.3 Inefficiency of Solar Energy Systems 9
1.4 Market Vision 9
2 Why Crypto-Currency 12
2.1 Keys to the Project’s Success 12

2.2 Economic Importance 12
3 The Solar Energy Market 14
3.1 Network Concept and Usage 17

3.2.1 Owning an Off-Grid System 17
3.2.2 Subscribing to the Licht Energy Network 17
3.3 How to Subscribe to the Network 17
3.4 System Maintenance/Repairs 18
3.5 Subscriber’s Satisfaction 18
4 Demand Behaviour 19
4.1 Industry Structure Analysis 20

4.2 Solar Market Rivalry 21
4.3 Rivalry among existing competitors 23
4.4 Trends of new competitors 23
4.5 Future Estimations of PV capacity growth 25
4.6 Cost and Performances 26
4.7 Balance of System Cost 29
5 Total PV System Costs 34
5.1 Costs of Residential PV Systems 34

5.2 Costs of Large-Scale Utility PV Systems 35
6 Priority Nations 39
6.1 The Token 40

6.2 Token Information 40
6.3 Total Supply 41
6.4.1 Token Distribution 42
6.5 Token Sales Schedule 42
6.6 Budget Allocation 43
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7 Token Sales Stages 44
7.1 Token Details 44

7.2 Project Road Map 45
7.3 Team Composition 46
8 References 48
Acronyms 49
List of Figures 50
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1 Project Mission
The Licht Project is a renewable energy network aiming to vastly spread across
energy deficient nations and is built on the backbone of entrepreneurship, strategic
microeconomics of which sufficient energy data and relevant metrics have been
meticulously evaluated over the years.
Through this project, we would like to demonstrate the truly sustainable
scalability of its solar products by offering venture-capitalists a turnkey solar
electrification framework with the following offerings:
Solar based energy generation products:
Supplying solar products with remote functionality to generate clean, efficient

renewable energy for placement in disconnected communities;
Efficient DC electrical appliances:
Offering well priced and attractively packaged options that are made up of
efficient DC electrical appliances. These packages include the very basics of
energy appliances and progress to more sophisticated offerings for dwellings,
businesses, schools and other establishments;
Online platform for ecosystem management:
Providing a secure and integrated online platform for ecosystem management

with a host of features, such as remote system monitoring, client billing, vendor
management, customer notifications and automated system switching;
Ongoing training & support:
Incorporating strong support structures with comprehensive training, intricate

planning procedures, successful product placement and providing basic
leadership and business knowledge skills leading to greater economic activity.
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Cryptographic Security Tokens:
Offering our security tokens (LCT) to investors to facilitate a wide spread and
electrification of 20 priority nations. Tokens will be traded on exchange after
presale in form of smarter cash. They are programmable money. Immediately
liquid, indefinitely fragmentable, and instantly transferable, they are
programmed to meet the needs of particular assets, rights, goods, or services to
different communities. The coming years will see a multitude of Licht tokens.
New cryptographic developments and payment applications will allow you to
transact in all these currencies, with the traditional "fiat" currencies retaining
their role as price anchors.
Exchanges & Market Places:
Exchanges will be the marketplaces where LCT will be traded against each other
and with fiat currencies. Cryptocurrency exchanges will constitute bridges
between LCT, Bitcoin, Ether and other cryptographic protocols. We are positive
that we will create a community of value that will gain mass adoption, just as the
free peer to peer networks that preceded it on the Internet. The community of
value will trigger new waves of innovation in financial systems and a rapid wide
spread of the project goals. It will bring illumination to the billions of people who
are still living in the dark today and more so paving way for the general financial
security of investors.
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1. 1 Current Challenges
The major issues faced in the solar energy generation industry today are as follows;
Initial high capital cost. Solar energy systems are capital intensive to setup.
1nadequacy in innovative financial solutions required to launch green bonds to
finance renewable energy projects is a major deterrent.
It requires a large land surface area to effectively harvest solar energy
Intermittent nature of electricity generation through the sun. It is most effective
during the day and its efficiency varies with solar insolation.
Inadequate Research & Development into improvement solar energy generation.
1.2 Solutions
Licht Project offers an opportunity for the average community members to be
part of the renewable energy movement, to enjoy all the benefit that comes from
renewable energy through the project.
The project is primarily directed to providing renewable energy to various
nations at an affordable cost as all materials needed for the project are
manufactured by Licht’s parent company (Licht Solar Systems) in Germany.
Rooftop solar energy for private subscribers, offshore solar energy plants, floating
solar farms and vertical solar plants with provisions already made available in
various nations courtesy of the government’s concurrence with Licht’s
objectives.
With the Licht’s recent solar technology, energy will be available round the clock
with the development of alternative means of keeping the systems readily
available to subscribers. Licht remote panels which are designed to automatically
move to meet the sun’s direct rays and effective storage of energy to distribute to
the masses.
The Licht Project is not only coming to provide an alternative energy but to train
citizens of listed nations and preparing them to become solar experts both as
technical staff and as workers in the factories, in other words, creating
employment for citizens of listed nations.
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Figure i: A floating solar farm
1.3 Inefficiency of Solar Energy Systems
Though the cost for solar power has decreased over the years, it’s still an
expensive investment, especially when considering how inefficient they
are. According to the National Academy of Engineering, most solar panels are 10
to 20 percent efficient. In other words, the majority of energy from the sun’s rays
isn’t even captured by solar energy systems.
This issue majorly stems from the fact that most solar panels are stationary and
cannot move to meet the sun’s direct rays, also evolving around the fact that some
areas are sunnier than others. However, Licht Solar Systems have developed
efficient fully-automated solar panels which are designed to track the movement
of the sun and automatically reposition themselves in the direction where the
sun’s rays are strongest. As new technological innovations hit the market, cost of
technology decreases and this will lead to a further decrease in cost of generating
power through solar energy equipment.
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1.4 Market Vision
According to the scenario put forward by the International Energy Agency (IEA),
the share of renewable energies in the global energy mix is expected to increase
sharply, from 9% currently to more than 20% in 2035. Alongside natural gas, the
least carbon-intensive fossil fuel, renewables will make it possible both to meet
the world’s growing demand for energy without the risk of environmental
degradation.
Over the next 20 years, electricity demand will increase faster than the other
forms of energy. With this in mind, we are committed to meeting this need by
introducing the Licht Decentralized Solar Energy Systems to give greater
prominence to natural gas and renewables. This approach serves to further our
bold ambition of becoming a major player in the renewable energy market.
The project’s market vision is primarily directed towards the rapid expansion and
creation of renewable energy across 20 Nations particularly those nations having
intense energy crises. Creating an avenue through which facilities of renewable
energy will be installed in homes, factories, offices and farms and subscribers will
be billed remotely as at when due. Inculcating cryptocurrency to better facilitate
the rapid expansion of the Licht Project across priority nations and more.
Cryptocurrency and payment applications will allow us to transact in all
currencies, with the traditional "fiat" currencies retaining their role as price
anchors.
Figure ii: Typical arrays of Licht e-monitoring system
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Vendor outlets will be established within the service radius of an internet
connection. With our vendor application, the point of sale outlet can receive
payment and print invoices or mini statements for the end-user as a proof of
payment. The receipt shows the last 3 transactions, the payment value, account
balance and the current system status. All vendor transactions happen in real-
time. If a unit is reading “OFF” and a payment is processed that results in a system
status change to “ON”, the transaction will update the systems status
immediately if criteria are met. The vendor module is created and managed within
the main framework.
Figure iii: Illustration of Proposed Vendor outlet
Having designed and manufactured over 3,000,000 DC microgrids units and

counting, that have installed locally ranging from simple unmanaged solar
systems to sophisticated remotely managed and monitored systems, Licht Solar
Systems has a proven track record in solar energy products offerings and services
that can fulfil almost any household or energy service provider’s energy
requirements.
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2 Why Crypto-Currency?
Our vision is the Internet of Value which is the next level of evolution of the
internet. The internet provides users the opportunity to securely trade assets,
rights, goods and services, globally and around the clock, without the
involvement of a centralized authority, or traditional financial intermediaries
which is a key to the achievement of the Licht Project’s e-energy matrix, remote
monitoring and subscription to power via cryptocurrencies and other specified
means of payment.
2.1 Keys to our Project’s Success
The introduction of Blockchain technology is the key to our success. Our market
strategies are developed from over 20 years of experience in the solar sector and
analysis of the need for a clean and renewable green energy across the world.
Evaluating the market and making projections which depicts the possibilities of
the rapid spread of green energy across the world and to successfully trade in all
market conditions.
2.2 Economic Importance
With Licht’s solar energy systems installed in various homes, offices, factories and
farms, will reduce the monthly bill of electricity thereby saving the clients a whole
lot either subscribing to the one-time package or the monthly e-billing platform.
The Licht Project will offer a wide variety of services with maximum durability
and longevity. The specifications of our batteries are thus: 2760Amp 10-15year
Lifespan, 2V Millennium Deep Cycle Batteries with interconnecting cables.
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Figure iv: Cycle vs Depth of Discharge
The Licht project is also directed towards contributing to the economy of the
listed countries by paying up all legal tax imposed by the government of those
nations and also creating jobs for citizens of the listed countries, training citizens
and empowering them to become technical experts in solar systems.
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3 The Solar Energy Market
The global solar energy industry is expected to reach $422 billion by 2022 from
$86 billion in 2015, growing at a CAGR of 24.2% from 2016 to 2022. Solar energy
is the radiant energy emitted from the sun which is harnessed by using various
technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaic cells, and others. It is an efficient
form of unconventional energy and a convenient renewable solution toward
growing greenhouse emissions and global warming.
The growth of the solar energy market is driven by increase in environmental

pollution and provision of government incentives & tax rebates. In addition,
decrease in carbon footprint associated with solar energy systems has fuelled
their demand in power generation sectors. The demand for solar cells has gained
major traction owing to surge in rooftop installations, followed by increase in
applications in the architectural sector. Furthermore, the demand for parabolic
troughs and solar power towers in electricity generation is expected to boost the
demand for concentrated solar power systems.
Figure v: The Solar Energy Market
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The figure below shows the solar module market from 2007 to 2016. The highest
value reads 47.5 Billion dollars in 2011 and 41.9 in 2016. With the introduction of
the Licht project in 2018, the value is set to skyrocket with the realm of trillions
of dollars by 2020.
Figure vi: Size of the global solar photovoltaic module market from 2007 to 2016 (in billion U.S.
dollars)
Projections show that solar turnover amounts to a total of $4,815,000,000 yearly.

With the expected vast expansion of the Licht Project, the projected figures are
based on factual evaluations and a road map to Licht’s mission of spreading
rapidly. This statistic represents the demand for solar photovoltaic (PV) power
worldwide from 2007 to 2016 with a forecast for 2017 to 2022. In 2017, solar PV
demand is expected to total 85 gigawatts around the world. The United States
has started a process to implement taxes on solar products from China and
Taiwan, which has initiated trade disputes around the world.
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This statistic represents the demand for solar photovoltaic (PV) power.
Figure vii: Annual Solar demand from 2007 to 2016
Solar energy is scaling up rapidly. With its capacity nearly quadrupling over the past
five years, new installations totalling more than 97 GW in 2017 took global solar
PV power generating capacity to nearly 400 GW by year-end, a 32% increase
versus the end of 2016.
The largest increments in 2017 were recorded in China (53 GW) and the US (11
GW), together accounting for two-thirds of the growth in global solar capacity.
Japan provided the third largest addition (7 GW). China also leads in terms of
cumulative installed capacity (130 GW), with one-third of the global total. The
US (51 GW) and Japan (49 GW) are in second and third with Germany (42 GW)
now in fourth.
Solar power generation enjoyed another year of very rapid growth in 2015, with a
35% increase. Its overall share of global power generation remains low (1.7%), but
that share has doubled in just three years. Solar is starting to have a noticeable
impact in terms of sources of power generation growth, contributing nearly 20%
of the growth of global power in 2017.
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3.1 Network Concept and Usage
The project offers two distinct packages to subscribing to the Licht Energy
Network. You can either be an off-grid system owner or a subscriber.
3.2 Owning an Off-Grid System
By owning it means you pay for the package you want depending on the capacity
of your appliances at home, offices, schools, factories, farms and others which will
be determined by our evaluation experts, where it will be installed and
monitored.
3.3 Subscribing to the Licht Energy Network
Subscribers are only entitled to pay installation fee and there after billed weekly
or monthly via our e-solar monitoring system. Subscriber’s connection to the
Licht provided energy can be remotely disconnected and turned on when
subscribers pay their bill via the Licht token or buy purchasing the voucher from
a vendor outlet.
3.4 How to Subscribe to the Network
Inculcating the blockchain technology as a means of acquiring a renowned share

of Licht project and the Licht token which is however used as a means of payment
for Licht packages and products. Vendor outlet are to be setup anywhere where
there is an internet connection. With the Licht-vendor application, the point of
sale outlet can receive payment and print invoices or mini statements for the end-
user as a proof of payment. The receipt shows the last 3 transactions, the payment
value, account balance and the current system status.
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Figure viii: Licht’s e-subscription concept
3.5 System Maintenance/ Repairs
The Licht’s project creates an avenue where products and appliances are subjected
to a routine maintenance twice a month, however maintenance is of zero cost to
the client. In case of default damage resulting from client’s abuse of the system, a
fee is charged based on the damage incurred.
3.6 The Subscriber’s Satisfaction
Subscriber’s satisfaction, along with the expected benefits of the Licht Project, are
focused majorly on quality, comfort and flexibility of having green renewable
energy readily available at all times. These expectations are tied to the
technological advancement of Licht Solar Systems.
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4 Demand Behaviour
At the beginning of 2012, thin-film module prices (factory gate or spot) had fallen
below $1/watt (W), with prices between $0.84 and $0.93/W available. The prices
of crystalline silicon (c-Si) modules are more varied but were typically in the range
$1.02 to $1.24/W for the most competitive markets. PV module costs have a
learning rate of 22%, implying that costs will decline by just over a fifth with every
doubling of capacity. Continued rapid cost reductions are likely due to the rapid
growth in deployment, given that cumulative installed capacity grew by 71% in
2011 alone.
The total installed cost of PV systems can vary widely within individual countries,
and between countries and regions. These variations reflect the maturity of
domestic markets, local labour and manufacturing costs, incentive levels and
structures, and a range of other factors. At an average of $3.8/W for c-Si systems,
Germany has the lowest PV system costs in the small-scale residential market (<5
kW). In comparison, the average installed cost in 2011 in Italy, Spain, Portugal and
the United States was between $5.7 to $5.8/W.
Utility-scale systems using thin-film amorphous silicon, Cadmium Telluride
(CdTe) and Copper-Indium-Gallium-Diselenide (CIGS) PV modules tend to have
lower capital costs than residential systems in a given market, but this is not
always the case if tracking is included. Thin-film utility-scale systems had an
average cost of around $3.9/W in 2010, not substantially cheaper than the average
cost of a residential c-Si system in Germany in 2011.
Levelized
Module cost,
cost of
factory gate or Installed cost Efficiency
Film electricity
spot (2010 (2010 USD/W) (%)
(2010
USD/W)
USD/kwh)
c-Si PV System 1.02 – 1.24 3.8 – 58 14 0.25 – 0.65
c-Si PV system with 1.02 – 1.24 5–6 14 0.36 – 0.71
battery Storage
Amorphous Si thin film 0.84 – 0.93 3.6 – 0.93 3.6 – 5.0 0.26 – 0.59
Table 1: Typical cost and performance value for Solar PV systems
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Despite the impressive declines in PV system costs, the levelized cost of electricity
(LCOE) of PV remains high. The LCOE of residential systems without storage
assuming a 10% cost of capital was in the range $0.25 and $0.65/kWh in 2011.
When electricity storage is added, the cost range increases to $0.36 and $0.71/kWh.
The LCOE of current utility-scale thin-film PV systems was estimated to be
between $0.26 and $0.59/kWh in 2011 for thin-film systems.
Solar energy is lauded as an inexhaustible fuel source that is pollution and often
noise free. The technology is also versatile. For example, solar cells generate energy
for far out places like satellites in Earth orbit and cabins deep in the Rocky
Mountains as easily as they can power downtown buildings and futuristic cars. In
the advent of cases, the future is tied to the reliance on alternate energy, this is the
motivation of the Licht Project to expand the horizons of green energy across the
world.
4.1 Industry Structure Analysis
The absence of accurate and reliable data on the cost and performance of renewable
power generation technologies is therefore a significant barrier to the uptake of
these technologies. Providing this information is a runway for the Licht Project,
policy-makers, investors and utilities make informed decisions about the role
renewable energy can play in their power generation mix. This white paper
examines the fixed and variable cost components of solar photovoltaics (PV), by
country and region and provides the levelized cost of electricity from solar PV,
given a number of key assumptions. This up-to-date analysis of the costs of
generating electricity from solar PV will allow a fair comparison of solar PV with
other generating technologies.
Cost can be measured in a number of different ways, and each way of accounting
for the cost of power generation brings its own insights. The costs that can be
examined include equipment costs (e.g. PV modules), financing costs, total
installed cost, fixed and variable operating and maintenance costs (O&M), fuel
costs and the levelized cost of energy (LCOE).
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The analysis of costs can be very detailed, but for comparison purposes and
transparency, the approach used here is a simplified one. This allows fir greater
scrutiny of the underlying data and assumptions, improving transparency and
confidence in the analysis, as well as facilitating the comparison of costs by country
or region for the same technologies in order to identify what are the key drivers in
any differences.
Three indicators are considered:

Equipment cost (factory gate FOB and delivered at site CIF);
Total installation project cost, including fixed financing costs;
The levelled cost of electricity.
The analysis in this paper focuses on estimating the cost of solar PV energy from
the perspective of a private investor, whether they are a state-owned electricity
generation utility, an independent power producer or an individual or community
looking to invest in small- scale renewables. The analysis excludes the impact of
government incentives or subsidies, system balancing costs associated with
variable renewables and any system-wide cost-savings from the merit order effects.
Further, the analysis does not take into account any CO2 pricing, nor the benefits
of renewables in reducing other externalities (e.g. reduced local air pollution,
contamination of the environment). Similarly, the benefits of renewables being
insulated from volatile fossil fuel prices have not been quantified. These issues are
important.
4.2 Solar Market Rivalry

It is important to include clear definitions of the technology categories, where
relevant, to ensure that cost comparisons are robust and provide useful insights
(e.g. off-grid PV vs. utility-scale PV). Similarly, it is important to differentiate
between the functionality and/or qualities of the renewable power generation
technologies being investigated (e.g. PV with and without battery storage). It is
important to ensure that system boundaries for costs are clearly set and that the
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available data is directly comparable. Other issues can also be important, such as
cost allocation rules for combined heat and power plants, and grid connection
costs.
The data used for the comparisons in this paper come from a variety of sources,
such as business journals, industry associations, consultancies, governments,
auctions and tenders. A great deal of effort has been invested to ensure that this
data is directly comparable and are for the same system boundaries. In the event of
a deviation, the data have been corrected to a common basis using the best available
data or assumptions. It is planned that this data will be complemented by detailed
surveys of real world project data in forthcoming work by the agency.
An important point is that, although this paper tries to examine costs, strictly
speaking, the data available are actually prices, and not even true market average
prices, but price indicators. The difference between costs and prices is determined
by the amount above, or below, the normal profit that would be seen in a
competitive market. The rapid growth of renewables markets from a small base
means that the market for renewable power generation technologies is rarely well-
balanced. As a result, prices can rise significantly above costs in the short-term if
supply is not expanding as fast as demand, while in times of excess supply, prices
may too low to earn a normal return on capital and losses can occur if prices are
below production costs.
Figure ix: Renewable power generation cost indicators and boundaries
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4.3 Rivalry Amongst Existing Competitors
PV is one of the fastest growing renewable energy technologies today and is
projected to play a major role in global electricity production in the future. Driven
by attractive policy incentives (e.g. feed-in tariffs and tax breaks), the global
installed PV capacity has multiplied by a factor of 37 in ten years from 1.8 GW in
2000 to 67.4 GW at the end of 2011, a growth rate of 44% per year (EPIA, 2012).
New capacity installed in 2011 was 27.7 GW, two-thirds more than the new
capacity added in 2010. Assuming an average capacity factor of 0.2 would imply
that solar PV in 2011 produced 118 TWh of electrical power.
This rapid expansion in capacity has led to significant cost reductions. The
learning rate for the price of PV modules is estimated to be around 20% to 22%%
(23% to 24% for thin films and 19% to 20% for c-Si), so that each time the
cumulative installed capacity has doubled, PV module costs have declined by 20%
to 22% (EPIA, 2011a and Kersten, 2011).
4.4 Trends of New Competitors

Up until the mid-1990s, most PV systems were standalone off-grid applications,
such as telecommunications units, remote houses and rural electricity supply.
Since then, the number of grid-connected systems has increased rapidly due to the
impact of various support and incentive schemes introduced in many countries. In
the last decade—and this trend has accelerated in recent years—grid-connected
installations have become the largest sector for new PV installations. The growth
in utility-scale systems has also accelerated in recent years and is now an important
market.
In 2010, new installed capacity PV capacity was 16.6 GW. Most of this growth was
driven by the rapid expansion of the German and Italian markets. With 7.4 GW
installed in Germany in just one year, the country continues to dominate the global
PV market. Italy installed 2.3 GW, starting to exploit some of the potential of its
huge solar resources. Other countries also saw significant growth.
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In 2011, 27.7 GW of new PV capacity was installed, two-thirds more than was
installed in 2010. Europe accounted for around three-quarters (20.9 GW) of all
new capacity added in 2011. Italy built on its growth in 2010, adding an impressive
9 GW of new capacity, increasing total installed capacity by 260%. Germany added
7.5 GW in 2011. Six countries added more than one GW in 2011 (i.e. Italy, Germany,
China, United States, Japan and France).
Despite the rapid growth of the PV market, less than 0.2% of global electricity
production is generated by PV. The market outlook is entering an uncertain phase
with the problems facing the global economy. It remains to be seen what the long-
term impact of the economic challenges facing the world economy and government
budgets will have on the PV market. Given that the European market has
accounted for 80% of global demand in recent years, any reduction in annual
demand in Europe as a result of the depressed economic situation will have a large
impact on supply and demand in the global PV industry. However, any slowing in
the European market could conceivably be offset by policy measures that boost
other PV markets, such as Australia, Canada, China, India, Japan, the United States
and other countries that are experiencing strong growth. The biggest emerging
markets are China, the Middle East, South Korea, India and other Southeast-Asian
countries.
Although emerging PV markets will probably not grow by as much in absolute
terms as Europe has done in recent years, growth in these markets looks set to be
sustained.
Figure x: Evolution of global cumulative installed capacity
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4.5 Future estimations of PV capacity growth
The global PV market growth in 2011 was well below manufacturers’ capabilities,
as global PV silicon wafer capacity may have reached 50.9 GW/year by the end of
2011 (a 62% increase on 2010) and the total c-Si solar cell capacity may have reached
60.6 GW/year in 2011 (a 91% increase on 2010) (EPIA, 2011b). Most of this
expansion took place in China.
Most of the PV growth in recent years has been driven by promotion policies,
including effective feed-in tariffs (FiT) and other incentives that have helped
develop markets in key countries, reduce prices (through deployment), improve
the economics of PV investments and raise investors’ interest. There are already
over 120 PV power plants with a capacity of 10 MW or more (Komoto, 2010). The
largest operational solar PV plant is a 100 MW ground-mounted plant in
California. The largest building-integrated/roof-mounted system (11.8MW) is
located in Spain (Komoto, 2010).
Projections to 2015 are particularly challenging, given that new installed capacity
has been growing so rapidly. Projections from 2010 to 2015, made in 2011, already
risk being out of date, given the rapid growth in installed capacity in 2011.
Analysing trends in 2011 resulted in projections of total installed PV capacity in
2015 of between 131 GW and 196 GW (EPIA, 2011b). Although the upper range of
this projection still looks reasonable, the lower end looks unduly pessimistic as
even if new capacity growth stabilised at 2011 levels, this figure would already be
reached by around the end of 2013 or early 2014.
Although it remains to be seen what impact, if any, the continued economic

weakness in Europe might eventually have on capacity additions. The
International Energy Agency’s (IEA) PV roadmap is based on scenarios that yield
an average annual market growth rate of 17% in the next decade, leading to a global
cumulative installed PV power capacity of 200 GW by 2020 (IEA, 2010). Given the
pace of developments in the PV sector, even small differences in start years or
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assumptions can lead to very divergent results for future installed PV capacity and
the IEA roadmap is likely to have underestimated installed capacity by 2020.
Figure xi: EPIA scenarios for global annual new installed PV capacity
4.6 Cost and Performances

PV is a mature, proven technology that is rapidly approaching grid parity. It is a
renewable, secure energy source with very high plant reliability and is not exposed
to any fuel price volatility. PV has made remarkable progress in reducing costs, as
until recently grid parity still seemed very far away. It was only a few years ago that
PV electricity was four to five times more expensive than fossil fuels. However,
with increases in fossil fuel prices and continuing cost reductions in PV modules,
grid parity could occur as early as 2012 to 2013 in sunny regions of USA, Japan and
Southern Europe. Other regions with lower electricity production costs and/or
more moderate solar resources may achieve grid parity as early as 2020 (Breyer and
Gerlach, 2011). That is without taking into account that PV is often already
competitive for peak power production, for generation in grid-constrained areas,
and for many off-grid applications.
The cost of the electricity generated by a PV system is determined by the capital
cost (CAPEX), the discount rate, the variable costs (OPEX), the level of solar
26
irradiation and the efficiency of the solar cells. Of these parameters, the capital cost,
the cost of finance and efficiency are the most critical and improvements in these
parameters provide the largest opportunity for cost reductions.
The capital cost of a PV system is composed of the PV module cost and the Balance of
system (BOS) cost. The PV module is the interconnected array of PV cells and its cost
is determined by raw material costs, notably silicon prices, cell
processing/manufacturing and module assembly costs. The BOS cost includes
items, such as the cost of the structural system (e.g. structural installation, racks,
site preparation and other attachments), the electrical system costs (e.g. the
inverter, transformer, wiring and other electrical installation costs) and the battery
or other storage system cost in the case of off-grid applications.
The PV module cost is typically between a third and a half of the total capital cost
of a PV system, depending on the size of the project and the type of PV module.
Projecting PV module costs into the future is complicated by the high learning rate
of 22% that has been experienced historically. With the PV market growing so
rapidly compared to the installed base, projections of cost reductions can quickly
become out of date.
The absolute cost and structure of PV modules varies by technology. Conventional

c-Si PV modules are the most expensive PV technology, with the exception of CPV
modules, but they also have the highest commercial efficiency. However, CIGS
modules are approaching the efficiency levels of c-Si modules and are cheaper.
Accurate data on global average PV module prices are difficult to obtain and in
reality, there is a wide range of prices, depending on the cost structure of the
manufacturer, market features and module efficiency. However, an estimate for the
global price of c-Si PV modules in 2008 was $4.05/W and this had declined to
$2.21/W in 2010 (Solarbuzz, 2011), a decline of 45% in just two years.
27
The rate of decline in costs has not slowed and by January 2012 spot market and
factory gate prices in Europe for low-cost Chinese and other emerging market
manufacturers of c-Si modules had dropped to around $1.05/W (Photovoltaik,
2012). Spot and factory gate prices for c-Si modules from European, Japanese and
other manufacturers had declined to between $1.22 and $1.4/W. By the fourth
quarter of 2010, the cost of monocrystalline silicon PV modules in Europe was
between $1.43/W
Figure xii: Global PV module price learning curve for c-Si wafer-based and cote modules 1979 to
2015
Figure xiii: Average worldwide PV module price level and their cost structure by technology
28
4.7 Balance of System Cost
The BOS costs and installation comprise the remaining capital costs for a PV
system. The BOS costs largely depend on the nature of the installation. For utility-
scale PV plants, it can be as low as 20% (for a simple grid connected system) or as
high as 70% (for an off-grid system), with 40% being representative of a standard
utility-scale ground-mounted system (IEA PVPS, 2009). For residential and small-
scale systems, the BOS and installation costs comprise 55% to 60% of total PV
system costs. The average cost of BOS and installation for PV systems is in the
range of $1.6 to $1.85/W, depending on whether the PV system is ground-mounted
or rooftop, and whether it has a tracking system (Bony, 2010 and Photon, 2011).
The LCOE of PV systems is therefore highly dependent on BOS and installation
costs, which include:
The inverter, which converts the direct current (DC) PV output into
alternating current (AC);
The components required for mounting and racking the PV system;
The combiner box and miscellaneous electrical components;
Site preparation and installation (i.e. roof preparation for residential systems,
or site preparation for utility-scale plants), labour costs for installation and grid
connection;
Battery storage for off-grid systems; and
System design, management, installer overhead, permit fees and any up-front
financing costs.
Rooftop-mounted systems have BOS costs around $0.25/W higher than ground-
mounted systems, primarily due to the additional cost of preparing the roof to
receive the PV modules and slightly more costly installation. In absolute terms, the
electric system costs are roughly the same in both systems and account for around
one-third of the BOS costs in ground-mounted systems and somewhat less in
residential rooftop systems due to their higher BOS costs.
The inverter is one of the key components of a PV system. It converts the DC

electricity from the PV modules into AC electricity. Inverter sizes range from small
29
textbook-sized devices for residential use to large container-sized solutions for
utility-scale systems. The size and numbers of inverters required depend on the
installed PV capacity and system design options. Inverters are the primary power
electronics components of a PV system and typically account for 5% of total
installed system costs. Currently, inverter cost ranges from $0.27/W to $1.08/W,
depending on the system size (Photon, 2011b). Larger systems tend to have lower
inverter costs per unit of capacity, with systems in the 10 to 100 kW range having
costs of between $0.23 to $0.57/W. However, some of the most competitive
inverters for small-scale applications (<5kW) can rival those costs, as the range in
2010 was $0.31 to $1.03/W (Photon, 2011b).
Mounting structures and racking hardware components for PV modules are

typically pre-engineered systems of aluminium or steel racks. They account for
approximately 6% of the total capital cost of PV systems (Mehta and Maycock,
2011). Mounting structures vary depending on where the PV systems are sited,
with different solutions for residential and commercial systems, for roof types
Figure xiv: Cost breakdown of current conventional PV systems in the United States, 2010.
(e.g. flat membrane, sloped metal) and ground-mounted systems. Because of their
low value and substantial weight, mounting and racking structures are generally
30
produced and/or assembled locally, as shipping would be prohibitively expensive,
except from countries where labour costs are so low that they can offset
transportation costs.
Combiner box and miscellaneous electrical components include all remaining

installation components, including combiner boxes, wires/conductors, conduits,
data monitoring systems, and other miscellaneous hardware. Combiner boxes are
the only PV system-specific product included in this category and they are sourced
from dedicated manufacturers who supply pre-engineered systems. Other
miscellaneous electrical hardware (e.g. wires, electrical conduits, overcurrent
protection) are commodity products and can be sourced virtually anywhere.
Site preparation and system installation are major components of the BOS and
installation costs. They include site preparation (roof or ground-based), any
physical construction works (e.g. electrical infrastructure), installation and
connection of the system. Labour costs make up the majority of the installation
costs and vary by project and country.
System design, management and administrative costs include system design, legal,
permitting, financing and project management costs. For residential and small-
scale PV systems, these costs are typically included in the total PV installed prices
quoted by companies. For large-scale installations these costs might be managed
directly by the promoter or sub-contracted to a service provider. When PV system
costs are quoted in literature, these costs are typically included in overhead costs
and profit margins. These soft costs depend significantly on local conditions. In the
United States (2010), they accounted for an average 37% of total system costs
(GTM Research, 2011).
Electricity storage systems for off-grid PV systems enable electricity use at night
or during cloudy periods. A variety of electricity storage systems exist, or are under
development, but they are expensive and tend to be more suited to large-scale
applications. For small-scale systems, standard lead-acid batteries are the
technology of choice. Redox flow batteries represent an emerging option, but these
31
are not yet commercially available. Capacitors are another emerging technology
but are more suited to very short-term electricity storage.
Batteries increase the cost of the PV system, but much less than grid connection in
remote areas. They are needed not only for remote residential and commercial
applications, but also for off-grid repeater stations for mobile phones, radio
beacons, etc.
Lead-acid batteries are the oldest, most widely applied electricity storage
technology and are a proven option. Car or truck batteries are sometimes used
because they are the cheapest option, but they are not designed for use with power
generation technologies and have a short lifespan (as low as 50 cycles). Deep-cycle,
lead-acid batteries are a proven option, with much longer lifespans than car
batteries. However, even deep-cycle batteries will last longer if the discharge rate
is kept low. For instance, limiting the discharge to 20% or less can allow the battery
to last for ten years. The trade-off is higher initial costs, as 5 kWh of battery storage
is needed for every 1 kWh of electricity used from storage.
In sunny African conditions a 1 kW PV system may supply 1 500 kWh per year (4
kWh/day). Assuming half of this energy is needed in the evenings, this means 2
kWh of useful storage is needed, requiring 10 kWh of battery storage if battery life
is to be optimised. This represents an investment of $1 500 ($150/kWh), to which
a battery charge controller must be added if this is not included in the PV system.
The addition of storage, assuming the PV system costs around $3 000/kW,
therefore adds 50% to the PV system cost (total $4500/kW).
Other battery options include lithium-ion (Li-ion) or sodium-sulphur (NAS)

batteries. Their cost, at $550 to $600/kWh, is higher than for deep-cycle, lead-acid
batteries. However, NAS is a new battery technology and global production
capacity is less than 150 MW per year, so cost reductions are likely. NAS batteries
are currently large-scale storage solutions, with a single NAS battery being in the
several MW capacity ranges (the battery will weigh ten tonnes, or more).
Production of smaller scale NAS batteries is just starting. NAS batteries could
32
therefore be used for a mini-grid, village or some small city size storage solution. In
the longer-term, NAS battery costs could come down significantly, as they have
been designed to use cheap and abundant materials. Li-ion batteries are small-
scale, often powering laptop computers, and may therefore be better suited to
highly modular small-scale off-grid solutions if costs come down. Other options
such as redox flow batteries are still at a development stage and their practical
feasibility is not yet proven.
Batteries are connected to the PV array via a charge controller to protect against
overcharging or discharging, and this controller can provide information about the
state of the system. Off-grid PV systems can be hybrids (e.g. in conjunction with
wind and electricity storage) and or be combined with a back-up power system
e.g. a biomass or diesel generator) to ensure a more reliable supply of electricity or
to allow higher loads.
33
5 Total PV System Costs
The total cost of a PV system is made up of the costs of the PV modules, BOS and
installation. While different PV technologies have different PV module costs, the
overall PV system cost also depends on the size of the system (due to the economies
of scale with large utility-scale projects), and on whether the system is ground- or
roof mounted. To analyse costs, PV systems can be grouped into four main end-use
markets:
Residential PV systems typically do not exceed 20 kW and are usually roof
mounted;
Large-scale building PV systems typically do not exceed 1 MW and are placed
on large buildings or complexes, e.g. commercial buildings, schools, hospitals,
universities;
Utility-scale PV systems are larger than 1 MW and are generally ground-
mounted;
Off-grid applications vary in size from small systems for remote beacons or relay
stations to mid-size systems for homes or businesses not connected to the grid.
The way up to large-scale PV systems that provide electricity to off-grid

communities. The total installed cost of a PV system also depends on the project
location, scale and funding conditions in individual countries, and the maturity and
size of the market. For instance, Germany has one of the more competitive PV
markets, given the large domestic PV market and its history of stable long-term
incentives.
5.1 Costs of Residential PV Systems

In Germany in 2011, the price of a residential PV system with a capacity of between
2 kW and 5 kW averaged $3 777/kW, including. In Italy, Portugal and Spain, the
price of the equivalent PV system is $5 787/kW on average, which is about the same
as the average in the United States of $5 657/ kW (Photon, 2011a and 2011b). Larger
PV systems with a capacity of between 5 kW and 10 kW in Germany cost $3
600/kW on average, including installation in 2011 (Photon, 2011a and 2011b). In the
34
other countries, such as Italy and Portugal, the average price is $5 314/kW. In the
United States, the average price for these systems is $5 433/kW (Photon, 2011b).
The differences in the prices of PV systems in different countries can also depend
on incentive schemes that are not sufficiently reactive to PV cost reductions. If
incentives are not regularly realigned with declining PV manufacturing costs,
installers and promoters can maintain high prices and achieve higher margins.
Thus, PV system prices can be higher in countries with higher solar subsidies.
5.2 Costs of Large-Scale Utility PV Systems

Large-scale utility PV systems are generally at least 1 MW in size. They operate as
any other centralised power plant, providing power to the grid. Thousands of such
PV plants are currently in operation worldwide. In addition to the choice of the
basic PV technology, their cost depends on whether the system is roof- or ground-
mounted, and whether it is equipped with a sun-tracking mechanism.
Figure xv: Installed PV system prices for residential application in different countries.
Average system prices and a cost breakdown for typical utility-scale c-Si PV
systems installed in Europe and the United States in 2010 are shown in the figure
above.
Looking at different utility-scale PV technologies in 2010, fixed, ground-mounted
systems were the cheapest option for c-Si-based utility-scale systems with an
35
average cost of $4.19/W. Adding a tracking system increases the costs to an average
of $6.39/W, only slightly cheaper than mounting the PV system on roofs
($6.45/W). Thin-film PV systems are cheaper than c-Si systems and have a higher
market share for utility scale application. In 2010, ground-mounted fixed systems
using thin-film PV modules cost an average of $3.87/W (Solarbuzz, 2011).
Most of the economy of scale achieved by utility-scale PV systems comes from BOS
cost reductions and saving in the installation, permitting and commissioning costs.
Lower financing costs can also be achieved, depending on the project specifics.
One-axis tracking, although it increases capital costs by 10% to 20%, can be
economically attractive because of the increase in energy-production (25% to 30%
more kWh/kW/year in areas with a good solar resource) (Campbell, 2011).
Data from 92 utility-scale PV projects averaging 10 MW (either installed or

proposed) in 2010 in Canada, Australia, China, Thailand, India, Japan, the Czech
Republic, Belgium, Greece, Spain, France, Germany, Italy and the United States
resulted in an average installed price in 2010 of $4.71/W, about 16% lower than the
average price in 2009 ($5.61/W for 117 projects). The average 2010 price for c-Si PV
plants was $5.03/W, while the average price for thin-film plants was $4.16/W
(Solarbuzz, 2011). PV plants with capacity above 2 MW do not appear to offer
significant economies of scale (e.g. the cost of a 20 MW is not significantly lower
than a 2 MW plant).
In 2010, the lowest price ($3.38/W) was recorded in Thailand, although this result
was dominated by an 84 MW thin-film PV plant installed in Thailand. The highest
for utility-scale PV plants was recorded in Japan ($6.50/W), albeit the average
project size is lower than in Europe and China. Among the major PV markets,
Germany showed the lowest average price at $3.64/W for c-Si-based PV plants. It
was noted that prices of c-Si systems ($3.65/W) were surprisingly close to those
of thin-film systems ($3.61/W). The widest price variation occurred in Italy with
lowest and highest figures of $2.89/W and $6.67/W. In the United States, the
average price was $4.83/W, with an average capacity of 4.8MW.
36
Figure xvi & xvii: Cost breakdown of typical utility-scale c-Si PV systems installed in Europe
and the United States, Q2009 to Q2010.
37
Figure xvii: System cost breakdown for residential, commercial and utility-scale c-Si PV systems in
the United States.
Falling PV system prices, the high cost of fossil fuels in many markets in recent times
and effective and broader incentive schemes have driven the growth in utility-scale
PV plants. Since 2005, more than 1 200 PV plants with a capacity of 1 MW or more
have been commissioned, with over 120 of these PV plants having an output of 10
MW or more (Philibert, 2011). Since 2007, the number and size of MW-scale PV
systems has risen, especially in Germany and Spain (Komoto, 2010). Today’s leading
markets for utility-scale PV systems are Germany, Spain, Canada and the United
States16, but utility-scale PV systems are also being commissioned in India, China
and the Middle East. An important emerging issue for utility-scale systems is that
BOS and installation costs have, in some cases, not been declining as fast as the cost
of PV modules. Therefore, their share of the overall PV cost, currently around half of
utility-scale c-Si PV system costs, could increase over time.
38
6 Priority Nations
This project is propelled towards the rapid spread of renewable energy all through
our priority Nations. It is a common knowledge that over a billion people don’t have
access to reliable electricity grid especially in developing countries, many of which
record high levels of solar intensity.
Figure xviiiix: Typical Illustration of an area in a developing country with little or no access to
electricity
The passion to contribute immensely to the improvement of the standard of living

of people has led to a brand-new concept in renewable energy, evaluating carefully,
and securing the government consent in carrying out the Licht Project in the priority
nations, namely: Swaziland, Venezuela, Tanzania, Niger, Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso,
Central African Republic, Liberia, Malawi, Burundi, Chad, South Sudan, Turkey,
Philippine, Yemen, Haiti, Lebanon, Somalia and Lesotho.
39
6. 1 The Licht Token
The Licht token conforms to the ERC20 token standard. It will additionally be
minable on exchanges, the token is the resource, the "fuel" of the green energy
distribution blockchain solution and ensures the integrity of the data. Licht tokens
will be used to purchase Licht products and services globally.
Figure xix: The Licht-Token
The Licht token will be traded locally on exchanges and circulates globally within
the system. In addition, tokens will used to pay for products and services of Licht,
sponsors and also several green energy outlets across the globe.
6.2 Token Information
The Licht Token (LCT) will be used as currency within our platform, and will
therefore be used for donations, purchases under the Ethereum blockchain, our
community will be able to carry out swift transaction with the token, paying for
Licht services, products, disbursement of salaries, therefore, putting terminating the
long-lasting crises with regards to the solar market and the inability of households
to have access to a reliable alternate energy system.
Licht Project is a long-term project, all our analysis, evaluations and calculations
have been computed in order to ensure an “uninterrupted” energy flow, (all this
40
regardless of the challenges of the electricity crises especially in developing
countries).
Our token will be essential for:
Making donations to the project
Purchasing and subscribing to Licht energy systems
Purchasing products and services of the project sponsors.
6.3 Total Supply

The total supply of our Licht security token is terminated at 100,000,000.00 to allow
for a large community of users.
6.4 Token Distribution
The token distribution has been designed to increase community benefits and
provide long-term incentives.
Presale/ Public sale = 74%

Future Development = 5%
Air Drop = 5%
Founders and Team = 10%
Advisors and Ambassadors = 6%
41
6.5 Token Sales Schedule
Private/Public Sale – 74%
74% of the LCT tokens will be offered to the general public. This sale will pave
way for the development of infrastructure and applications needed to remotely
monitor subscribers and also the expansion of our project. All the Tokens not
sold in the Public Sale will be burned to gain stability and maintenance of the
value of our currency.
Future Development – 5%
The reserve fund is necessary to ensure “long-term” survival of the project and
will be locked for two (2) years after which it will unlocked (if needs be). This
will be done strategically to refinance & build new features.
Founders and Team –10%

The founders and team members of the Licht project are allocated 10% of the
LCT tokens. This fund will be locked for a period of eight (8) months, at the end
of the 8 months the LCT tokens will be unlocked in batches of about 2-5% per
month.
Advisor and Ambassadors – 6%

To ensure a swift crowd funding, advisors and ambassadors have been allocated
6% of the LCT tokens.
Airdrop/Bounty – 5%
The airdrop and bounty program will be allocated 5% of the LCT tokens to
create and sustain the community. All users who fulfil tasks and add value to the
Licht Project will be awarded LCT tokens.
42
6.6 Budget Allocation
Following a well strategized plan, analysis, and development strategy of the Licht
Project, allocation of funds is as follows;
Product Development- 37%
This is for the development of Licht-based product and equipment.
Marketing, Listing Fee, Making Partnerships - 40%
Expenses for attracting the investors to the platform, making, partnerships with
payment providers, listing fee to list our token on crypto-exchanges.
Operations - 8%
To cater for the cost of operation during the course of the project and also for
payment of non-technical staff salaries.
Legal - 5%
Company establishment, development of legal opinions about the entire stack of
Licht Project.
Management - 10%
To cater for the payment of the salaries of the project executive’s and technical
personnel.
43
7 TOKEN SALE STAGES:
ICO Stages Dates Token Sales Target

17th Dec, 2018-6th Jan. 2019
Private Sale 1ETH = 4,000 LCT 4,500ETH
7th-14th Jan, 2019

ICO 2 1 ETH = 3,500 LCT 3,500ETH
14th-21st Jan, 2019

ICO 3 1 ETH = 3,000 LCT 2,000ETH
7.1 TOKEN DETAILS
Smart Contract 0x36bb72e2684523e3ab9bb7be18aeea1aa82086a1
Token name LICHT
Decimal 18
Total Supply 100,000,000
Accepted Payment ETH, BTC & Fiat

▪ Unsold tokens will be burnt and there will be
no further release of tokens.
Commitments ▪ CEO and Development team wallets will be
locked for 1 year.
▪ Advisors and Ambassadors wallets will be
locked for 5 months.
44
7.2 PROJECT ROAD MAP
2011 2012
2008 2009-2010
Turnkey renewable Application specific
Incorporation of Development of energy solution for
Licht Solar Renewable innovative design, accurate energy
agricultural, assessment, installation
Systems. products. commercial and services, training and
residential sectors. strong product support.
2014
2013 2015
Advocation of the 2016
Implementation of use of renewable Methodology to standardize
sustainable solar solutions Provision of off-grid
energy as a driver operations for sustainable solar energy into many
that empower indigent and for acceleration large-scale renewable energy
disconnected communities, neighbourhoods.
and socio- roll-out.
with many successful economic
projects completed. transformation.
April - June, 2018

June 2017 September 2017 February 2018 Website programming/
Articulation of team Documentation of the creation of Licht's official
The Blockchain Social Media platforms.
Era of Licht. members and partners. Licht Project.
July - August, 2018 August - November, 2nd Week of Dec., 2nd week of Jan., 2019-1st
2018 2018- 1st Week of Jan., 4thWeek of Jan., 2019-
Preparing 2019 -Airdrop
Publications. Crypto market study Private Sale (2weeks).
and Evaluation Campaign (4weeks).
4th week of Feb., 2019 1st week of March.,

4th week of Feb., 2019-
1st week-3rd of Feb., - withdrawal of Ico 2019 - Listing on First
Distribution of tokens to
2019- Ico sale. (2 tokens to ERC20 exchange.
qualified airdrop
weeks). wallets.
participants.
June 2019 - Execution of

the first 10 Solar plant August. 2019-2021
across 3nations. Execution of full project
in all 20 nations
45
7.3 TEAM COMPOSITION
All team members have been carefully selected using experience and competence as
criteria for evaluation. Refer to http://www.lichtproject.io to get detailed information
about our team members.
46
ADVISORS
47
References
International Energy Agency (IEA) (2011), Technology Roadmap: Solar Photovoltaic Energy, IEA/
OECD, Paris.
IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems (IEA PVPS)(2009), Trends in Photovoltaic Applications,

IEA PVPS. http://www.iea-pvps.org/fileadmin/dam/public/report/statistics/tr_2009_neu.pdf
Kersten, F. et al. (2011), PV Learning Curves: Past and Future Drivers of Cost Reduction,
Proceedings of the 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference,
5 – 9 September, Hamburg.
Komoto, K. (2010), Survey of Large Scale PV Systems in the World, IEA PVPS Task 8: 25th
Participant Meeting, Mizuho, Japan.
Kurokawa, K. et al. (2003), Energy from Desert: Feasibility of Very Large Scale Photovoltaic
Power Generation (VLS-PV) Systems, Routledge, Taylor and Francis, Oxford.
Leung, Siu-fung et al. (2011), Engineered Optical Absorption of Nano/Micro-pillar Arrays for
Efficient Photovoltaics, presentation to the symposium “Third-Generation and
Emerging Solar-Cell Technologies”, April 26 - 29, 2011, Golden, CO.
Liebreich, M. (2011), Bloomberg New Energy Finance Summit: Keynote Presentation,

BNEF, 5 April, London.
Luo, L. (2011), Demand and latest pricing developments in the PV Industry, BNEF,
presentation to 6th AsiaSolar PV Industry Forum, 6 May.
Lushetsky, J. (2010), Prospects for $1/W Electricity from Solar, presentation to “One Dollar a
Watt” workshop, August 10, Washington, D.C.
Lux Research (2010), Module Cost Structure Breakdown: Can Thin Film Survive the
Crystalline Silicon Onslaught? Lux Research, Boston, MA.
Mehta, S. (2010), PV Technology, Production and Cost Outlook: 2010-2015, Greentech

Media Research, October, Boston, MA.
Mehta, S. and P. Maycock (2010), The PV Supply Chain: Manufacturing, Technologies,

Costs, Greentech Media Research and PV Energy Systems, 11 October.
Nature Photonics (2010), Future Perspectives of Photovoltaics, Proceedings of the

Conference, NaturePublishing Group, Nature Asia-Pacific, Tokyo.
Nozik, A. et al. (2011), Multiple Exciton Generation in Colloidal Quantum Dots, Singlet Fission in
Molecules, Quantum Dot Arrays, Quantum Dot Solar Cells, and Effects of Solar Concentration,
Presentation to the symposium “Third-Generation and Emerging Solar-Cell Technologies”, April
26 - 29, 2011, Golden, Co.
48
Acronyms
APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

a-Si Amorphous silicon
BOS Balance of system
CAPEX Capital expenditure
CdTe Cadmium-Telluride
CIF Cost, insurance and freight
CIGS Copper-Indium-Gallium-Diselenide
CIS Copper-Indium-Selenide
CPV Concentrating PV
c-Si Crystalline silicon
DCF Discounted cash flow
DNI Direct normal irradiance
DSSC Dye-sensitized solar cells
EU-27 The 27 European Union member countries
FOB Free-on-board
GHG Greenhouse gas
GW Gigawatt
kW Kilowatt
kWh kilowatt hour
mc-Si multi-crystalline silicon
MENA Middle East and North Africa
MW Megawatt
MWh Megawatt hour
LCOE Levelised cost of energy
O&M Operating and maintenance
OPEX Operation and maintenance expenditure
PV Photovoltaics
R&D Research and Development
sc-Si Single crystalline silicon
$ United States dollar
Wp Watt peak
WACC Weighted average cost of capital
49
List of Figures
Figure i: A floating solar farm ....................................................................................................................... 9

Figure ii: Typical arrays of Licht e-monitoring systems .................................................................................... 10
Figure iii: Illustration of Proposed Vendor outlet............................................................................................ 11
Figure iv: Cycle vs Depth of Discharge .......................................................................................................... 13
Figure v: Solar Energy Market14
Figure vi: Size of the global solar photovoltaic module market from 2007 to 2016 (in billion U.S. dollars)................. 15
Figure vii: Annual Solar demand from 2007 to 2016 ........................................................................................ 16
Figure viii: Licht’s e-subscription concept ...................................................................................................... 18
Figure ix: Renewable power generation cost indicators and boundaries .............................................................. 22
Figure x: Evolution of global cumulative installed capacity .............................................................................. 24
Figure xi: EPIA scenarios for global annual new installed PV capacity ............................................................... 26
Figure xii: Global PV module price learning curve for c-Si wafer-based and cote modules 1979 to 2015 .................... 28
Figure xiii: Average worldwide PV module price level and their cost structure by technology .................................. 28
Figure xiv: Cost breakdown of current conventional PV systems in the United States, 2010. ................................... 30
Figure xv: Installed PV system prices for residential application in different countries. .......................................... 35
Figure xvi & xvii: Cost breakdown of typical utility-scale c-Si PV systems installed in Europe and the
United States, Q2009 to Q2010. ........................................................................................................... 37
Figure xviii: System cost breakdown for residential, commercial and utility-scale c-Si PV systems in
the United States. ................................................................................................................................. 38
Figure xix: Typical Illustration of an area in a developing country with little or no access to electricity .................... 39
Figure xx: The Licht-Token ......................................................................................................................... 40
50
51

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Renewable Energy Whitepaper Provides Cost Analysis

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Whitepaper Version 1.

2.1 Keys to the Project’s Success 12

3 The Solar Energy Market 14

3.1 Network Concept and Usage 17

4.1 Industry Structure Analysis 20

5 Total PV System Costs 34

5.1 Costs of Residential PV Systems 34

6.1 The Token 40

7.1 Token Details 44

Solar based energy generation products:

Supplying solar products with remote functionality to generate clean, efficient

Efficient DC electrical appliances:

Online platform for ecosystem management:

Providing a secure and integrated online platform for ecosystem management

Ongoing training & support:

Incorporating strong support structures with comprehensive training, intricate

Exchanges & Market Places:

1.3 Inefficiency of Solar Energy Systems

Figure ii: Typical arrays of Licht e-monitoring system

Figure iii: Illustration of Proposed Vendor outlet

Having designed and manufactured over 3,000,000 DC microgrids units and

2.1 Keys to our Project’s Success

2.2 Economic Importance

The growth of the solar energy market is driven by increase in environmental

Figure v: The Solar Energy Market

Projections show that solar turnover amounts to a total of $4,815,000,000 yearly.

Figure vii: Annual Solar demand from 2007 to 2016

3.2 Owning an Off-Grid System

3.3 Subscribing to the Licht Energy Network

3.4 How to Subscribe to the Network

Inculcating the blockchain technology as a means of acquiring a renowned share

3.5 System Maintenance/ Repairs

3.6 The Subscriber’s Satisfaction

Table 1: Typical cost and performance value for Solar PV systems

4.1 Industry Structure Analysis

Three indicators are considered:

4.2 Solar Market Rivalry

Figure ix: Renewable power generation cost indicators and boundaries

4.4 Trends of New Competitors

Figure x: Evolution of global cumulative installed capacity

Although it remains to be seen what impact, if any, the continued economic

4.6 Cost and Performances

The absolute cost and structure of PV modules varies by technology. Conventional

The inverter is one of the key components of a PV system. It converts the DC

Mounting structures and racking hardware components for PV modules are

Combiner box and miscellaneous electrical components include all remaining

Other battery options include lithium-ion (Li-ion) or sodium-sulphur (NAS)

The way up to large-scale PV systems that provide electricity to off-grid

5.1 Costs of Residential PV Systems

5.2 Costs of Large-Scale Utility PV Systems

Data from 92 utility-scale PV projects averaging 10 MW (either installed or

The passion to contribute immensely to the improvement of the standard of living

Figure xix: The Licht-Token

6.2 Token Information

Our token will be essential for:

Making donations to the project

Purchasing and subscribing to Licht energy systems

Purchasing products and services of the project sponsors.

6.3 Total Supply

6.4 Token Distribution

Presale/ Public sale = 74%

Founders and Team –10%